Using reference words

Reference words point backwards or forwards to other words or concepts that have
already appeared in the text or are about to appear in the text. In the majority of
cases, the word has already

occurred in the text i.e. the reference word is pointing backwards.A pronoun may
point back to other items in a text (anaphoric reference) or—less commonly—
point ahead to a later part of the text (cataphoric reference).

In traditional grammar, a construction in which a pronoun doesn't refer clearly

and unambiguously to its antecedent is called faulty pronoun reference.

Examples and Observations

 "This is not a novel to be tossed aside lightly. It should be thrown with

great force."(Dorothy Parker)
 "As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain;
and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality."(Albert
Einstein)
 "An engaged woman is always more agreeable than a disengaged. She is
satisfied with herself. Her cares are over."
 "It is harder to convince young people they 'can learn' when they are
cordoned off by a society that isn't sure they really can."
 "The old woman remembered a swan she had bought many years ago in
Shanghai for a foolish sum."