Maths Tips

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Contents
1. Multiples and Factors
2. Division and Multiplication
3. Powers and Factorials
4. Simple and Quadratic Equations
5. Sequences and Series
Multiples and Factors Top
If a natural number y completely divides a natural number x (without leaving any

remainder or decimal portion), then y is called a factor of x. On the other hand, x
is called a multiple of y.
Every number has at least two factors, 1 and the number itself.
If the given number is a prime number then these are the only two factors
whereas composite numbers always have more than two factors.
Divisibility Tests
Sometimes we have to find if the given number is divisible by some other number
or not without actually dividing the number. We have simple tests to do this.
These are called divisibility tests. They help us in finding factors of any number.
Divisibility test of 2
To find out if a number is divisible by 2, we just need to check the last digit of
that number. If the last digit of a number is 2, 4, 6, 8 or 0 then it is divisible by 2.
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Add all the digits of the given number. If the sum obtained is divisible by 3 then
the number is divisible by 3.
If the number formed by the last two digits of a number is divisible by 4, then the
number is divisible by 4.
If the last digit of a number is 5 or 0, it is divisible by 5.
If a number is divisible by both 2 and 3, then it is divisible by 6. (Use divisibility
tests of both 2 and 3).
Double the last digit and subtract it from the number left with the remaining
digits. If the result is divisible by 7, then the number is divisible by 7.
For example, 161 is divisible by 7, because the last digit of 161 is 1. Doubling it
we get 2. Remaining digits give the number 16. On subtracting 2 from 16 we get
14, which is divisible by 7.
The process can be repeated for numbers with more than 3 digits.
If the number formed by last three digits of a number is divisible by 8, then the
Add all the digits of the number. If the sum obtained is divisible by 9 then the
If last digit of a number is 0, it is divisible by 10.
Add up all the digits in the odd positions of the number. Then add up all the digits
in the even positions. If the difference of these two additions is a multiple of 11,
then the number is divisible by 11.
If the number is divisible by both 3 and 4, then the number is divisible by 12.
If (x + 4y), where y is the units place digit and x is the number formed by all the
remaining digits, is divisible by 13 then the number is divisible by 13.
For example
Let us consider the number 182.

Here y = 2 and x = 18, then (x + 4y) = 26 which is divisible by 13. Thus the given
number 182 is divisible by 13.
If the number is divisible by both 2 and 7 then the number is divisible by 14. Thus
the number must always be even for it to be divisible by 14.
If the number is divisible by both 3 and 5 then the number is divisible by 15. In
other words, if the sum of digits is divisible by 3 and the unit’s digit is 0 or 5 then
the number is divisible by 15.
If the number formed by the last 4 digits of the number taken together is divisible
by 16 then the number is divisible by 16.
If (x − 5y), where y is the units place digit and x is the number formed by all the
If the number is divisible by both 2 and 9 then the number is divisible by 18. Thus
the number must always be even for it to be divisible by 18.
If (x + 2y), where y is the units place digit and x is the number formed by all the
If the number is divisible by both 4 and 5 then the number is divisible by 20.
Divisibility tests for prime numbers:

Process for the divisibility test for a prime number p, is as follows:
Step 1: Find the multiple of p closest to any multiple of 10, which will be of the
form (10k + 1) or (10k − 1).
Step 2: If it is of the form 10k − 1 then we check whether a + kb is divisible by p
or not, and if it is of the form 10k + 1 then we check whether a − kb is divisible
by p or not. Here b is the units digit of the given prime number and a is the
number formed by the rest of the digits of the given prime number. The process
can be repeated if the given number has more than 3 digits.
Example
Is 4012 divisible by 17?
Solution:
The least multiple of 17 of the form 10k ± 1 is 5, 1 where k = + 5.
Thus the divisibility rule of 17 is to check whether a − 5b is divisible by 17 or

not. Here a = 401 and b = 2, hence a − 5b = 401 − 10 = 391.
Now we repeat the process for divisibility test of 17 for 391.

The new a = 39 and new b = 1, hence new a − 5b = 39 − 5 = 34.
Since 34 is divisible by 17, 391 is divisible by 17 and hence 4012 is also divisible by
17.
Division Top
Finding the Remainder

Dividend = Quotient × Divisor + Remainder
There are two methods to find the remainder, namely,
Cyclicity or Pattern method
Theorem method
Cyclicity or pattern method

There exists cyclicity in case of remainders as well. Here we keep finding the
remainders for different powers until the remainder repeats itself.
Example:
Find the remainder when 41001 is divided by 7.
Solution:
Start with the least power of 4 which on dividing by 7 will give the remainder.
Follow the same procedure by increasing the powers of 4 until there is some
sought of cyclicity generated. This will give us the cyclicity of remainders. Then
divide the given power by the cyclicity to find the remainder which will give us
the remainder.
Divide 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 and 47 by 7
The remainders on dividing these numbers by 7 are 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4
Now, 44 gives us the same remainder as 41, so the cyclicity is of 3 as the

remainders start repeating themselves after 43
Cyclicity = 3
So, any power of 3 or a multiple of 3 will give a remainder of 1. So, 4999 will give
a remainder of 1
Thus final remainder = ( 1 × 4 2 ) / 7 = 2
Remainder theorem
According to this theorem, find the prime factors of the dividend and then divide
each of them by the divisor to calculate the remainders. Multiply all the
remainders and divide the product by the divisor to find the remainder. This
remainder will be equal to the remainder when the dividend is divided by the
divisor.
Example:
Find the remainder when 323 is divided by 14.
Solution:
The prime factors of 323 are 19 and 17.
Remainder of 19/14 = 5
Remainder of 17/14 = 3
Find the remainder when the product of the remainders (5 and 3) is divided by
14.
Remainder of (5 × 3)/14 = 1
This is the remainder when 323 is divided by 14.
Remainder theorem gave rise to the concept of modulo operation.
Multiplication Top
Tips for easy multiplication

Multiply by 5: Multiply by 10 and divide by 2.
Multiply by 6: Sometimes multiplying by 3 and then 2 is easier.
Multiply by 9: Multiply by 10 and subtract the original number.
Multiply by 12: Multiply by 10 and add twice the original number.
Multiply by 13: There is no easy trick method. Multiply by 3 and add 10 times
original number.
Multiply by 14: Multiply by 7 and then multiply by 2 (or vice versa, whichever
seems easier).
Multiply by 15: Multiply by 10 and add 5 times the original number, as above.
Multiply by 16: You can double four times, if you want to. Or you can multiply by
8 and then by 2.
Multiply by 17: There is no easy trick method. Multiply by 7 and add 10 times
original number.
Multiply by 18: Multiply by 20 and subtract twice the original number.
Multiply by 24: Multiply by 8 and then multiply by 3. A similar method works for
other numbers that can be factored, like 32, 45 and many others.
Multiply by 27: Multiply by 30 and subtract 3 times the original number.
Multiply by 45: Multiply by 50 and subtract 5 times the original number.
Multiply by 90: Multiply by 9 and put a zero on the right.
Multiply by 98: Multiply by 100 and subtract twice the original number.
Powers Top
Using formula
Following formulae can be applied to a number to find its square or cube:
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
Eg.: 342= (30 + 4)2= 302 + 2 × 30 × 4 + 42
(a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
Eg.: 382 = (40 - 2)2 = 402 - 2× 40 × 2 + 22
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3ab(a + b) + b3
Eg.: 233 = (20 + 3)3 = 203+ 3 × 202 × 3+3 × 20 × 32 + 33
(a - b)3 = a3 - 3ab(a - b) - b2
Eg.: 273 = (30 - 3)3 = 303 – 3 × 302 × 3 + 3 × 30 × 32 - 33
Few Tips and Tricks for Quick Solving
How to square integers in the range 41 - 59
Method 1
( 50 + x )2 = ( 50 + x )( 50 + x ) = 2500 + 100x + x2
To find 472
47 is 3 away from 50, so that means 472 = 2500 – 3(100) + 9 = 2209
Method 2
Find the difference between 50 and the number. Add 25 to this difference. The
result from this will form the first two digits of the number. Next, square the
difference. The result of this square will form the last two digits of the number.
To find 532
53 is 3 more than 50. So, the first two digits form by (25 + 3) i.e. 28. The last two
digits will form by 32 i.e. 9.
⇒ 532 = (25 + 3) | 32 = 2809
To find 442
44 is 6 less than 50. So, the first few digits form by (25 - 6) i.e. 19. The number
will end with 62 i.e. 36.
⇒ 442= (25 - 6) | 62 = 1936
How to square numbers in the range 11 - 22

Take two numbers equidistant from the original number, multiply them, and then
add the square of the distance.
The square of 13, for example, can be converted to 10 × 16 + 32, which can be
calculated easily.
For numbers above 15, we can use either 10 or 20 as the convenient multiplier:
182 =10 × 26 + 82
16 × 20 + 22
How to square numbers ending in 5

Take the digit in the units place and multiply it with the next highest number. To
the product, append 25 as the last two digits.
To find 652, multiply 6 and the next highest number, 7
(6 × 7) = 42
Append 25 as the last two digits
652 = 4225
How to square a number that is one more or less than a round number
a2 = (a - 1)2 + (a - 1) + a
⇒312 = 302 + 30 + 31 = 961
a2 = (a + 1)2 - (a + 1) - a
⇒292 = 302 - 30 - 29 = 841
How to square a number ending in one

All digits before 1, form the first part of the number. The first few digits of the
result are formed by squaring the first part of the number. Next, multiply the first
part of the number by 2. If this result is two or more digits, add all except the last
digit to previous digits. Add 1 as the last digit of the result.
a12 = a2 || (2 × a) || 1
where the middle section is one digit (add any upper digit to left section).
212 = 4 || 4 || 1 = 441
712 = 49 || 14 || 1 = 5041
1412 = 196 || 28 || 1 = 19881
Factorials Top
In mathematics, the factorial of a non-negative integer n, denoted by n!, is the

product of all positive integers less than or equal to n.
For example,
5! = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 = 120
and
6! = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 = 720
Definition
The factorial function is formally defined by
The above definition incorporates the instance as an instance of the fact that the
product of no numbers at all is 1.
This fact for factorials is useful, because:
the recursive relation works for n = 0;
this definition makes many identities in combinatorics valid for zero sizes.
In particular, the number of combinations or permutations of an empty set is,

simply, 1.
Simple and Quadratic Equations Top
Solving Simple Equations

To solve a linear equation in one variable the following steps should be followed:
Step 1: Simplify the LHS and the RHS by removing brackets.
Step 2: Shift all the terms containing the variable to the LHS and the constant
terms to the RHS with appropriate change of sign and simplify.
While shifting terms to the opposite side, a positive sign changes to negative (and
vice versa) and a multiplication changes to a division.
Solving Quadratic Equations
A. Directly guessing the roots
Consider the equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0...(i)
If ‘α’ and ‘β’ are the roots of the above equation, then
(x – α)(x – β) = 0
x2 − αx − βx + αβ = 0
x2 − (α + β)x + αβ = 0...(ii)
On comparing equations (i) and (ii), we have,
and
Using these formulae, we can guess the roots of the equation.
Also, we can see that equation (ii) above can be rewritten as
x2 − (Sum of the roots)x + (Product of the roots) = 0
Note:
This method is advisable only if the roots of the equation are integers.
B. Factorization (Splitting the Middle term)
Consider the equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0
In this method we split b in such a way that the product of the two parts is
equal to ac.
Note:
This method is advisable only if you are able to split b easily.
C. Completing the Squares Method
In this method, we express the L.H.S. as the square of some polynomial using
basic algebraic formulae like (a + b)2 or (a − b)2. Keep only some constant term
on the R.H.S and then find the square root of both the sides.
Note:
This method is advisable only if the coefficient of x2 i.e ‘a’ is a perfect

square.
D. By using Direct Formula
The two roots of the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by
Note:
This method can be used any time especially if you fail to solve the equation
by any other method easily.
Detailed Explanation:
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Dividing both the sides by a we get
Sequences Top
Sequences can be defined as a logically ordered list of elements related to each

other through some relationship.
Let us have a look at some basic types of sequences.
Sum or Difference Type of Sequence

In this type of sequence, the next number is determined by adding or subtracting
some quantity to the previous term.
The relation between the terms in the sequence could be written as

Next term = previous term + (2 × position of previous term)
For example,
Find the 7th term of the sequence 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16 …..

Solution:
1st term is 1
2nd term is 1 + 1 = 2
3rd term is 2 + 2 = 4
4th term is 4 + 3 = 7
5th term is 7 + 4 = 11
6th term is 11 + 5 = 16
This sequence can be expressed as next term = previous term + position of the
previous term.
Therefore, the 7th term of this sequence would be 16 + 6 = 22
Cumulative Sequence
Consider the sequence 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21…..
Analyzing the above sequence would reveal that after the second term, the next
term is the sum of the previous two terms. Hence, the sequence is broken up in
the following manner.
1st term is 1
2nd term is 2
3rd term is 1 + 2 = 3
4th term is 3 + 2 = 5
5th term is 5 + 3 = 8
6th term is 8 + 5 = 13
7th term is 13 + 8 = 21
As can be seen from above, the next term is the sum of the previous two terms,
hence
8th term is 21 + 13 = 34
In these types of sequences the pattern is formed with the help of its previous
terms.
This is similar to a cumulative graph, hence the name Cumulative series.
Arithmetic Progression
The difference between any two consecutive terms in an arithmetic progression
(A.P.) is same for all the terms in that progression. If the first term of an A.P. is ‘a’
and the common difference is‘d’, then the progression could take either of the
forms:-
a, a + d, a + 2d, … ( where the A.P. is said to be in increasing order)
Or
a, a – d, a – 2d, ... (where the A.P. is said to be in decreasing order)
For example:
3, 7, 11, 15 … where a = 3 and d = 4

8, 2, –4, –10 … where a = 8 and d = –6
Thus for any arithmetic progression beginning with ‘a’ and having a common
difference “d”, its nth term “Tn” is determined by
Tn = a + (n – 1) d
Geometric Progression
The terms in a progression are said to be in geometric progression (G.P.) when
they increase or decrease by a constant multiplying factor. The constant factor is
called the common ratio and it is found by dividing any term to the preceding
term.
If the first term is ‘a’ and the common ratio is ‘r’, and then the progression takes
the form a, ar, ar2, ar3 …
The nth term of the geometric progression is given by
Tn = ar n-1
Series Top
A series is defined as a sum of a sequence of terms.
For an Arithmetic Progression, the sum of the first n terms is given by
Note:
When three terms are in Arithmetic progression, the middle term is the
arithmetic mean of the other two. It is always convenient to take three terms in
an A.P. as a – d, a and a + d. Similarly four terms in A.P. could be taken as a – 3d, a
– d, a + d and a + 3d.
For a geometric progression, the sum of the first n terms is given by
For r = 1, the sum of n terms is indeterminate.
Arithmetic Mean
The average of all the terms in an A.P. is called its Arithmetic Mean (AM).
Arithmetic mean of the first ‘n’ terms in an A.P. is given by
Where 'A' is the average of the first and the last terms of the A.P.
Arithmetic Mean can also be obtained by considering any two terms equidistant
from both the ends of the A.P. and taking their average. Hence, the average of
the first and the last term will be the same as the average of the second and the
second-last term.
In general, the average of the kth term from the beginning and the kthterm from
the end will also be equal to the A.
Conversely, if the AM of an A.P. is known, the sum of ‘n’ terms of the sequence
can be expressed as
Sn = n × AM.
Geometric Means
If ‘n’ terms, a1, a2, …,an, are in G.P., then the Geometric Mean "G" of these ‘n’
terms is given by GM
If three terms are in Geometric progression then the middle term is the Geometric
mean of the other two terms. If a, b and c are in G.P., then b is the geometric
mean of the three terms and is given by
If there are two terms a and b, their geometric mean is given by G.M =

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28-02-2009 http://testfunda.

1. Multiples and Factors

2. Division and Multiplication

3. Powers and Factorials

4. Simple and Quadratic Equations

5. Sequences and Series

Multiples and Factors Top

If a natural number y completely divides a natural number x (without leaving any

Let us consider the number 182.

Divisibility tests for prime numbers:

The least multiple of 17 of the form 10k ± 1 is 5, 1 where k = + 5.

Thus the divisibility rule of 17 is to check whether a − 5b is divisible by 17 or

Now we repeat the process for divisibility test of 17 for 391.

Finding the Remainder

There are two methods to find the remainder, namely,

Cyclicity or Pattern method

Cyclicity or pattern method

Find the remainder when 41001 is divided by 7.

Divide 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 and 47 by 7

The remainders on dividing these numbers by 7 are 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4

Now, 44 gives us the same remainder as 41, so the cyclicity is of 3 as the

Thus final remainder = ( 1 × 4 2 ) / 7 = 2

Find the remainder when 323 is divided by 14.

This is the remainder when 323 is divided by 14.

Remainder theorem gave rise to the concept of modulo operation.

Tips for easy multiplication

Multiply by 6: Sometimes multiplying by 3 and then 2 is easier.

Multiply by 9: Multiply by 10 and subtract the original number.

Multiply by 12: Multiply by 10 and add twice the original number.

Multiply by 18: Multiply by 20 and subtract twice the original number.

Multiply by 19: Multiply by 20 and subtract the original number.

Multiply by 27: Multiply by 30 and subtract 3 times the original number.

Multiply by 45: Multiply by 50 and subtract 5 times the original number.

Multiply by 90: Multiply by 9 and put a zero on the right.

Multiply by 99: Multiply by 100 and subtract the original number.

Eg.: 342= (30 + 4)2= 302 + 2 × 30 × 4 + 42

Eg.: 382 = (40 - 2)2 = 402 - 2× 40 × 2 + 22

Eg.: 233 = (20 + 3)3 = 203+ 3 × 202 × 3+3 × 20 × 32 + 33

Eg.: 273 = (30 - 3)3 = 303 – 3 × 302 × 3 + 3 × 30 × 32 - 33

Few Tips and Tricks for Quick Solving

How to square integers in the range 41 - 59

⇒ 532 = (25 + 3) | 32 = 2809

⇒ 442= (25 - 6) | 62 = 1936

How to square numbers in the range 11 - 22

How to square numbers ending in 5

To find 652, multiply 6 and the next highest number, 7

⇒312 = 302 + 30 + 31 = 961

⇒292 = 302 - 30 - 29 = 841

How to square a number ending in one

1412 = 196 || 28 || 1 = 19881

In mathematics, the factorial of a non-negative integer n, denoted by n!, is the

The factorial function is formally defined by

the recursive relation works for n = 0;

In particular, the number of combinations or permutations of an empty set is,

Simple and Quadratic Equations Top

Solving Simple Equations

Step 1: Simplify the LHS and the RHS by removing brackets.

Solving Quadratic Equations

A. Directly guessing the roots

Consider the equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0...(i)

On comparing equations (i) and (ii), we have,

Using these formulae, we can guess the roots of the equation.

Also, we can see that equation (ii) above can be rewritten as