Hydrostatics

9.
4 Resultants of Hydrostatic Pressure Forces

9.4 Resultants of Hydrostatic Pressure Forces Example 1, page 1 of 3
1. To prevent water pressure from pushing gate AB open, a small
extension, or lip, is provided at A. If the gate is 4-m wide
(measured perpendicular to the plane of the figure), determine the
force acting on the lip. The density of water is 103 kg/m3.
Hinge 5m
A B
3m
5m
A B
pAB 2 The pressure must be pAB at all other

points at the same elevation. Since
these points lie 5 m below the free
1 Since AB is horizontal, the pressure surface of the water,
pAB acting on it is uniform. pAB g 5m
(103 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(5 m)
49.05 103 (kg m/s2)/m2
49.05 103 N/m2
49.05 kN/m2
49.05 kPa
3 Free-body diagram of gate AB
Force acting on lip, FA By Forces from hinge
4 Convert the pressure to a force per length by

A B
Bx multiplying by the width:
w pAB width of gate

w
(49.05 kPa) 4m
3m
196.20 kN/m
Equilibrium equation for gate AB
+ MB FA(3 m) (196.20 kN/m)(3 m)(3 m/2) 0
resultant of w
Solving gives Moment arm of

pressure resultant
FA 294 kN Ans.
2. Hydraulically-operated equipment is designed to transform a
relatively small input force into a much larger output force. For the
system shown, determine the weight W that can be supported by the
piston at B when a 200-N force is applied to the piston at A.
200 N
A
300-mm dia
200 mm
W
B
25-mm dia Density of hydraulic fluid h 900 kg/m3

200 N
1 The pressure on the underside of the piston at A is
Force 200 N 407 437 N/m2
A
Area of piston (0.025 m)2
4
407.437 kN/m2
200 mm 407.437 kPa
W
B
Pressure p
2 The pressure 200 mm below A equals the pressure at A

plus an additional amount caused by the weight of the fluid
p = 407.437 kPa + (900 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(200 mm)
407.437 kPa + 1.766 kPa 0.2 m
25-mm dia 409.203 kPa
3 This is a typical result for

hydraulic equipment. The
4 The pressure at two points at effect of the weight of the fluid
the same elevation in a fluid is small compared to the
at rest must be equal. pressure caused by the pistons.
5 Free-body diagram of piston B
W
p 409.203 kPa
300-mm dia
6 Equilibrium equation 7 Thus the 200-N input force produces a 28.9 kN

output force, a multiplication factor of
Fy W + (409.203 kPa)[ (0.3 m)2] 0
+
4 28.9 kN 28.9 103 N 144

200 N 200 N
Solving gives
W 28.9 kN Ans.
3. During construction, gate AB is temporarily held
in place by the horizontal strut CD. Determine the
force in the strut, if the gate is 4-m wide.
2m
C D
3m
Density of water 103 kg/m3

A
1 The water pressure varies linearly from 0 to pB, where
2m
pB g (2 m + 3 m)
C D (103 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(5 m)

3m 49.05 kPa
pB B
2m 2 Convert the pressure to a force per length by

multiplying by the width, 4 m:
C D
wB pB 4m
3m
(49.05 kPa) 4m
wB B 196.20 kN/m (1)

3 Resultant of distributed load
area under load curve
area of triangle A
(1/2)(196.2 kN/m)(2 m + 3 m)
2m
490.5 kN
C D
3m
wB 196.20 kN/m
B
4 The resultant passes through the centroid of the
triangle, or one-third of the distance from the
base to the opposite vertex:
(1/3)(2 m + 3 m) 1.667 m above point B

5 Free-body diagram of gate AB
6 Equilibrium equation
A
MB (FCD)(3 m) (490.5 kN)(1.667 m) 0
+
solving gives
FCD
FCD 273 kN Ans.
490.5 kN 3m This is a large force. Most likely more than one strut would
1.667 m be used.
Bx B
By
4. Determine the magnitude and line of action
of the resultant hydrostatic force acting on a 1-m
wide section of the seawall. Assume that the
density of sea water is = 1.02 103 kg/m3.
x
Vertex
Parabola
12 m
10 m
A
Pressure
C A
1 Integration can be used to calculate the

resultant of the pressure forces acting on
the curved wall, but it is easier to consider
a free body consisting of a portion of the
water behind the sea wall.
B
2 Free-body diagram of region of ABC
4 W weight of water
10 m
C A
5 Components of force from
seawall acting on water
12 m Rx
Ry
wB B
3 Force per length, wB (pressure at B) (1-m distance normal to plane of figure)
( g 12 m)(1 m)
(1.02 103 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(12 m)(1 m)
120.1 kN/m
6 The magnitude of the weight, W, can be calculated by using information

from a table of properties of planar regions as shown below:
Vertex
Centroid Location
y 10 m
a
2h/5
h C
2ah
Area = 3 12 m
Vertex
x
Semiparabolic region
7 In our particular example, the length of the side

opposite the vertex 12 m a, and h 10 m, so
Area 2ah/3
2(12 m)(10 m)/3
80 m2 (1)
10 W weight
8 Free-body diagram of region ABC (repeated)
g area width
10 m (1.02 103 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(80 m2)(1 m)
C A
800.5 kN
11 Equilibrium equations
12 m Rx + Fx 0: Rx + 720.6 kN 0 (2)
Fy 0: Ry 800.5 kN 0 (3)
+
Ry Solving gives
B
Rx 720.6 kN
wB 120.1 kN/m
Ry 800.5 kN
9 P resultant of pressure forces 12 Resultant
area of w-diagram R
800.5 kN
(1/2)(12 m)(120.1 kN/m)
720.6 kN
720.6 kN R (720.6 kN)2 + (800.5 kN)2
1.077 MN
13 R is the force of the seawall on
the water. The force of the
water on the seawall is equal
and opposite.
A
R = 1.077 MN Ans.
720.6 kN
800.5 kN
B
14 To determine the line of action of the resultant force,
consider a free-body diagram of region ABC again.
10 m
16 The 800.5 kN weight of the water acts
through the centroid of the semiparabolic
Line of action xC area. The centroidal distance xc can be
of resultant, R calculated using a table giving geometric
properties of common areas.
C A
Vertex
800.5 kN
8m
12 m
Resultant, R
800.5 kN
B
720.6 kN
15 Resultant of triangular
distribution of pressure
equals 720.6 kN and acts
8 m [= (2/3)(12 m)] from
point C.
17 To locate the centroid, we again make use 18 In our particular example, the length of the straight side
of a table of properties of planar regions as adjacent to the vertex 10 m h, and so the centroid is
shown below: located 4 m [ = (2/5)(10)] to the right of of C.
Centroid Location
y 10 m
a
xc = 4 m
2h/5
h C C A
2ah Vertex
Area = 3
Vertex
x
12 m
Semiparabolic region
B
19 The free-body diagram of region ABC can be re-drawn
with the known distances specified.
Line of action xC = 4 m
of resultant, R
C A
Vertex
800.5 kN
D
8m
Resultant, R
720.6 kN
800.5 kN
B 720.6 kN
20 A force can be considered to act
anywhere along its line of action
(Principle of transmissibility).
We can simplify our calculations
by considering the resultant R to
act at point D where the line of
action intersects the left edge of
the free body.
xC = 4 m
800.5 kN
C A
R Vertex
d
D
8m
720.6 kN
Line of action
of resultant, R
21 MC = (720.6 kN)(8 m) (720.6 kN)(d) (800.5 kN)(4 m) = 0
+
B
Solving gives the vertical distance below point C to the line of action of
the resultant:
d = 3.56 m Ans.
9.4 Resultants of Hydrostatic Pressure Forces: Example 5, page 1 of 6
5. Determine the distance h for which the gate is just about to open.
Neglect the weight of the gate. The specific weight of the fluid is .
2 ft
B
C
6 ft
1 The value of h will not depend on the gate width (distance

measured perpendicular to the plane of the figure) because the
width would cancel out of the equation for the sum of moments
about the support C. Accordingly we will base our calculations
on a 1-ft width of gate.
2 Free-body diagram of gate (distributed forces)
6 ft
A
Cy
2 ft
3 Pressure: C
Cx
pB (2 ft) B
pD (2 ft + h) h
wB
wD
D
FD (force from ledge in ground)
1-ft width
4 Force per length:
wB pB (1 ft) (2 ) 1 2
wD pD (1 ft) (2 + h) 1 (2 + h)
5 Resultant force on AB
Area (1/2)(2 ft)(2 )
A A
2 ft
2
wB 2 B C B C
(2/3) ft
6 Resultant acts through centroid of
triangle (at a distance equal to one-third
of the height of the triangle)
D D
7 Resultant force on BC
3 ft 3 ft
6 ft
A
A
B B C
C
wB = 2
12
D
D
Area 2 6 12
8 Resultant force on CD
A wB 2
A 2
B C
B
h
h
+
D
wD (2+h)
h 2
Trapezoid triangle + rectangle Area (1/2)(h )(h)

Area 2 h
h2 /2
A
B
h/2 2h/3
2 h
(h2
9 Free-body diagram (resultant forces)
3 ft
A
Cy
2
C
B Cx
2/3 ft 2 h h/2
2h/3
12
(h2
D
10 FD 0, since gate is just about to open
MC 0: ( 2 )(2/3 ft) (12 )(3 ft) + (2 h)(h/2) + (h2 /2)(2h/3) 0

+
Solving gives
h 4.0 ft Ans.
6. Concrete is poured into the open top of a form to produce a
ramp. If the ramp is 0.8-m wide, determine the minimum mass m
needed to keep the form from lifting off the ground.
Open top
0.7 m 0.5 m
B m C
0.4 m
A D
Open bottom
Mass of form 60 kg
Density of concrete c 2.4 103 kg/m3
m 1 We can solve the problem by finding the
B C
resultant of the pressure of the concrete acting
on part AB of the form. But we would have to
compute the length AB and also compute the
angle the resultant makes with the vertical.
Although the problem can be done in this
A D manner, it is easier to consider a free body
consisting of the form together with the
concrete. Thus let's first find the resultant
force of the pressure of the floor pushing up
on the concrete.
2 Pressure at D 2.4 103 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)

0.7 m 0.5 m (0.4 m)
B m C
= 9.418 103 N/m2
Distributed load (force per length) =

0.4 m
pressure width of gate
A D
(9.418 103N)(0.8 m)
7.534 103 N/m
Resultant force = (7.534 103 N/m)

(0.7 m + 0.5 m)
= 9.041 103 N
3 Free-body diagram of form together with concrete
0.7 m 0.5 m
2
4 Weight of form (60 kg)(9.81 m/s )
mg
= 588.6 N
B C
0.4 m
A D
Reaction from floor = 9.041 103 N
5 Weight of concrete cg volume
3 3
Fy 0: 9.041 10 N mg 588.6 N .404 10 N 0
+
2.4 103 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)[(1/2)(0.7 m)

Setting g equal to 9.81 m/s2 and solving gives (0.4 m)(0.8 m) + (0.5 m)(0.4 m)(0.8 m)]
m = 209 kg Ans. 6.404 103 N

7. Determine the minimum weight W of gate BC required to keep the gate closed. The
gate is 2-ft wide and of uniform density. The specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft3.
2.5 ft
3 ft
4 ft
1 If we attempt to solve the problem by considering the pressure acting directly
on BC, then we have to calculate the length and angle of inclination of BC.
C
2 Although the problem can be solved in this

manner, it is easier to consider a free body
2.5 ft consisting of gate BC together with the water
under BC.
B
wB
3 ft
C wC
wC
3 Pressures:
at B,
pB 2.5 ft 2.5
at C,
pC (2.5 ft + 3 ft) 5.5
Distributed loads (force per length):
wB pB (width of gate) (2.5 )(2 ft) 5 (1)
wC pC (width of gate) (5.5 )(2 ft) 11

4 Free-body diagram of gate BC
together with the water under BC
4 ft
4/3 ft 6 Weight of water
2 ft
Volume
5 Weight of gate (1/2)(4 ft)(3 ft)(2 ft)

By 12
B (Acts through centroid of triangle)

Bx
W
3 ft
+
C
wB wC wB
wC
7 The force from the ground at C acting

on the gate is zero since the gate is 8 The trapezoidal distributed load from the fluid
about to lose contact with ground. acting on the right side of the free body can be
considered to be the sum of a rectangular and
triangular distributed load.
9 Equation of equilibrium
MB 0: W(2 ft) + 12 (4/3 ft) 4wC(2 ft) 3wB(3/2 ft) (1/2)(wC wB)(3 ft)(2/3 3 ft) = 0 (3)
+
Resultant force from Resultant force from Resultant force from

uniform load on bottom uniform load on right side triangular load on right side
10 Substituting wB 5 (Eq. 1), wC 11 (Eq. 2), and

62.4 lb/ft3 into Eq. 3 and solving gives
W 3,510 lb Ans.
8. Determine the magnitude and line of action of the resultant hydrostatic force
acting on the semicircular end of the tank. The tank is filled to the top with water.
The specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft3.
B C
Cables
Radius 4 ft
1 Because the end of the tank is not of uniform

width, we have to use integration to compute the
magnitude of the resultant.
2 Pressure force on elemental area dA

y
B C x
(x, y)
5 Distance y (Insert a minus sign
to get a positive distance y is dy
x2 + y2 42 4 Solve for x
negative in the region shown)
x and substitute
3 dA 2x dy
6 Differential force: 2 42 y2 dy
dR pressure area
7 Resultant force:
[ ( y)] [2 42 y2 dy]
R dR
0
4
[ ( y)] [2 42 y2 dy]
2,662 lb Ans.
8 Use = 62.4 lb/ft3and evaluate
with the integral function on a
calculator.
9 To determine the line of action of the resultant, equate the moment of the
resultant to the integral of the moment of the differential force, dR.
y y
x x
d Distance y
10 By symmetry, the line of action

passes through the y axis. dR
R 2,662 lb
z z
11 Moment of R about x axis = Integral of moment of dR about x axis

R d ( y) dR (1)
or
0
2,662 lb d ( y) [ 2 y 42 y2 ] dy
4
62.4 lb
Evaluating the integral by using the integral function on
a calculator and then solving for d gives
d 2.36 ft Ans.
12 We could have saved some work by using a table of moments of
inertia as follows: Eq. 1 is
R d ( y) dR (Eq.1 repeated)
pressure dA
[ ( y)] dA
y2dA
Ix, the moment of inertia of the

area about the x axis.
9. Determine the magnitude and line of action of the resultant
hydrostatic force acting on the end of the tank, which is filled to
the top with water. The density of water is 103 kg/m3.
B C
1.1 m
0.55 m D
1m
E
1.5 m 1 Because the end of the tank is not of

uniform width, we have to use integration
to compute the magnitude of the resultant.
2 Let's divide the end of the tank into three regions.
0.55 m 0.55 m
1.5 m
B C B C
1.1 m
+ +
D D
1m
E E
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
3 Because of symmetry, Regions 1 and 3 have the same resultant

force. Thus we need to consider only one of the regions. Let's
choose Region 3.
4 Calculation of resultant of pressure on Region 3
y Depth below free surface
0.55 m 1.1 m y
C
dy
x
(x, y)
1.1 m
Pressure force acting on dA: dR3 y
x
Equation of line:
y 1.1 x
5 Elemental area: 0.55
z
2x
dA x dy
Solve for x and 6 Differential force
(y/2) dy substitute in the
expression for dA. dR3 pressure area
[ g(1.1 y)] [(y/2) dy] (1)

7 Resultant force for Region 3
R3 dR3 Eq. 1
1.1
g 0
(1.1 y) (y/2) dy
Use the integral function

on a calculator to evaluate
0.1109 g (2)
8 We also need to determine the line of action of

R3. We can do this by equating the moment
produced by R3 acting along its line of action
to the integral of the moment produced by dR3.
9 Moment of R3 about FC 11 Moment of differential force about FC

y y
(1.1 m y)
F C F C
d3
(x , y)
1.1 m
R3 10 Vertical distance to
line of action of R3 dR3 y
x x
12 Equating moments about the top edge FC gives
R3 d3 = (1.1 y) dR3
z z Eq. 1
0.1109 g by Eq. 2
1.1
0
(1.1 y) [ g(1.1 y) (y/2) dy]
Evaluating the integral and solving for d3 gives
d3 0.5501 m (3)
13 Resultant force acting on Region 2
1.5 m
Distributed load acting on Region 2
1.1 m + 1.0 m = 2.1 m
E wE E
Pressure at point E (2.1 m) g
Distributed force (force per length), wE pressure width
2.1 g 1.5 m
3.15 g
14 Resultant force
R2 (1/2)(2.1 m)(3.15 g)
3.3075 g (4)
15 Line of action of R2 passes through centroid of triangle.
d2 (2/3)(2.1) 1.4 m (5)
2.1 m
16 Total force acting on end of tank

wE
R = R1 + R2 + R3
R3, by symmetry
R2 + 2R3
by Eq. 2
by Eq. 4
3.3075 g + 2(0.1109 g)
3.5293 g (6)
Using 103 kg/m3 and g 9.81 m/s2 gives
R 34.6 kN Ans.
y d1 = d3 = 0.5501 m d3 = 0.5501 m
B C
x d d2 = 1.4 m
z + +
R1 = R3 = 0.1109 g R3 = 0.1109 g
R
R2 = 3.3075 g
17 Determine the line of action of the resultant R by

equating the moment of R to the sum of moments of R1,
R2, and R3:
MBC: Rd R 1d1 + R2d2 + R3d3
Substituting the R, R1, d1, R2, d2, R3, and d3 values

from the figures above into this equation and solving
gives
d = 1.347 m Ans.

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9.

4 Resultants of Hydrostatic Pressure Forces

pAB 2 The pressure must be pAB at all other

(103 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(5 m)

49.05 103 (kg m/s2)/m2

49.05 103 N/m2

Force acting on lip, FA By Forces from hinge

4 Convert the pressure to a force per length by

w pAB width of gate

Equilibrium equation for gate AB

+ MB FA(3 m) (196.20 kN/m)(3 m)(3 m/2) 0

Solving gives Moment arm of

25-mm dia Density of hydraulic fluid h 900 kg/m3

200 mm 407.437 kPa

2 The pressure 200 mm below A equals the pressure at A

p = 407.437 kPa + (900 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(200 mm)

407.437 kPa + 1.766 kPa 0.2 m

25-mm dia 409.203 kPa

3 This is a typical result for

6 Equilibrium equation 7 Thus the 200-N input force produces a 28.9 kN

4 28.9 kN 28.9 103 N 144

Density of water 103 kg/m3

C D (103 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(5 m)

2m 2 Convert the pressure to a force per length by

wB B 196.20 kN/m (1)

area under load curve

(1/3)(2 m + 3 m) 1.667 m above point B

1 Integration can be used to calculate the

3 Force per length, wB (pressure at B) (1-m distance normal to plane of figure)

(1.02 103 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(12 m)(1 m)

6 The magnitude of the weight, W, can be calculated by using information

7 In our particular example, the length of the side

2(12 m)(10 m)/3

21 MC = (720.6 kN)(8 m) (720.6 kN)(d) (800.5 kN)(4 m) = 0

1 The value of h will not depend on the gate width (distance

2 Free-body diagram of gate (distributed forces)

4 Force per length:

Area (1/2)(2 ft)(2 )

Trapezoid triangle + rectangle Area (1/2)(h )(h)

9 Free-body diagram (resultant forces)

MC 0: ( 2 )(2/3 ft) (12 )(3 ft) + (2 h)(h/2) + (h2 /2)(2h/3) 0

2 Pressure at D 2.4 103 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)

Distributed load (force per length) =

7.534 103 N/m

Resultant force = (7.534 103 N/m)

3 Free-body diagram of form together with concrete

Reaction from floor = 9.041 103 N

2.4 103 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)[(1/2)(0.7 m)

m = 209 kg Ans. 6.404 103 N

2 Although the problem can be solved in this

Distributed loads (force per length):

wB pB (width of gate) (2.5 )(2 ft) 5 (1)

wC pC (width of gate) (5.5 )(2 ft) 11

5 Weight of gate (1/2)(4 ft)(3 ft)(2 ft)

B (Acts through centroid of triangle)

7 The force from the ground at C acting

Resultant force from Resultant force from Resultant force from

10 Substituting wB 5 (Eq. 1), wC 11 (Eq. 2), and

1 Because the end of the tank is not of uniform

2 Pressure force on elemental area dA

10 By symmetry, the line of action

11 Moment of R about x axis = Integral of moment of dR about x axis

Ix, the moment of inertia of the

1.5 m 1 Because the end of the tank is not of