Applied Thermal Engineering 109 (2016) 487–496

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Applied Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng

Research Paper

Effects of hot air drying time on properties of biomass brick

Zeguang Lu a,b,⇑, Chao Ma a, Ziyue Zhao a, Wanda Jia a,b, Meng Wang b,c
a
College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Taian, Shandong Province, China
b
Shandong Institute of Wood Science, 271018 Taian, Shandong Province, China
c
College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Taian, Shandong Province, China

h i g h l i g h t s

Moisture content and drying density of biomass brick are decreasing with the increasing hot air drying time from 0 to 96 h.

Compression strength is increasing with the increasing drying time and decreasing moisture content and drying density.

Elastic recovery deformation rate in thickness is greater than ones in width and length.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Biomass brick is made from poplar wood and corn stalk fibers and calcium hydroxide, and dried in the hot
Received 6 July 2016 air drying environment where it is 50 °C in temperature and 32.1% in relative humidity and 0.12 m/s in
Accepted 18 August 2016 air velocity. Moisture content and drying density are decreasing with the increasing drying time from 0 to
Available online 20 August 2016
96 h. Compression strength is increasing with the increasing drying time and decreasing moisture con-
tent and drying density. Drying shrinkage deformation rate in length is greater than ones in width and
Keywords: thickness, and it is greater than the permanent and elastic recovery deformation ones. Elastic recovery
Hot air drying
and permanent deformation rates in width and thickness are greater than drying shrinkage deformation
Biomass brick
Moisture content
rate. When the brick is dried for 96 h, it is 9.10% in moisture content, 1.04 g/cm3 in drying density,
Compression strength 1.28 MPa in compression strength, 1.23 N m/kg in the ratio of strength and density.
Deformation Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction severe resources and energy and environmental pressure in archi-

There is 0.549 billion m3 poplar wood stock volume and 0.25
billion tons corn stalk in China, therefore, it is important to study
the effective utilization of poplar and corn stalk [1]. Poplar wood
and veneer and particle and fiber can be manufactured into lami-
nated wood [2], compressed wood [3], modified wood [4], plywood
[5], veneer-laminated wood [6], particleboard [7], pallet [8],
micro/nano fibril [9], fiberboard [10], wood plastic composite
[11], wooden ceramics [12], and so forth. The whole corn stalk
and fiber and particle can be manufactured into floor [13], corru-
gated paper [14], oil absorbing material [15], packaging material
[16], foamed material [17], straw-cement composite material,
straw-plastic composite material, straw-wood composite material
[18], and heat insulating material [19]. The introduction of stalk
into the architecture industry can accomplish the merger of the
two industries development, which solves the problem about the
⇑ Corresponding author at: College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University,
271018 Taian, Shandong Province, China.
E-mail address: lu9029@sina.com (Z. Lu).
tecture industry and explores a new way for agricultural economy
[20].
There are about 40 billion m2 in building area in China now
[21], and the area will be 68.8 billion m2 by 2020 [22]. Lightweight
is the trend of building wall material development in the world,
because that it can save resources and energy, reduce traffic vol-
ume, increase the useful area and decrease labor intensity [22].
Calcium hydroxide is an inorganic binder as the earliest adhesive
in history, which can be manufactured into calcium hydroxide
slurry [23], cement mortar [24], tung oil mortar [25], sticky rice
mortar [26], concrete [27], and other products. In order to increase
the value of poplar wood and corn stalk, it is an effective way that
the mixture of poplar wood and corn stalk fibers and calcium
hydroxide can be molded into the lightweight biomass brick for
building indoor partition.
Drying method is important to the properties and manufacture
efficiency and cost, and hot air can be used to dry the brick. Drying
speed and quality can be affected by the temperature and relative
humidity and velocity of hot air and drying time. When the
temperature and relative humidity and velocity of hot air are same,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.105
1359-4311/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
488 Z. Lu et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 109 (2016) 487–496

drying time is vital to the properties of brick. Moisture is evapo-

Poplar wood fiber,
rated and the physical and mechanical properties of brick are chan-
Corn stalk fiber,
ged in the drying process. So that it is necessary to explore the
effects of hot air drying time on the moisture content and strength
Calcium hydroxide
and deformation of brick, which will provide a basic theory for
manufacture and application of biomass brick.
Mixing materials
2. Materials and methods

2.1. Materials Die filled materials

Properties about poplar wood and corn stalk fibers and calcium
hydroxide are shown in Fig. 1 and Tables 1 and 2.
Cold press molding
2.2. Methods
Dimension measurement
Mass of poplar wood and corn stalk fibers and calcium hydrox-
ide are balanced using an electrical balance (Model JA21002,
of wet brick
Shanghai Jingtian Electrical Instrument Co., Shanghai, China) with
a precision of 0.01 g. Moisture content of raw materials are tested
Hot air drying
using a halogen moisture detector (Model JT-K6, Jingtai Co.,
Taizhou, China). They are mixed completely with the mixing
machine (Model JJ-5, Shandong Luda Test Measurement Machine
Co., Taian, China) and put into the squeeze die, shown in Figs. 2 Dimension measurement
and 3. of dried brick
The squeeze die is customized (Model custom, Shandong Luda
Test Measurement Machine Co., Taian, China). There are squeeze
Compressi on strength
head and bucket and backing board, shown in Fig. 3. The head is
test
the loading body. The bucket is the square shape, which interior
dimensions are 235 mm in length and 110 mm in width and Fig. 2. Process flow chart.
150 mm in thickness. The backing board is the loaded body. Mixed
materials are molded into biomass brick with the press machine Dimensions of wet brick in length and width and thickness are
(Model MY 50B, Qingdao Jilongchang Equipment Machine Co., measured with the plastic ruler (Model 30 CM, Deli Group Co., Zhe-
Qingdao, China), in which the press is equal to the load when the jiang, China), shown in Fig. 4. It is balanced on an electrical balance
head is pressed into the bucket completely at room temperature. (Model ACS-302, Shanghai Huachao Electrical Instrument Co.,

(a) Poplar wood fiber (a) Corn stalk fiber (c) Calcium Hydroxide
Fig. 1. Raw materials.

Table 1
Moisture content and density of raw materials.

Raw materials Corn stalk fiber Poplar wood fiber Calcium hydroxide
Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean
Moisture content (%) 5.40–8.15 6.55 11.33–12.94 11.60 46.01–53.53 48.69
Density (g/cm3) 0.066–0.107 0.077 0.097–0.138 0.104 1.173–1.317 1.246

Table 2
Mesh ratio of poplar wood and corn stalk fibers.

Mesh (number) Mass percent (%)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 P100
Poplar wood fiber 0.63 26.23 20.08 13.88 11.32 5.56 3.54 4.07 1.66 2.38 10.65
Corn stalk fiber 3.18 6.99 6.35 14.24 13.93 2.94 5.42 4.26 4.49 5.17 33.02
 Z. Lu et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 109 (2016) 487–496 489

(a) Squeeze head (b) Squeeze bucket (c) Backing board (d) Assembled Die
Fig. 3. Squeeze die.

(a) Wet brick (b) Dried brick

Fig. 4. Biomass brick.

(a) Length (b) Width (c) Thickness

Fig. 5. Dimension measurement of dried brick.

Shanghai, China) with a precision of 1 g. It is dried for 8, 16, 24, 32,
40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88 and 96 h respectively in the hot air drying
house (Model 4.5 m  2.8 m  3.0 m (length and width and height),
Jinan Longxiang Painting Equipment Co., Jinan, China), where it is
50 °C in air temperature and 32.2% in relative humidity of air and
0.12 m/s in air velocity. The heating rate is 1.2 °C/min and the pre-
cision is 0.1 °C. The relative humidity and temperature of air are
measured using a temperature humidification electrical meter
(Model 310 RS-232, Center Technology Co., Taiwan, China), and
the velocity is measured using a Thermo Ball electrical wind veloc-
ity meter (Model QDF-3, Inspection Equipment Co., Beijing, China).
Dimensions of dried brick are measured (shown in Fig. 4), and
the compression strength is tested with the electrical strength test
machine (Model DTH-300B, Shandong Luda Test Measurement
Machine Co., Taian, China). The brick is loaded vertically in thick-
ness at 1.0 mm/min movement velocity. It is the compression
strength when the deformation reaches 2.5 mm in thickness. The
brick can recovery its primary dimension when it is unloaded.
Drying experiments are repeated for 6 times.
Finally, the brick is dried to the absolute drying in a hot air
drying box (Model DUG 9123A, Shanghai Jinghong Experiment
Instrument Co., Shanghai, China) with the precision of 0.1 °C,
where the hot air temperature is 50 °C. The brick is balanced using
an electrical balance (Model JA21002, Shanghai Jingtian Electrical
Instrument Co., Shanghai, China) with a precision of 0.01 g. The
dimensions of brick are measured with three-keyboard digital
calipers (Model Rohs Rorm 2002/95/EC, Wuxi Kaibaoding Tool
Co., Wuxi, China) with a precision of 0.01 mm, shown in Fig. 5.
490 Z. Lu et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 109 (2016) 487–496
Fig. 6. The relationship between moisture content and drying time.
Fig. 7. The relationship between moisture evaporation rate and drying time.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Study on the moisture content of biomass brick
There is 44.12% difference between the primary and the final
moisture content of biomass brick, it is 53.22% when drying time
is zero, and 9.10% when drying time is 96 h, shown in Fig. 6. The
equilibrium moisture content in the indoor environment ranges
from 8.00% to 10.00%, therefore, the moisture content of brick dried
for 96 h is valuable for application. Moisture content of brick is
decreasing with the increasing drying time, which is fit to the log-
arithm function, shown as Eq. (1).
y ¼ 17:7 lnðxÞ þ 53:63
ð1Þ
R2 ¼ 0:993
Here, y is moisture content, %; x is drying time, h.
Moisture evaporation rate ranges from 0.84% to 9.50% and aver-
ages 3.68% per 8 h, the difference is 11.31 times between the great-
est and least one, shown in Fig. 7. Moisture evaporation rate is
decreasing with the increasing drying time because that the mois-
ture in the brick is decreasing and path for evaporation is sealed by
the hardness of surface material. It can be forecasted by the func-
tion shown in Eq. (2).
y ¼ 0:116x2  2:274x þ 12:12
ð2Þ
R2 ¼ 0:916
Here, y is moisture evaporation rate, %/8 h; x is drying time, h.
3.2. Studies on dimension deformation of brick
3.2.1. Studies on dimension deformation of brick for the same types
Dimension deformation of biomass brick happens in the drying
process because of the moisture evaporation. It includes elastic
recovery and drying shrinkage and permanent deformations. Elas-
tic recovery deformation is defines as the expansion deformation
when the brick is unloaded, which is the difference between the
dimensions of the loaded and unloaded brick. Elastic recovery
deformation rate is the percentage of brick expansion deformation
to the dimension of the loaded brick. The dimension of the loaded
brick is decided by the die. Drying shrinkage deformation is defines
as the deformation due to the drying of brick, which is the dimen-
sion difference between the dried and unloaded brick. Drying
shrinkage deformation rate is the percentage of drying shrinkage
deformation to the dimension of the unloaded brick, which is neg-
ative value. Permanent deformation is defines as the difference
between dimension of dried and loaded brick. Permanent deforma-
tion rate is the percentage of permanent deformation to the
dimension of loaded brick. Drying shrinkage and permanent defor-
mation are affected by the drying time.
(1) Elastic recovery deformation rate of brick
Elastic recovery deformation rate ranges from 8.33% to 10.00%
and averages 9.36% in thickness, shown in Fig. 8. It ranges from
1.21% to 1.82% and averages 1.53% in width. It ranges from 0.29%
to 0.57% and averages 0.42% in length. Elastic recovery deformation
rate in thickness is 22.07 times as same as that in length and 6.11
times as same as that in width. The rate in width is 3.61 times as
same as that in length. Thus the rate in thickness is the greatest,
the one in width is the second, and the one in length is the lowest.
(2) Drying shrinkage deformation rate of brick
Drying shrinkage deformation rate ranges from 0.42% to
1.41% and averages 0.91% in length, shown in Fig. 9. It ranges
from 0.00% to 1.19% and averages 0.59% in width. It ranges from
1.24% to 1.80% and averages 0.22% in thickness. The rate in
length is 4.18 times as same as that in thickness and 1.56 times
as same as that in width. The rate in width is 2.68 times as same
as that in thickness. Therefore, the rate in length is the greatest,
the one in width is the second, and the one in thickness is the
lowest.
Fig. 8. The relationship between elastic recovery deformation rate and drying time.
 Z. Lu et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 109 (2016) 487–496 491

Fig. 9. The relationship between drying shrinkage deformation rate and drying time.

Fig. 10. The relationship between permanent deformation rate and drying time.

(3) Permanent deformation of brick
Permanent deformation rate ranges from 7.67% to 10.00% and
averages 9.11% in thickness, shown in Fig. 10. It ranges from
0.30% to 1.67% and averages 0.94% in width. It ranges from
0.85% to 0.00% and averages 0.50% in length. The rate in thick-
ness is 18.31 times as same as that in length and 9.74 times as
same as that in width. The rate in width is 1.88 times as same as
that in length. Therefore, the rate in thickness is the greatest, the
one in width is the second, and the one in length is the lowest.
3.2.2. Studies on dimension deformation of brick for the same
directions
(1) Deformation of brick in length
In length direction, elastic recovery deformation rate ranges
from 0.29% to 0.57% and averages 0.42%, drying shrinkage
deformation rate ranges from 0.42% to 1.41% and averages
0.91%, permanent deformation rate ranges from 0.85%
to 0.00% and averages 0.50%, shown in Fig. 11. Therefore, dry-
ing shrinkage deformation rate is the greatest, the permanent
one is the second, and elastic recovery deformation one is the
lowest.
(2) Deformation of brick in width
In width direction, elastic recovery deformation rate ranges
from 1.21% to 1.82% and averages 1.53%, drying shrinkage
deformation rate ranges from 0.00% to 1.19% and averages
0.59%, permanent deformation rate ranges from 0.30% to
1.67% and averages 0.94%, shown in Fig. 12. Therefore, elastic
recovery deformation rate is the greatest, the permanent
one is the second, drying shrinkage deformation rate is the
lowest.
492 Z. Lu et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 109 (2016) 487–496

Fig. 11. The relationship between dimension deformation in length and drying time.

Fig. 12. The relationship between dimension deformation in width and drying time.

(3) Deformation of brick in thickness 3.3. Studies on the density of brick

In thickness direction, elastic recovery deformation rate ranges
from 8.33% to 10.00% and averages 9.36%, drying shrinkage defor-
mation rate ranges from 1.24% to 1.80% and averages 0.22%,
permanent deformation rate ranges from 7.67% to 10.00% and
averages 9.11%, shown in Fig. 13. Therefore, elastic recovery defor-
mation rate is the greatest, the permanent one is the second, and
the permanent deformation rate is the lowest.
3.3.1. Study on the relationship between density and drying time of
brick
Densities of brick can be classified into loaded density, elastic
recovery one, drying one and absolute dry one. Loaded density is
defined as the molding density, elastic recovery density is defined
as the unloaded density, drying density is defined as the density in
the drying process, and absolute dry density is defined as the
 Z. Lu et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 109 (2016) 487–496
Fig. 13. The relationship between dimension deformation in thickness and drying time.
Fig. 14. The relationship between density and drying time.
density when the moisture content of brick is equal to zero. In the
research, it averages 1.75 g/cm3 in loaded density, 1.42 g/cm3 in
elastic recovery density, and 0.95 g/cm3 in absolute dry
density.
Loaded density is the greatest, the second is elastic recovery
density, the third is drying density, and the lowest is absolute
dry density, shown in Fig. 14. The brick becomes bigger after
expansion and its mass becomes less when it is dried to the abso-
lute dry drying, so that the elastic recovery density is equal to
81.10% of loaded one, absolute dry density is equal to 54.19% of
loaded one, absolute dry density is equal to 66.82% of elastic recov-
ery one.
Drying density of brick is decreasing with the increasing drying
time, because that the mass of brick is decreasing with the increas-
ing drying time, shown in Fig. 15. It ranges from 1.33 g/cm3 to
1.04 g/cm3 when the drying time ranges from 8 h to 96 h, and
the difference is equal to 0.29 g/cm3, the former is equal to
78.20% of the later. The relationship between drying density and
drying time is fit to the logarithm function, shown as Eq. (3).
y ¼ 0:11lnðxÞ þ 1:328
2
ð3Þ
R ¼ 0:982
Here, y is drying density, g/cm3; x is drying time, h.
493
3.3.2. Study on the relationship between drying density and moisture
content of brick
Drying density of brick is decreasing with the decreasing mois-
ture content, shown in Fig. 16, because that the density of moisture
is greater than the one of poplar wood and corn stalk fibers. The
relationship between drying density and moisture content is fit
to the function shown as Eq. (4).
y ¼ 0:003x2  0:021x þ 1:084
ð4Þ
R2 ¼ 0:980
Here, y is drying density, g/cm3; x is moisture content, %.
The relationship between drying density and moisture content is
important in the manufacture process, because the drying density
can be calculated by the moisture content, and vice versa. When
the equilibrium moisture content of air is decided in the indoor envi-
ronment, the density can be calculated with the moisture content.
3.4. Studies on compression strength of brick
3.4.1. Study on the relationship between compression strength and
drying time of brick
Compression strength of brick is increasing with the increasing
drying time, shown in Fig. 17, because that the moisture is
494 Z. Lu et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 109 (2016) 487–496

Fig. 15. The relationship between drying density and drying time.

Fig. 16. The relationship between drying density and moisture content of brick.

evaporated and calcium carbonate is made of calcium hydroxide

and carbon dioxide. It ranges from 0.47 MPa to 1.28 MPa when
the drying time ranges from 8 h to 96 h, and the difference is equal
to 0.81 MPa, the former is equal to 36.72% of the later. The relation-
ship between compression strength and drying time is fit to the
power function, shown as Eq. (5).

y ¼ 0:474x0:376
ð5Þ
R2 ¼ 0:966
Here, y is compression strength, MPa; x is drying time, h.

3.4.2. Study on the relationship between compression strength and

moisture content of brick
Compression strength of brick is increasing with the decreasing
moisture content, shown in Fig. 18. It is equal to 1.28 MPa when
the moisture content is equal to 9.10%. The relationship between
compression strength and moisture content is fit to the function
shown as Eq. (6).
y ¼ 0:063ðxÞ þ 1:331
ð6Þ
R2 ¼ 0:920
Here, y is compression strength, MPa; x is moisture content, %.
Fig. 17. The relationship between compression strength and drying time of brick.
3.4.3. Study on the relationship between compression strength and
drying density of brick
Compression strength of brick is increasing with the decreasing
drying density, shown in Fig. 19. It is equal to 0.47 MPa which is
the lowest strength with the greatest density which is equal to
1.33 g/cm3, and it is equal to 1.28 MPa which is the greatest
strength with the lowest density which is equal to 1.04 g/cm3.
 Z. Lu et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 109 (2016) 487–496 495

Here, y is compression strength, MPa; x is drying density, g/cm3.

Ratio of strength and density is increasing with the increasing
drying time, shown in Fig. 20. It is equal to 0.35 N m/kg which is
the lowest one when brick is dried for 8 h, and 1.23 N m/kg which
is the greatest one when brick is dried for 96 h. The relationship
between ratio of strength and density and drying time is fit to
the power function, shown as Eq. (8).

y ¼ 0:356x0:477
ð8Þ
R2 ¼ 0:979
Here, y is ratio of strength and density, N m/kg; x is drying
time, h.

Fig. 18. The relationship between compression strength and moisture content of
brick. 4. Conclusions

(1) Moisture content and evaporation velocity of moisture and

drying density of biomass brick are decreasing with the
increasing hot air drying time in the range from 0 to 96 h.
Drying density is decreasing with the decreasing moisture
content.
(2) Compression strength is increasing with the increasing dry-
ing time and decreasing moisture content and drying den-
sity. Ratio of strength and density is increasing with the
increasing drying time.
(3) Elastic recovery deformation rate in thickness is greater than
ones in width and length, drying shrinkage deformation rate
in length is greater than ones in width and thickness, and
permanent deformation rate in thickness is greater than
ones in width and length.
(4) Drying shrinkage deformation rate is greater than perma-
nent one and permanent deformation rate is greater than
Fig. 19. The relationship between compression strength and drying density of elastic recovery one in length. Elastic recovery deformation
brick.
rates are greater than permanent ones and permanent defor-
mation rates are greater than drying shrinkage ones in width
and thickness.
The relationship between compression strength and drying density
(5) When the brick is dried for 96 h, it is 9.10% in moisture con-
is fit to the function shown as Eq. (7).
tent, 1.04 g/cm3 in drying density, 1.28 MPa in compression
y ¼ 0:001x3 þ 0:019x2  0:144x þ 1:395 strength and 1.23 N m/kg in the ratio of strength and
ð7Þ density.
R2 ¼ 0:965

Fig. 20. The relationship between ratio of strength and density and drying time.
496 Z. Lu et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 109 (2016) 487–496
Acknowledgements
The work is supported by the Project of Special Fund for Forest
Scientific Research in the Public Welfare, No. 201504506, China.
Undergraduate Guangmei Cao in Shandong Agricultural university
should be thanked for her help in experiments for the article.
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