Determinant and Matrix 13 Unit – 2

DETERMINANTS 3. Find the minors of the following

8 9
4 3 8 0 0
determinants:
0 2 5 3
1. Determinants: Determinant can be defined as “a numerical value (𝑖) | | (𝑖𝑖) |6 7 5| (𝑖𝑖𝑖) |3 2 1| (𝑖𝑣) |3 1 2|
obtained from a square matrix of the coefficients of certain unknown 7 11
9 0 6 5 7 2 1 2 1
variables enclosed by two vertical bars.”
2. Value of determinant is become Zero: If any two rows or any two
columns of a determinant are identical the value of the determinant is 4. Find the co-factors of the following determinants:
zero. 1 2 3 10 0 0
3. Adjugate Determinant: The determinant D which is obtained by 7 8
(𝑖) | | (𝑖𝑖) |5 6 7 | (𝑖𝑖𝑖) | 0 5 0|
replacing each element of the determinant D by its co-factors is known 3 4
9 10 11 9 0 9
as adjugate determinant of D
4. Reciprocal determinant: If a determinant is formed by dividing each
5. Determine the numerical values of the following determinants
element of adjugate determinant by D, by the determinant D then it is
called reciprocal determinant.
using the expansion method:
1 7 3 1 2 3 0 5 3
5. Determinant of order two: When four numbers are arranged in two 3 2
(𝑖) | | (𝑖𝑖) | 7 6 0| (𝑖𝑖𝑖) |5 6 7 | (𝑖𝑣) |0 7 2|
rows and two columns within two vertical bars, it is called second 4 7
order determinant. −5 3 4 9 10 11 6 9 1
6. Determinant of order three: When nine elements are arranged in 3 [Ans: (i)13; (ii) –19; (iii) –17; (iv) 0]
rows and three columns within two vertical bars, it is called third order
determinant. 6. Find the value of the following determinants by the cofactor
7. Minor: The minor of an element of a determinant is a determinant expansion method:
which is obtained by deleting the row and the column which the 1 5 3 1 2 3 0 5 3
element lies. (𝑖) | 3 5| (𝑖𝑖) |0 2 5| (𝑖𝑖𝑖) |6 6 7 | (𝑖𝑣) |0 7 2|
−2 1
8. Cofactors: Cofactors are defined as the product of minor of the 3 2 1 9 10 11 6 9 1
element of a given determinant and (1)i+j. Where ‘i’ refers to the row [Ans: (i) 13; (ii) 49; (iii)0; (iv)–66]
and ‘j’ the column position of the element whose cofactor is to be
determined. 7. Find the values of the following determinants:
9. Cramer’s Rule: The method of solving linear equations with the help 1 6 4 3 2 3 1 5 3
of determinants is called Cramer’s rule. (𝑖) |0 2 3| (𝑖𝑖) |1 2 3| (𝑖𝑖𝑖) |0 2 −5|
10. Sarrus Diagram: Prof. Sarrus formulated a diagram to expand the 5 7 8 3 2 1 3 −7 −1
third order determinant easily. According to his name the said diagram
is called Sarrus Diagram.
Properties of a determinant
Determinants have a good number of algebraic properties which help
us in finding out the numerical values of the determinants at an ease and
Exercise A straightway. Besides, they also help us in applying the elementary
1. Find the numerical value of the following 2×2 determinant operations over the row and columns of a determinant to simplify its form
7 8 5 0 0 7 5 7 and; arrive at the value at; a quicker rate.
(𝑖) | | (𝑖𝑖) | | (𝑖𝑖𝑖) | | (𝑖𝑣) | | i. If any row or column of the determinant consists of zeroes only
8 9 8 2 3 2 6 6
[Ans: (i) –1; (ii)10; (iii) –21; (iv)–33] then the value of a determinant becomes zero.
ii. If any two rows or columns of the determinant are identical then
2. Find the numerical value of the following 3×3 determinant: the value of the determinant becomes zero.
6 7 8 2 4 3 0 0 0 2 2 2 iii. The value of the determinant remains unchanged even if its rows
(𝑖) |9 0 5| (𝑖𝑖) |3 6 7| (𝑖𝑖𝑖) |3 2 1| (𝑖𝑣) |3 1 3| and columns are interchanged.
iv. If any two adjacent rows or columns of a determinant are
4 3 2 4 8 1 5 8 9 5 0 0
[Ans: (i) 140; (ii) 0; (iii) 0; (iv) 20] interchanged, the numerical value of the determinant remains the
same but with the opposite sign.
 Determinant and Matrix 14 Unit – 2
v. If every element in any row or column consists of the sum or 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
difference of two quantities, then the determinant; can be (8) | 𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑧 2 | = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥)
expressed a the sum or difference of two determinants of the 𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
same order.
vi. If each determinant in a row or a column of a determinant is 1 𝜔 𝜔2
multiplied by a constant K, then the value of the new determinant (9) | 𝜔 𝜔2 1 | = 0 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0) & 𝜔2 = 1
is K times the value of the original determinant. 𝜔2 1 𝜔
vii. The value of the determinant remains unchanged, if to each
element of any particular row or column of the determinant, the −𝑎2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐 1 1 1
equi-multiple of the corresponding elements of one or more rows (10) | 𝑎𝑏 – 𝑏 2 𝑏𝑐 | = 4𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 (11) | 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 | = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
of columns, be added, or subtracted.
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 – 𝑐 2 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
viii. If the elements of any row or column of a determinant are
multiplied in order by the cofactor 𝐶𝑖𝑗 of the corresponding 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
elements of any other row or column, then the sum of the (12) | 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 | = 𝑥𝑦𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥)
𝑥
products thus obtained is zero.
𝑥 3 𝑦3 𝑧3
Exercise B
(1) Using the properties of determinant, prove the 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
following: (13) | 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 | = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)
6 2 2 9 4 7 9 20 29 𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏
(𝑖) |1 3 1| = 40 (𝑖𝑖) | 6 1 3| = 30 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) | 6 5 11| = 0
1 1 3 15 −1 2 −4 8 4 (𝑏 + 𝑐)2 𝑏𝑎 𝑐𝑎
𝑥 1 𝑦+𝑧
(14) | 𝑎𝑏 (𝑐 + 𝑎) 2
𝑐𝑏 | = 2𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
4 45 52 𝑏+𝑐 𝑎 1 2
(𝑖𝑣) |2 29 32| = 222 (𝑣) |𝑦 1 𝑧 + 𝑥| = 0 (𝑣𝑖) |𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑏 1| = 0 𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
6 68 87 𝑧 1 𝑥+𝑦 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐 1
𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
Prove the following identities: (15) | 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 | = 4𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
0 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥𝑧 2 1 𝜔 𝜔2 𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
(2) | 𝑥 2 𝑦 0 𝑦𝑧 2 | = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 (3) | 𝜔 𝜔2 1 | = 0 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0)
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑥 2𝑧 2
𝑦 𝑧 0 𝜔2 1 𝜔
(16) | 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 4𝑥 2𝑥 | = 𝑥 3 (17) |2𝑎 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 4𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 2𝑐 | = 𝑎3
1 1 1 𝑦𝑧 𝑥 𝑥 2 10𝑥 + 8𝑦 8𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑎 6𝑎 + 3𝑏 10𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 3𝑐
1 𝑥2 𝑥3
(4) | 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 | = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥) (5) | 𝑧𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 2 | = |1 𝑦2 𝑦3 |
𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑧2 𝑥𝑦 𝑧 𝑧 2 1 𝑧2 𝑧3
𝑥+𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎−𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑎
(18) | 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑐 | = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
(6) | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 | = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥+𝑐
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
𝑝−𝑞−𝑟 2𝑝 2𝑝
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 (19) | 2𝑞 𝑞−𝑟−𝑝 2𝑞 | = (𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟)3
𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑧 − 𝑥 | = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 2𝑟 2𝑟 𝑟−𝑝−𝑞
(7) |
𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
 Determinant and Matrix 15 Unit – 2
Exercise C Matrices
1. Solve the following system of equations by the rule given by
Cramer: Definition
a. 2x + y = 10; 3x + 2y =17 “A matrix may be defined as an orderly arrangement
b. 5x + 2y = 11; 3x+ 7y + 24 of some number or symbols in certain rows and columns
c. X + 3y = 0; 3x – y = 0 enclosed by some brackets, subscripted by the magnitude of
d. 3x – 4y = 1; 2x – 7y =3 its order and denominated by some capital letter.”
[Ans: (a) 3, 4; (b) 1,3; (c) 0,0; (d)
−𝟓 −𝟕
, ] The following are the specimens of a matrix:
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟖
𝑨 = [𝟒 𝟓 𝟔] 𝑩 = [𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟓]
2. Using Cramer’s Rule find the solution, for the following:
𝟕 𝟖 𝟗 𝟑×𝟑 𝟑𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟑×𝟐
a. 2x + y + z = 7; 3x – y -- z = --2; x + 2y – 3z = --4 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
b. 2x –3y + 5z = 11; 3x + 5y – 2z = 7; x + 2y – 3z = --9 𝑪 = [𝒑 𝒒 𝒓]𝟐×𝟑
c. 3x + 3y –5 = 0; 4x – 3y = 2
d. 7x – 5y =11; 3x +2y =13; y +10z – 5x =14 Characteristics
e. 2x +3y + 5z = --9; x + 10y + 7x = --13; --5x +y +10z From the above definition and the specimens, the essential
characteristics of a matrix may be analyzed as under:
=14
1. It consists of some numbers or symbols.
f. X+y+z = 6; x – y +z =2; 2x+y –z =1
−𝟑 𝟗 𝟏𝟏 𝟐 2. It consists of some rows and columns.
[Ans: (a) 1,2,3; (b) , , ; (c)1, ; (d)3,2,2.7; (e) --3, --1, 0; 3. It must be enclosed by brackets.
𝟗 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
(f) 1,2,3] 4. It must be subscripted by the magnitude of its order.
3. The price of 3 accounting books and 5 business mathematics 5. It must be denominated by some capital letter.
books is `800 and that of 6 accounting books and 3 business Different types of matrix
mathematics books is `900 find the cost of an accounting books 1. Row matrix: A matrix that appears with one row only is called a row
and a business mathematics book. matrix.
[Ans: 100, 100] 2. Column matrix: A matrix that appears with one column only is called
a column matrix.
4. The cost of 8 Kg. rice and 5Kg. potato is `105 and that of 7 kg
3. Null (or Zero) matrix: A matrix that consists of zeroes only is called
rice and 7Kg. potato is `105. Find the cost of rice and potato per a Null or Zero matrix. This is usually denoted by the capital letter O
kg. and it is also popularly known as Null matrix.
[Ans: `10, 5] 4. Singleton matrix: A matrix that comprises one element only is called
5. The perimeter of a triangle is 60cm. The longest side exceeds a singleton matrix.
the shortest one by 10cm, and the sum of the lengths of the 5. Square matrix: A matrix that appears with equal number of rows and
longest and the shortest ones is twice the length of the other side. columns (i.e., m = n) is called a square matrix.
Find the lengths of the sides. [Ans: 25,20,15] 6. Diagonal matrix: A square matrix in which all the principal diagonal
6. The sum of the 3numbers is 80. If we multiply the 1st by 2 and elements are non-zeros and all other elements are zeroes is called a
diagonal matrix.
add the 2nd number and subtract the 3rd to it, we get 184. Find the
i. Principal diagonal element: An element, both the
numbers. [Ans: 52,8,20] subscripts (i and j) of which are equal is called a principal
7. The cost of 3kg. apple, 2kg. grapes and 5kg. oranges is `. 64. diagonal element.
The cost of 2kg. apples, 2kg. grapes and 3kg. oranges is ` 44. ii. Principal or leading diagonal: the line along which the
Again, the cost of 5kg. apples, 3kg. grapes and 2kg. oranges is principal diagonal elements are positioned is called the
`54. Find the cost of apple, grape and orange per kg. principal or leading diagonal.
[Ans: Apples `. 4; Grapes `. 6, Oranges `. 8] 7. Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all the leading diagonal
elements are equal is called a Scalar Matrix. In other words, a square
 Determinant and Matrix
matrix in which all the elements except those in the main diagonal are
zeros and all the leading diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar
matrix.
8. Identity (or Unity) matrix: A square matrix in which all the leading
diagonal elements are unity (1) and all other elements are zeroes is
called an identity or unity matrix. It is conventionally denoted by the
capital letter, I.
9. Triangular matrix. A square matrix in which all the elements above
or below the principal diagonal are zeroes, and the rest are non-zeroes
is called a triangular matrix. If the zero elements lie below the
principal diagonal, it is called an upper triangular matrix, and id the
zero elements lie above the principal diagonal is called a triangular
matrix.
10. Equal matrix: A matrix is said to be equal to another matrix, if all the
elements are equal to the corresponding elements of the said another
matrix.
11. Comparable matrices or equivalent matrices: A matrix is said to
be comparable or equivalent to another matrix, if the number of its
rows and columns equal to those of the other matrix. i.e., m 1 = m2
and n1 = n2
Arithmetic Operations on Matrices
Addition of Matrices:
Condition necessary: The matrices to be added to each other must be
comparable i.e., each of the matrices must have equal number of rows
and columns. Symbolically, m1 =m2 =m3 and so on, and n1 = n2 = n3 and
so on.
Procedure:
i. Place all the matrices to be added in a horizontal line and put +
signs between each of the pairs of them.
ii. Add the corresponding elements of each of the matrices and put
their sums in the same order.
Subtraction of matrices:
Condition necessary: Both the matrices i.e., the subtrahenal and the
minuend matrices must be equivalent to each other. This means that each
of the matrices must have equality in respect of the number of their rows
and columns.
Procedure
i. Place both the matrices in a horizontal line and put a – ve sign
between minuend and the subtrahenal matrices.
ii. Subtract the elements of the subtrahenal matrix from their
corresponding elements in the minuend matrix and put their sums
in the same order.
Multiplication of matrices:
There can be two types of multiplication with the matrices. They
are: scalar multiplication, and Multiplication proper.
16 Unit – 2
Scalar multiplication: When each element of a matrix is multiplied
by a constant called a scalar, it is called scalar multiplication.
Condition necessary: No condition as to the order of a matrix is
necessary except that the scalar quantity must have been given.
Procedure:
i. Write the scalar first, and then place the given matrix adjacent to
it without putting any algebraic sign between them.
ii. Multiply each element of the given matrix by the scalar given, and
put the respective products in the same order.
Multiplication Proper
The multiplication among two matrices is possible only when the number
of column of the 1st matrix is equal to the number of rows of the 2 nd
matrix.
Procedure
i. Place the matrices in a horizontal line without putting any sign
between them.
ii. Multiply each element of the first row of the multiplicand by the
corresponding element of the first column of the multiplier, and
get them totaled to obtain the first element of the first row of the
product matrix.
iii. Similarly, multiply each element of the first row of the multiplicand
by the corresponding element of the nth column of the multiplier
and get them totaled to obtain the nth element of the first row of
the product matrix.
iv. Continue the above procedure to obtain the elements of the other
rows of the product matrix.
Division of matrices
Condition necessary: The number of columns in the dividend matrix (n1)
must be equal to the number of rows in the divisor matrix (m2).
Procedure: Proceed with the work of division just on the lines of
multiplication proper explained above, except that each element in the
dividend is to be multiplied by the reciprocal of the corresponding element
of the divisor matrix (i.e., 1/a).
Transpose of matrices
A matrix which is obtained by changing the rows into their
respective columns or the columns into their respective rows of a matrix is
called a transposed matrix. To obtain such a matrix, the first row (R1) of a
given matrix is made the first column (C1), the second row (R2) is made
the second column (C2) and so on, or the first column (C1) is made the
first row (R1), the second column (C2 is made the second row (R2) and so
on. It denotes by A’.
 Determinant and Matrix 17 Unit – 2
Exercise A 2. Find the adjoint of each of the following matrices:
1. Find A+B, A B, 2A+3B and 3A−2B from the following (𝑖) 𝐴 = [ 1 − 2] (𝑖𝑖) 𝐴 = [ 4 6
]
matrices: −3 4 2×2 −2 − 3 2×2
1 2 3 0 1 2
𝐴=[ ] 𝐵=[ ] 1 −1 1 4 −2 −1
2 3 4 3 2 5
2. Find 3A−B and 3B−A,if (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝐴 = [ 2 3 0] (𝑖𝑣)𝐴 = [1 10 − 7]
0 2 3 7 6 3 11 2 10 3×3 2 −4 1 3×3
𝐴=[ ] 𝐵=[ ]
2 1 4 1 4 5
2 3
4 2 −1 𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟑
3. If 𝐴 = [ ] and[−3 0]’ then find where possible A+B, 𝟒 𝟐 −𝟑 − 𝟔
3 −7 1 Ans: (𝒊) [ ]; (𝒊𝒊) [ ]; (𝒊𝒊𝒊) [ −𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏 𝟐 ];
−1 5 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
A−B, AB and BA, stating the reason where operations are not −𝟐𝟗 − 𝟏𝟑 𝟓
−𝟏𝟖 𝟔 𝟐𝟒
possible. (𝒊𝒗) [ −𝟏𝟓 𝟔 𝟐𝟕 ]
3 2 1 0
4. (𝑖)𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = [ ] and [ ] then find the matrix ‘x’ −𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟒𝟐
2 4 −3 2
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝐀𝐧𝐬: [ −𝟓 −𝟏] 3. Find A. Adj. A for the matrix
𝟐
2 7 12 1 0 −1 1 −2 3 𝟐𝟓 𝟎 𝟎
5. if 2A + 3B = [ ] and A–2B= [ ] then find the (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝐴 = [ 0 2 − 1] 𝑨𝒏𝒔 = [ 𝟎 𝟐𝟓 𝟎 ]
13 12 23 −4 −1 −6
matrices A and B 𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝐀 = −4 5 2 3×3 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
[ ] 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 = [ ]
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟓 1 1 1
𝑥 3𝑥 − 𝑦 5 9
6. If [
2𝑥 + 2 3𝑦 − 𝑧
]=[ ] then find x, y and z [Ans: 5; 6; 7] 4. For the square matrix A = [1 2 − 3] Prove that A.
12 11
7. Find the product of the following matrices: 2 −1 3
1 −1 −𝟏𝟑 𝟖 Adj. |𝑨|. 𝑰𝟑
(𝑖)𝐴 = [2 5] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ] 𝐀𝐧𝐬: [ ]
1 3 −3 2 −𝟖 𝟓
1 3 4 𝟏 5. Find the inverse of each of the following matrices:
(𝑖𝑖)𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ] 𝐀𝐧𝐬: [ ]
2 1 −1 𝟕 3 8 3 1 3 −1
8. find ABC where, (𝑖) 𝐴 = [ ] (𝑖𝑖) 𝐵 = [ ] (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐶 = [ ] (𝑖𝑣) 𝐷 =
2 1 2×2 4 0 2×2 1 2 2×2
1 −1 0 1 0 1 −3
1 −1 1 𝟒 𝟏 [ ]
𝐴=[ ] , 𝐵 = [0 1 −1] , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = [0 1] 𝐀𝐧𝐬: [ ] −5 7 2×2
0 2 1 𝟎 𝟐
1 1 1 1 1
𝟎 𝟏⁄
𝟏 −𝟖 𝟒]; (𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝟏 [ 𝟐 𝟏]; (𝐢𝐯) 𝟏 [−𝟕 − 𝟑]
Exercise B
−𝟏
𝐀𝐧𝐬 = (𝐢) [ ]; (𝐢𝐢) [
𝟏𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 − 𝟑⁄𝟒 𝟕 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟖 −𝟓 − 𝟏
1. Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:
1 −2 3
(𝑖) 𝐴 = [ 2 5 ] (𝑖𝑖)𝐴 = [ 0 2 − 1] 6. Find the inverse of each of the following matrices (if it
6 15 2×2 exists)
−4 5 2 3×3
1 −1 2 0 1 2 3 2 7
1 1 1 0 1 2 (𝑖) [−1 1 − 1] (𝑖𝑖) [1 2 3] (𝑖𝑖𝑖) [4 − 3 − 2]
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝐴 = [1 2 − 3] (𝑖𝑣)𝐴 = [1 2 3] 1 − 1 1 3×3 3 3 1 3×3 5 9 23 3×3
2 − 1 3 3×3 3 1 1 3×3
 Determinant and Matrix 18 Unit – 2
−𝟏 − 𝟑 − 𝟏 𝟏 –𝟏 𝟏 3. Column matrix: The matrix in which there is one column only is
𝑨𝒏𝒔 = (𝒊) [ 𝟎 − 𝟏 − 𝟏 ]; (𝒊𝒊) [−𝟖 𝟔 − 𝟐]; (iii) Inverse does not exist called column matrix. The order of a column matrix is m×1.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟓 −𝟑 𝟏 4. Null Matrix: The matrix in which all elements are zero matrix is
usually denoted by bold capital letter O.
7. Find the inverse of the matrix 𝐴 = [
1 2
] and show that 5. Singleton matrix: The matrix in which there is one element only is
3 4 2×2 called singleton matrix. The order of singleton matrix is 1×1.
𝐴. 𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 . 𝐴 = 𝐼 6. Multiton matrix: The matrix in which the number of elements is tow
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟐 or more is called multiton matrix.
𝐀𝐧𝐬 = − [ ] 7. Square matrix: The matrix in which are number of rows is equal to
𝟐 −𝟑 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 the number of columns is called square matrix. In case of square
8. 𝑰𝒇 [𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟎], find 𝑨𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨−𝟏 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝟐 = 𝑨−𝟏 matrix, m = n is an m×n matrix.
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 8. Rectangular matrix: The matrix in which the number of rows is not
equal to the number of columns is called rectangular matrix. In case of
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 rectangular matrix m≠n in an m×n matrix.
𝑨𝒏𝒔 [𝟎 − 𝟏 𝟐] 9. What is diagonal matrix: The square matrix in which all the
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 elements rre zero except the elements on main diagonal or identity
Exercise C matrix.
10. Unit matrix: The diagonal matrix in which element on main diagonal
Solve the following system of equation using matrix method: line is one is called diagonal or identity matrix.
(i) 2x -- −3y =1 (ii) 3x + 2y = 6 11. Scalar matrix: A square matrix in which all the elements above or
x + 5y= 7 5x + 4y = 8 below the main diagonal line are zero is called triangular matrix.
(iii) 4x – 3y =5 (iv) 2x – y =13 12. Non-singular matrix: the square matrix in which determinant value
3x – 5y = 1 −x + 2y = −11 is not zero is called a non-singular matrix.
[Ans: (i) x=2, y=1; (ii) x=4, y=−3; (iii) x=2, y = I; (iv) x=5, 13. Transpose matrix: Let A is a matrix. If we form another matrix by
y=−3] interchanging the rows into columns or vice versa then the new matrix
is called the transpose matrix of A and symbolically written as A'.
Solve the matrix method:
14. Orthogonal matrix: Let A is a square matrix. If A× A' = 1(unit
(i) x – y +z = 4 (ii) x + y+ z = 2 matrix) then A is called an orthogonal matrix.
2x + y −3z = 0 2x +2y + 3z=7 15. Cofactor matrix: Let A is a square matrix. If another matrix is formed
x + y + z =2 5y −z+ 13=0 by replacing the elements of A by their respective cofactors then the
(iii) 8x + 4y + 3z=13 (iv)2x + 2y+z=13 new matrix is called cofactor matrix of A.
2x + y + z=5 4y + z=17 16. Symmetric matrix: Let A is a square matrix . if A = A' then A is
X + 2y + z=5 −3x + 2y=3 called a skew symmetric matrix.
(v) x + y + z =3 (vi) 3x + 2y + 4z=19 17. Adjoint matrix: Let A is a square matrix. The transpose of cofactor
2x −y+ z=2 2x –y + z=3 matrix of A is called ad-joint matrix of A and denoted as ‘adj A’.
18. Equal matrices: two matrices rare said to be equal if all the elements
x−2y+3z=2 6x + 7y−z=17
of one matrix are equal to the corresponding elements of another
[Ans: (i)2,1,1; (ii)1,-2,3; (iii) -2/3, -2/3, 7; (iv) 1,3,5; (v) matrix.
1,1,1; (vi)1,2,3] 19. Equivalent matrix: Two matrices are said to be equivalent if both
Matrices have same number of rows and same number of columns.
1. Matrix: A matrix is an orderly arrangement of numbers in rows and 20. Inverse matrix: Let A is a square matrix. The reciprocal matrix of A
columns, enclosed by a large square brackets[ ] subject to certain or 1/A is the matrix which is formed by diving each element of adj A
rules of presentation. by determinant value of A. in other words 1/A or A-1 = adj A/|A|
2. Row matrix: the matrix in which there is none row only is called a and |A | ≠ 0
row matrix. The order of a row matrix is 1×n. 21. Sub-Matrix: Let A is a given matrix. If another matrix is formed by
deleting some rows or some columns or some rows and some columns
of ‘A’ then the new matrix is called sub-matrix of A.