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Step 2 Subgrade
EV = 50 MPa Section 5.6
EH = 25 MPa
vV = vH = 0.45 Section 5.6
f= 34.48
Divide the total granular layer thickness into five equi-thick sublayers (Section 8.2.3)
Each granular thickness = 95 mm
Calculate the ratio of adjacent sublayers:
R= 1.585
Therefore, elastic parameters of the first granular sublayer on top of the subgrade are:
EV1 = 79.24 MPa
EH1 = 39.62 MPa
vV = vH = 0.35
f= 58.70
Elastic properties of other sublayers are calculated similarly using the elastic properties of the underlying sublay
Thickness Elastic modulus (MPa) Poisson's ratio
Material type (mm) EV EH νV νH
Granular material 95 500 250 0.35 0.35
Granular material 95 315.48 157.74 0.35 0.35
Granular material 95 199.05 99.53 0.35 0.35
Granular material 95 125.59 62.80 0.35 0.35
Granular material 95 79.24 39.62 0.35 0.35
Subgrade, semi-infinite 50 25 0.45 0.45
Step 7
Permanent deformation allowable loading (Equation 3)
Step 10
NDT = 1.00.E+07 HVAG
Permanent deformation is the controlling distress mode.
Using the example traffic load distribution in Appendix F, ESA/HVAG = 0.7
Therefore using Equation 17:
DESA = 7.00.E+06
Using the example traffic load distribution in Appendix F, SAR7/ESA = 1.6
DSAR7 = 1.12.E+07
Step 11
Standard Axle load represented as:
Tyre-pavement contact stress = 750 kPa
Load radius = 92.1 mm
Four circular areas separated centre-to-centre 330 mm, 1470 mm, and 330 mm (Figure 8.2)
Step 12
Critical locations to calculate strains are:
- top of subgrade directly beneath the inner wheel load of one of the dual wheel sets.
- top of subgrade midway between one of the dual wheel sets.
Step 13
Maximum vertical compressive strain from CIRCLY = 906 με
midway between the two loaded wheels.
Step 14
Permanent deformation allowable loading - from Step 7
N= 1.20.E+07 SAR7
Step 15
The allowable loading is 1.20.E+07 SAR7 compared to the design traffic =
from Step 10.
Step 16
As allowable loading exceeds the design traffic, the trial pavement composition is acceptable.
ed rock base
370.37
233.69
147.45
93.03
58.70
34.48
1.12.E+07 SAR7
Asphalt Pavement Containing Cemented Material Subbase
Step 2 Subgrade
EV = 50 MPa Section 5.6
EH = 25 MPa
vV = vH = 0.45 Section 5.6
f= 34.48
Divide the total granular layer thickness into five equi-thick sublayers (Section 8.2.3)
Each granular thickness = 35 mm
Calculate the ratio of adjacent sublayers:
R= 1.214
Sublayer elastic properties calculation procedure is shown in the previous example (Appendix K.1)
Step 6 Asphalt
Size 14 mm asphalt,
EV = EH = 2200 MPa
Size 20 mm asphalt,
EV = EH = 2500 MPa
vV = vH = 0.4
Elastic properties of all materials, including granular sublayers, are listed in the following table:
Thickness Elastic modulus (MPa) Poisson's ratio
Material type (mm) EV EH νV νH
Size 14 mm asphalt, 50 2200 2200 0.4 0.4
Size 20 mm asphalt, 125 2500 2500 0.4 0.4
Cemented material, 125
Pre-cracked 2000 2000 0.2 0.2
Post-cracked 500 250 0.35 0.35
Granular material 35 132 65.98 0.35 0.35
Granular material 35 108.67 54.34 0.35 0.35
Granular material 35 89.50 44.75 0.35 0.35
Granular material 35 73.71 36.86 0.35 0.35
Granular material 35 60.71 30.35 0.35 0.35
Subgrade, semi-infinite 50 25 0.45 0.45
Step 7
Permanent deformation allowable loading (Equation 3)
Step 8
Cemented material fatigue allowable loading (Equation 7)
Step 9
Asphalt fatigue allowable loading (Equation 11)
Size 20 mm asphalt,
Step 10
NDT = 1E+07 HVAG
Using the example traffic load distribution in Appendix F
ESA/HVAG = 0.7
SAR5/ESA = 1.1
SAR7/ESA = 1.6
SAR12/ESA = 12
Therefore using Equation 17
Design traffic loading (DESA) = 7E+06 ESA
Step 11
Standard Axle load as in Appendix K.1
Step 12
Critical locations to calculate strains are:
- top of subgrade
- bottom of asphalt layer
- bottom of cemented layer
All the above strains are calculated directly beneath one of the loaded wheels and midway between the loaded
NS = 7.10.E+08 ESA
Asphalt fatigue allowable loading using Equation 23
NA = 7.46.E+06 ESA
Step 15
From Step 14, the following allowable loadings in ESA were calculated:
- permanent deformation = 7.10.E+08 ESA
- asphalt fatigue = 7.46.E+06 ESA
- compared to the design traffic (Step 10) of 7.00.E+06 ESA
Step 16
As allowable loading for each distress mode exceeds the design traffic, the trial pavement composition is
acceptable
elastic cross-anisotropic ν
cohesive 0.45
non cohesive 0.35
f Value
1571.43
1785.71
1666.67
370.37
97.74
80.50
66.30
54.60
44.97
34.48
way between the loaded wheels (Figure 8.2)
oaded wheels
oaded wheels
oaded wheels
ng using SAR12/ESA = 12
Step 2 Subgrade
EV = 50 MPa Section 5.6
EH = 25 MPa
vV = vH = 0.45 Section 5.6
f= 34.48
Step 6
Size 14 mm asphalt,
EV = EH = 2200 MPa
Size 20 mm asphalt,
EV = EH = 2500 MPa
Step 7
Subgrade strain criterion as in Appendix K.2
Step 9
Fatigue criterion for asphalt as per previous example in Appendix K.2
Step 10
NDT = 1.0.E+07 HVAG
Using the example traffic load distribution in Appendix F
ESA/HVAG = 0.7
SAR5/ESA = 1.1
SAR7/ESA = 1.6
Therefore using Equation 17 and Equation 18
DESA = 7.0.E+06
DSAR5 = 7.7.E+06
DSAR7 = 1.1.E+07
Step 11
Standard Axle load as in Appendix K.1
Step 12
Critical locations to calculate strains are:
- top of subgrade
- bottom of asphalt layer
Both should be checked directly beneath one of the loaded wheels and midway between the loaded wheels.
Step 13
Critical strains from CIRCLY output:
- asphalt - maximum tensile strain is 166 με midway between the loaded wheel
- subgrade - maximum vertical compressive strain is 412 με beneath one of the loaded wheels
Step 14
Asphalt fatigue allowable loading:
Volume of binder in mix (Vb) = 11 %
Desired Project Reliability is 97.5 %
Project Reliability Factor, RF = 0.67 (Table 6.15)
N= 8.21.E+06 SAR5
Permanent deformation allowable loading:
N= 2.99.E+09 SAR7
Step 15
Compare allowablle loadings (Step 14) to design traffic (Step 10):
Distress mode Damage unit Allowable loading Design traffic loading
Asphalt fatigue SAR5 8.21.E+06 7.7.E+06
Permanent deformation SAR7 2.99.E+09 1.1.E+07
Step 16
As allowable loading for each distress mode exceeds the design traffic, the trial pavement composition is accept
n the loaded wheels.
nt composition is acceptable.