Beruflich Dokumente
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General Description
The HT48R10A-1/HT48C10-1 are 8-bit high perfor- The advantages of low power consumption, I/O flexibil-
mance, RISC architecture microcontroller devices spe- ity, timer functions, oscillator options, HALT and
cifically designed for multiple I/O control product wake-up functions, watchdog timer, buzzer driver, as
applications. The mask version HT48C10-1 is fully pin well as low cost, enhance the versatility of these devices
and functionally compatible with the OTP version to suit a wide range of application possibilities such as
HT48R10A-1 device. industrial control, consumer products, subsystem con-
trollers, etc.
Block Diagram
IN T /P C 0
In te rru p t
C ir c u it
T M R C
S T A C K M fS Y S
M P r e s c a le r U
P ro g ra m P ro g ra m IN T C T M R U
R O M C o u n te r X
X T M R /P C 1
P C 0 P C 1
fS Y S /4
In s tr u c tio n E N /D IS
R e g is te r M P M D A T A W D T S
U M
M e m o ry
X W D T P r e s c a le r W D T U R T C O S C
X
W D T O S C
P C C P O R T C
P C 3
P C 0 ~ P C 4
P C 4 P C
In s tr u c tio n M U X
D e c o d e r
B Z /B Z
P B C P O R T B
A L U S T A T U S P B 0 ~ P B 7
P B
T im in g S h ifte r
G e n e ra to r
P A C P O R T A
P A 0 ~ P A 7
P A
O S C 2 / O S C 1 / A C C
P C 4 P C 3
R E S In te rn a l
V D D
V S S
R C O S C
Pin Assignment
P B 5 1 2 4 P B 6
P B 4 2 2 3 P B 7
P A 3 3 2 2 P A 4
P A 2 4 2 1 P A 5
P A 1 5 2 0 P A 6
P A 0 6 1 9 P A 7
P B 3 7 1 8 O S C 2 /P C 4
P B 2 8 1 7 O S C 1 /P C 3
P B 1 /B Z 9 1 6 V D D
P B 0 /B Z 1 0 1 5 R E S
V S S 1 1 1 4 P C 2
P C 0 /IN T 1 2 1 3 P C 1 /T M R
H T 4 8 R 1 0 A -1 /H T 4 8 C 1 0 -1
2 4 S K D IP -A /S O P -A
Pin Description
Pin Name I/O Options Description
Pull-high* Bidirectional 8-bit input/output port. Each bit can be configured as wake-up input
Wake-up by options. Software instructions determine the CMOS output or Schmitt trigger
PA0~PA7 I/O
CMOS/Schmitt or CMOS (dependent on options) input with a pull-high resistor (determined by
trigger Input pull-high options).
Bidirectional 8-bit input/output port. Software instructions determine the CMOS
output or Schmitt trigger input with a pull-high resistor (determined by pull-high
PB0/BZ
Pull-high* options).
PB1/BZ I/O
I/O or BZ/BZ The PB0 and PB1 are pin-shared with the BZ and BZ, respectively. Once the PB0
PB2~PB7
and PB1 are selected as buzzer driving outputs, the output signals come from an
internal PFD generator (shared with timer/event counter).
VSS ¾ ¾ Negative power supply, ground
Bidirectional I/O lines. Software instructions determine the CMOS output or
PC0/INT
Schmitt trigger input with a pull-high resistor (determined by pull-high options).
PC1/TMR I/O Pull-high*
The external interrupt and timer input are pin-shared with the PC0 and PC1, re-
PC2
spectively. The external interrupt input is activated on a high to low transition.
RES I ¾ Schmitt trigger reset input. Active low
* The pull-high resistors of each I/O port (PA, PB, PC) are controlled by an option bit.
Note: These are stress ratings only. Stresses exceeding the range specified under ²Absolute Maximum Ratings² may
cause substantial damage to the device. Functional operation of this device at other conditions beyond those
listed in the specification is not implied and prolonged exposure to extreme conditions may affect device reliabil-
ity.
Test Conditions
Symbol Parameter Min. Typ. Max. Unit
VDD Conditions
3V ¾ 0.6 1.5 mA
IDD1 Operating Current (Crystal OSC) No load, fSYS=4MHz
5V ¾ 2 4 mA
3V ¾ 0.8 1.5 mA
IDD2 Operating Current (RC OSC) No load, fSYS=4MHz
5V ¾ 2.5 4 mA
Operating Current
IDD3 5V No load, fSYS=8MHz ¾ 4 8 mA
(Crystal OSC, RC OSC)
Standby Current 3V ¾ ¾ 5 mA
ISTB1 No load, system HALT
(WDT Enabled RTC Off) 5V ¾ ¾ 10 mA
Standby Current 3V ¾ ¾ 1 mA
ISTB2 No load, system HALT
(WDT Disabled RTC Off) 5V ¾ ¾ 2 mA
Standby Current 3V ¾ ¾ 5 mA
ISTB3 No load, system HALT
(WDT Disabled, RTC On) 5V ¾ ¾ 10 mA
VIL1 Input Low Voltage for I/O Ports ¾ ¾ 0 ¾ 0.3VDD V
VIH1 Input High Voltage for I/O Ports ¾ ¾ 0.7VDD ¾ VDD V
VIL2 Input Low Voltage (RES) ¾ ¾ 0 ¾ 0.4VDD V
VIH2 Input High Voltage (RES) ¾ ¾ 0.9VDD ¾ VDD V
VLVR Low Voltage Reset ¾ LVR enabled 2.7 3.0 3.3 V
3V VOL=0.1VDD 4 8 ¾ mA
IOL I/O Port Sink Current
5V VOL=0.1VDD 10 20 ¾ mA
3V VOH=0.9VDD -2 -4 ¾ mA
IOH I/O Port Source Current
5V VOH=0.9VDD -5 -10 ¾ mA
3V 20 60 100 kW
RPH Pull-high Resistance ¾
5V 10 30 50 kW
Test Conditions
Symbol Parameter Min. Typ. Max. Unit
VDD Conditions
3V ¾ 45 90 180 ms
tWDTOSC Watchdog Oscillator Period
5V ¾ 32 65 130 ms
Functional Description
Execution Flow When executing a jump instruction, conditional skip ex-
The system clock for the microcontroller is derived from ecution, loading PCL register, subroutine call, initial re-
either a crystal or an RC oscillator. The system clock is set, internal interrupt, external interrupt or return from
internally divided into four non-overlapping clocks. One subroutine, the PC manipulates the program transfer by
instruction cycle consists of four system clock cycles. loading the address corresponding to each instruction.
Instruction fetching and execution are pipelined in such The conditional skip is activated by instructions. Once
a way that a fetch takes an instruction cycle while de- the condition is met, the next instruction, fetched during
coding and execution takes the next instruction cycle. the current instruction execution, is discarded and a
However, the pipelining scheme causes each instruc- dummy cycle replaces it to get the proper instruction.
tion to effectively execute in a cycle. If an instruction Otherwise proceed with the next instruction.
changes the program counter, two cycles are required to The lower byte of the program counter (PCL) is a read-
complete the instruction. able and writable register (06H). Moving data into the
PCL performs a short jump. The destination will be
Program Counter - PC within 256 locations.
The program counter (PC) controls the sequence in When a control transfer takes place, an additional
which the instructions stored in program ROM are exe- dummy cycle is required.
cuted and its contents specify full range of program
memory. Program Memory - ROM
After accessing a program memory word to fetch an in- The program memory is used to store the program in-
struction code, the contents of the program counter are structions which are to be executed. It also contains
incremented by one. The program counter then points to data, table, and interrupt entries, and is organized into
the memory word containing the next instruction code. 1024´14 bits, addressed by the program counter and ta-
ble pointer.
T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4
S y s te m C lo c k
O S C 2 (R C o n ly )
P C P C P C + 1 P C + 2
F e tc h IN S T (P C )
E x e c u te IN S T (P C -1 ) F e tc h IN S T (P C + 1 )
E x e c u te IN S T (P C ) F e tc h IN S T (P C + 2 )
E x e c u te IN S T (P C + 1 )
Execution Flow
Program Counter
Mode
*9 *8 *7 *6 *5 *4 *3 *2 *1 *0
Initial Reset 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
External Interrupt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Timer/Event Counter Overflow 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Skip Program Counter+2
Loading PCL *9 *8 @7 @6 @5 @4 @3 @2 @1 @0
Jump, Call Branch #9 #8 #7 #6 #5 #4 #3 #2 #1 #0
Return from Subroutine S9 S8 S7 S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 S0
Program Counter
Certain locations in the program memory are reserved ferred to the lower portion of TBLH, and the remaining
for special usage: 2 bits are read as ²0². The Table Higher-order byte
· Location 000H register (TBLH) is read only. The table pointer (TBLP)
is a read/write register (07H), which indicates the table
This area is reserved for program initialization. After
location. Before accessing the table, the location must
chip reset, the program always begins execution at lo-
be placed in TBLP. The TBLH is read only and cannot
cation 000H.
be restored. If the main routine and the ISR (Interrupt
· Location 004H Service Routine) both employ the table read instruc-
This area is reserved for the external interrupt service tion, the contents of the TBLH in the main routine are
program. If the INT input pin is activated, the interrupt likely to be changed by the table read instruction used
is enabled and the stack is not full, the program begins in the ISR. Errors can occur. In other words, using the
execution at location 004H. table read instruction in the main routine and the ISR
· Location 008H simultaneously should be avoided. However, if the ta-
This area is reserved for the timer/event counter inter- ble read instruction has to be applied in both the main
rupt service program. If a timer interrupt results from a routine and the ISR, the interrupt is supposed to be
timer/event counter overflow, and if the interrupt is en- disabled prior to the table read instruction. It will not be
abled and the stack is not full, the program begins ex- enabled until the TBLH has been backed up. All table
ecution at location 008H. related instructions require two cycles to complete the
operation. These areas may function as normal pro-
· Table location
gram memory depending upon the requirements.
Any location in the ROM space can be used as
look-up tables. The instructions ²TABRDC [m]² (the Stack Register - STACK
current page, one page=256 words) and ²TABRDL This is a special part of the memory which is used to
[m]² (the last page) transfer the contents of the save the contents of the program counter only. The
lower-order byte to the specified data memory, and stack is organized into 4 levels and is neither part of the
the higher-order byte to TBLH (08H). Only the desti- data nor part of the program space, and is neither read-
nation of the lower-order byte in the table is able nor writable. The activated level is indexed by the
well-defined, the other bits of the table word are trans- stack pointer (SP) and is neither readable nor writeable.
0 0 0 H
At a subroutine call or interrupt acknowledgment, the
D e v ic e In itia liz a tio n P r o g r a m contents of the program counter are pushed onto the
0 0 4 H stack. At the end of a subroutine or an interrupt routine,
E x te r n a l In te r r u p t S u b r o u tin e signaled by a return instruction (RET or RETI), the pro-
0 0 8 H gram counter is restored to its previous value from the
T im e r /E v e n t C o u n te r In te r r u p t S u b r o u tin e stack. After a chip reset, the SP will point to the top of the
stack.
P ro g ra m
n 0 0 H M e m o ry If the stack is full and a non-masked interrupt takes
L o o k - u p T a b le ( 2 5 6 w o r d s ) place, the interrupt request flag will be recorded but the
n F F H
acknowledgment will be inhibited. When the stack
pointer is decremented (by RET or RETI), the interrupt
will be serviced. This feature prevents stack overflow al-
lowing the programmer to use the structure more easily.
L o o k - u p T a b le ( 2 5 6 w o r d s )
3 F F H In a similar case, if the stack is full and a ²CALL² is sub-
1 4 b its sequently executed, stack overflow occurs and the first
N o te : n ra n g e s fro m 0 to 3 entry will be lost (only the most recent 4 return ad-
Program Memory dresses are stored).
Table Location
Instruction
*9 *8 *7 *6 *5 *4 *3 *2 *1 *0
TABRDC [m] P9 P8 @7 @6 @5 @4 @3 @2 @1 @0
TABRDL [m] 1 1 @7 @6 @5 @4 @3 @2 @1 @0
Table Location
Note: *9~*0: Table location bits P9, P8: Current program counter bits
@7~@0: Table pointer bits
Data Memory - RAM panded usage and reading these locations will get
The data memory is designed with 81´8 bits. The data ²00H². The general purpose data memory, addressed
memory is divided into two functional groups: special from 40H to 7FH, is used for data and control informa-
function registers and general purpose data memory tion under instruction commands.
(64´8). Most are read/write, but some are read only. All of the data memory areas can handle arithmetic,
logic, increment, decrement and rotate operations di-
The special function registers include the indirect ad-
rectly. Except for some dedicated bits, each bit in the
dressing register (00H), timer/event counter
(TMR;0DH), timer/event counter control register data memory can be set and reset by ²SET [m].i² and
(TMRC;0EH), program counter lower-order byte regis- ²CLR [m].i². They are also indirectly accessible through
ter (PCL;06H), memory pointer register (MP;01H), ac- memory pointer register (MP;01H).
cumulator (ACC;05H), table pointer (TBLP;07H), table
Indirect Addressing Register
higher-order byte register (TBLH;08H), status register
(STATUS;0AH), interrupt control register (INTC;0BH), Location 00H is an indirect addressing register that is
Watchdog Timer option setting register (WDTS;09H), not physically implemented. Any read/write operation of
I/O registers (PA;12H, PB;14H, PC;16H) and I/O control [00H] accesses data memory pointed to by MP (01H).
registers (PAC;13H, PBC;15H, PCC;17H). The remain- Reading location 00H itself indirectly will return the re-
ing space before the 40H is reserved for future ex- sult 00H. Writing indirectly results in no operation.
The memory pointer register MP (01H) is a 7-bit register.
0 0 H In d ir e c t A d d r e s s in g R e g is te r The bit 7 of MP is undefined and reading will return the re-
0 1 H M P sult ²1². Any writing operation to MP will only transfer the
0 2 H lower 7-bit data to MP.
0 3 H
0 4 H Accumulator
0 5 H A C C
The accumulator is closely related to ALU operations. It
0 6 H P C L
is also mapped to location 05H of the data memory and
0 7 H T B L P
can carry out immediate data operations. The data
0 8 H T B L H
0 9 H W D T S
movement between two data memory locations must
0 A H S T A T U S pass through the accumulator.
0 B H IN T C S p e c ia l P u r p o s e
0 C H D A T A M E M O R Y Arithmetic and Logic Unit - ALU
0 D H T M R This circuit performs 8-bit arithmetic and logic opera-
0 E H T M R C tions. The ALU provides the following functions:
0 F H
· Arithmetic operations (ADD, ADC, SUB, SBC, DAA)
1 0 H
1 1 H
· Logic operations (AND, OR, XOR, CPL)
1 2 H P A · Rotation (RL, RR, RLC, RRC)
1 3 H P A C · Increment and Decrement (INC, DEC)
1 4 H P B · Branch decision (SZ, SNZ, SIZ, SDZ ....)
1 5 H P B C
The ALU not only saves the results of a data operation
1 6 H P C
but also changes the status register.
1 7 H P C C
1 8 H
: U n u s e d
Status Register - STATUS
1 9 H
1 A H R e a d a s "0 0 "
This 8-bit register (0AH) contains the zero flag (Z), carry
1 B H flag (C), auxiliary carry flag (AC), overflow flag (OV),
1 C H power down flag (PDF), and watchdog time-out flag
1 D H (TO). It also records the status information and controls
1 E H the operation sequence.
1 F H
2 0 H With the exception of the TO and PDF flags, bits in
the status register can be altered by instructions like
3 F H
4 0 H most other registers. Any data written into the status
G e n e ra l P u rp o s e register will not change the TO or PDF flag. In addi-
D A T A M E M O R Y tion operations related to the status register may give
(6 4 B y te s )
different results from those intended. The TO flag
7 F H can be affected only by system power-up, a WDT
time-out or executing the ²CLR WDT² or ²HALT² in-
RAM Mapping
struction. The PDF flag can be affected only by exe-
cuting the ²HALT² or ²CLR WDT² instruction or a (STATUS) are altered by the interrupt service program
system power-up. which corrupts the desired control sequence, the con-
tents should be saved in advance.
The Z, OV, AC and C flags generally reflect the status of
the latest operations. External interrupts are triggered by a high to low transi-
tion of INT and the related interrupt request flag (EIF; bit
In addition, on entering the interrupt sequence or exe-
4 of INTC) will be set. When the interrupt is enabled, the
cuting the subroutine call, the status register will not be
stack is not full and the external interrupt is active, a sub-
pushed onto the stack automatically. If the contents of
routine call to location 04H will occur. The interrupt re-
the status are important and if the subroutine can cor-
quest flag (EIF) and EMI bits will be cleared to disable
rupt the status register, precautions must be taken to
other interrupts.
save it properly.
The internal timer/event counter interrupt is initialized by
Interrupt setting the timer/event counter interrupt request flag
The device provides an external interrupt and internal (TF; bit 5 of INTC), caused by a timer overflow. When
timer/event counter interrupts. The Interrupt Control the interrupt is enabled, the stack is not full and the TF
Register (INTC;0BH) contains the interrupt control bits bit is set, a subroutine call to location 08H will occur. The
to set the enable or disable and the interrupt request related interrupt request flag (TF) will be reset and the
flags. EMI bit cleared to disable further interrupts.
Once an interrupt subroutine is serviced, all the other in- During the execution of an interrupt subroutine, other in-
terrupts will be blocked (by clearing the EMI bit). This terrupt acknowledgments are held until the ²RETI² in-
scheme may prevent any further interrupt nesting. Other struction is executed or the EMI bit and the related
interrupt requests may happen during this interval but interrupt control bit are set to 1 (of course, if the stack is
only the interrupt request flag is recorded. If a certain in- not full). To return from the interrupt subroutine, ²RET² or
terrupt requires servicing within the service routine, the ²RETI² may be invoked. RETI will set the EMI bit to en-
EMI bit and the corresponding bit of INTC may be set to able an interrupt service, but RET will not.
allow interrupt nesting. If the stack is full, the interrupt re-
Interrupts, occurring in the interval between the rising
quest will not be acknowledged, even if the related inter-
edges of two consecutive T2 pulses, will be serviced on
rupt is enabled, until the SP is decremented. If immediate
the latter of the two T2 pulses, if the corresponding inter-
service is desired, the stack must be prevented from be-
rupts are enabled. In the case of simultaneous requests
coming full.
the following table shows the priority that is applied.
All these kinds of interrupts have a wake-up capability. These can be masked by resetting the EMI bit.
As an interrupt is serviced, a control transfer occurs by
No. Interrupt Source Priority Vector
pushing the program counter onto the stack, followed by
a branch to a subroutine at specified location in the pro- a External Interrupt 1 04H
gram memory. Only the program counter is pushed onto b Timer/Event Counter Overflow 2 08H
the stack. If the contents of the register or status register
The timer/event counter interrupt request flag (TF), ex- If an RC oscillator is used, an external resistor between
ternal interrupt request flag (EIF), enable timer/event OSC1 and VDD is required and the resistance must
counter bit (ETI), enable external interrupt bit (EEI) and range from 24kW to 1MW. The system clock, divided by
enable master interrupt bit (EMI) constitute an interrupt 4, is available on OSC2, which can be used to synchro-
control register (INTC) which is located at 0BH in the nize external logic. The RC oscillator provides the most
data memory. EMI, EEI, ETI are used to control the en- cost effective solution. However, the frequency of oscil-
abling/disabling of interrupts. These bits prevent the re- lation may vary with VDD, temperatures and the chip it-
self due to process variations. It is, therefore, not
quested interrupt from being serviced. Once the
suitable for timing sensitive operations where an accu-
interrupt request flags (TF, EIF) are set, they will remain
rate oscillator frequency is desired.
in the INTC register until the interrupts are serviced or
cleared by a software instruction. If the Crystal oscillator is used, a crystal across OSC1
and OSC2 is needed to provide the feedback and phase
It is recommended that a program does not use the
shift required for the oscillator, and no other external
²CALL subroutine² within the interrupt subroutine. In-
components are required. Instead of a crystal, a resona-
terrupts often occur in an unpredictable manner or
tor can also be connected between OSC1 and OSC2 to
need to be serviced immediately in some applications.
get a frequency reference, but two external capacitors in
If only one stack is left and enabling the interrupt is not
OSC1 and OSC2 are required. If the internal RC oscilla-
well controlled, the original control sequence will be dam-
tor is used, the OSC1 and OSC2 can be selected as
aged once the ²CALL² operates in the interrupt subrou- general I/O lines or an 32768Hz crystal oscillator (RTC
tine. OSC). Also, the frequencies of the internal RC oscillator
can be 3.2MHz, 1.6MHz, 800kHz and 400kHz (de-
Oscillator Configuration
pended by options).
There are 3 oscillator circuits in the microcontroller.
The WDT oscillator is a free running on-chip RC oscillator,
V D D
and no external components are required. Even if the sys-
tem enters the power down mode, the system clock is
stopped, but the WDT oscillator still works with a period of
O S C 1 O S C 1
4 7 0 p F approximately 65ms@5V. The WDT oscillator can be dis-
abled by options to conserve power.
O S C 2 fS Y S /4 O S C 2
N M O S O p e n D r a in Watchdog Timer - WDT
C r y s ta l O s c illa to r R C O s c illa to r
( In c lu d e 3 2 7 6 8 H z ) The clock source of WDT is implemented by a dedicated
RC oscillator (WDT oscillator), RTC clock or instruction
System Oscillator
clock (system clock divided by 4), decided by options.
This timer is designed to prevent a software malfunction
All of them are designed for system clocks, namely the or sequence from jumping to an unknown location with
external RC oscillator, the external Crystal oscillator and unpredictable results. The Watchdog Timer can be dis-
the internal RC oscillator, which are determined by the abled by an option. If the Watchdog Timer is disabled, all
options. No matter what oscillator type is selected, the the executions related to the WDT result in no operation.
signal provides the system clock. The HALT mode stops The RTC clock is enabled only in the internal RC+RTC
the system oscillator and ignores an external signal to mode.
conserve power.
S y s te m C lo c k /4
W D T P r e s c a le r
R T C O S C
O p tio n 8 - b it C o u n te r 7 - b it C o u n te r
S e le c t
W D T
O S C
8 -to -1 M U X W S 0 ~ W S 2
W D T T im e - o u t
Watchdog Timer
Once the internal WDT oscillator (RC oscillator with a one), any execution of the ²CLR WDT² instruction will
period of 65ms@5V normally) is selected, it is first di- clear the WDT. In the case that ²CLR WDT1² and ²CLR
vided by 256 (8-stage) to get the nominal time-out pe- WDT2² are chosen (i.e. CLRWDT times equal two),
riod of approximately 17ms@5V. This time-out period these two instructions must be executed to clear the
may vary with temperatures, VDD and process varia- WDT; otherwise, the WDT may reset the chip as a result
tions. By invoking the WDT prescaler, longer time-out of time-out.
periods can be realized. Writing data to WS2, WS1,
WS0 (bit 2,1,0 of the WDTS) can give different time-out Power Down Operation - HALT
periods. If WS2, WS1, and WS0 are all equal to 1, the divi-
The HALT mode is initialized by the ²HALT² instruction
sion ratio is up to 1:128, and the maximum time-out period
and results in the following.
is 2.1s@5V seconds. If the WDT oscillator is disabled, the
WDT clock may still come from the instruction clock and · The system oscillator will be turned off but the WDT
operate in the same manner except that in the HALT state oscillator keeps running (if the WDT oscillator is se-
the WDT may stop counting and lose its protecting pur- lected).
pose. In this situation the logic can only be restarted by ex- · The contents of the on chip RAM and registers remain
ternal logic. The high nibble and bit 3 of the WDTS are unchanged.
reserved for user's defined flags, which can be used to in- · WDT and WDT prescaler will be cleared and re-
dicate some specified status. counted again (if the WDT clock is from the WDT os-
If the device operates in a noisy environment, using the cillator).
on-chip RC oscillator (WDT OSC) or 32kHz crystal oscilla- · All of the I/O ports maintain their original status.
tor (RTC OSC) is strongly recommended, since the HALT · The PDF flag is set and the TO flag is cleared.
will stop the system clock. The system can leave the HALT mode by means of an
WS2 WS1 WS0 Division Ratio external reset, an interrupt, an external falling edge sig-
nal on port A or a WDT overflow. An external reset
0 0 0 1:1
causes a device initialization and the WDT overflow per-
0 0 1 1:2 forms a ²warm reset². After the TO and PDF flags are
0 1 0 1:4 examined, the reason for chip reset can be determined.
0 1 1 1:8 The PDF flag is cleared by system power-up or execut-
ing the ²CLR² WDT instruction and is set when execut-
1 0 0 1:16
ing the ²HALT² instruction. The TO flag is set if the WDT
1 0 1 1:32 time-out occurs, and causes a wake-up that only resets
1 1 0 1:64 the Program Counter and SP; the others keep their orig-
1 1 1 1:128 inal status.
WDTS (09H) Register The port A wake-up and interrupt methods can be con-
sidered as a continuation of normal execution. Each bit
The WDT overflow under normal operation will initialize in port A can be independently selected to wake up the
²chip reset² and set the status bit ²TO². But in the HALT device by the options. Awakening from an I/O port stim-
mode, the overflow will initialize a ²warm reset² and only ulus, the program will resume execution of the next in-
the Program Counter and SP are reset to zero. To clear struction. If it is awakening from an interrupt, two
the contents of WDT (including the WDT prescaler), sequences may happen. If the related interrupt is dis-
three methods are adopted; external reset (a low level to abled or the interrupt is enabled but the stack is full, the
RES), software instruction and a ²HALT² instruction. program will resume execution at the next instruction. If
The software instruction include ²CLR WDT² and the the interrupt is enabled and the stack is not full, the regu-
other set - ²CLR WDT1² and ²CLR WDT2². Of these lar interrupt response takes place. If an interrupt request
two types of instruction, only one can be active depend- flag is set to ²1² before entering the HALT mode, the
ing on the option - ²CLR WDT times selection option². If wake-up function of the related interrupt will be disabled.
Once a wake-up event occurs, it takes 1024 tSYS (sys-
the ²CLR WDT² is selected (i.e. CLRWDT times equal
tem clock period) to resume normal operation. In other
Reset
1 0 0 k W
There are three ways in which a reset can occur:
R E S
· RES reset during normal operation
1 0 k W
· RES reset during HALT
· WDT time-out reset during normal operation 0 .1 m F *
An extra option load time delay is added during system Input/Output Ports Input mode
reset (power-up, WDT time-out at normal mode or RES SP Points to the top of the stack
reset).
T E
P u ls e W id th T im e r /E v e n t O v e r flo w
T M 1 M e a s u re m e n t C o u n te r to In te rru p t
T M 0 M o d e C o n tro l
T O N
1 /2 B Z
B Z
Timer/Event Counter
The timer/event counter can generate PFD signal by us- But in the other two modes the TON can only be reset by
ing external or internal clock and PFD frequency is de- instructions. The overflow of the timer/event counter is
termine by the equation fINT/[2´(256-N)]. one of the wake-up sources. No matter what the opera-
tion mode is, writing a 0 to ETI can disable the interrupt
There are 2 registers related to the timer/event counter;
TMR ([0DH]), TMRC ([0EH]). Two physical registers are service.
mapped to TMR location; writing TMR makes the start- In the case of timer/event counter OFF condition, writ-
ing value be placed in the timer/event counter preload ing data to the timer/event counter preload register will
register and reading TMR gets the contents of the also reload that data to the timer/event counter. But if the
timer/event counter. The TMRC is a timer/event counter timer/event counter is turned on, data written to it will
control register, which defines some options. only be kept in the timer/event counter preload register.
The TM0, TM1 bits define the operating mode. The The timer/event counter will still operate until overflow oc-
event count mode is used to count external events, curs. When the timer/event counter (reading TMR) is read,
which means the clock source comes from an external the clock will be blocked to avoid errors. As clock blocking
(TMR) pin. The timer mode functions as a normal timer may results in a counting error, this must be taken into con-
with the clock source coming from the fINT clock. The sideration by the programmer.
pulse width measurement mode can be used to count The bit0~bit2 of the TMRC can be used to define the
the high or low level duration of the external signal pre-scaling stages of the internal clock sources of
(TMR). The counting is based on the fINT clock. timer/event counter. The definitions are as shown. The
In the event count or timer mode, once the timer/event overflow signal of timer/event counter can be used to
counter starts counting, it will count from the current generate PFD signals for buzzer driving.
contents in the timer/event counter to FFH. Once over-
flow occurs, the counter is reloaded from the timer/event Input/Output Ports
counter preload register and generates the interrupt re- There are 21 bidirectional input/output lines in the
quest flag (TF; bit 5 of INTC) at the same time. microcontroller, labeled from PA to PC, which are
mapped to the data memory of [12H], [14H] and [16H]
In the pulse width measurement mode with the TON
respectively. All of these I/O ports can be used for input
and TE bits equal to one, once the TMR has received a
and output operations. For input operation, these ports
transient from low to high (or high to low if the TE bits is
are non-latching, that is, the inputs must be ready at the
²0²) it will start counting until the TMR returns to the orig-
T2 rising edge of instruction ²MOV A,[m]² (m=12H, 14H
inal level and resets the TON. The measured result will
or 16H). For output operation, all the data is latched and
remain in the timer/event counter even if the activated
remains unchanged until the output latch is rewritten.
transient occurs again. In other words, only one cycle
measurement can be done. Until setting the TON, the Each I/O line has its own control register (PAC, PBC,
cycle measurement will function again as long as it re- PCC) to control the input/output configuration. With this
ceives further transient pulse. Note that, in this operat- control register, CMOS output or Schmitt trigger input
ing mode, the timer/event counter starts counting not with or without pull-high resistor structures can be re-
according to the logic level but according to the transient configured dynamically (i.e. on-the-fly) under software
edges. In the case of counter overflows, the counter is control. To function as an input, the corresponding latch
reloaded from the timer/event counter preload register of the control register must write ²1². The input source
and issues the interrupt request just like the other two also depends on the control register. If the control regis-
modes. To enable the counting operation, the timer ON ter bit is ²1², the input will read the pad state. If the con-
bit (TON; bit 4 of TMRC) should be set to 1. In the pulse trol register bit is ²0², the contents of the latches will
width measurement mode, the TON will be cleared au- move to the internal bus. The latter is possible in the
tomatically after the measurement cycle is completed. ²read-modify-write² instruction.
For output function, CMOS is the only configuration. mented; on reading them a ²0² is returned whereas writing
These control registers are mapped to locations 13H, then results in a no-operation. See Application note.
15H and 17H.
There is a pull-high option available for all I/O ports (byte
After a chip reset, these input/output lines remain at high option). Once the pull-high option of an I/O port is se-
levels or floating state (dependent on pull-high options). lected, all I/O lines have pull-high resistors. Otherwise,
Each bit of these input/output latches can be set or the pull-high resistors are absent. It should be noted that
cleared by ²SET [m].i² and ²CLR [m].i² (m=12H, 14H or a non-pull-high I/O line operating in input mode will
16H) instructions. cause a floating state.
Some instructions first input data and then follow the The PB0 and PB1 are pin-shared with BZ and BZ signal,
output operations. For example, ²SET [m].i², ²CLR respectively. If the BZ/BZ option is selected, the output
[m].i², ²CPL [m]², ²CPLA [m]² read the entire port states signal in output mode of PB0/PB1 will be the PFD signal
into the CPU, execute the defined operations generated by timer/event counter overflow signal. The
(bit-operation), and then write the results back to the input mode always remaining its original functions.
latches or the accumulator. Once the BZ/BZ option is selected, the buzzer output
signals are controlled by PB0 data register only. The I/O
Each line of port A has the capability of waking-up the de-
functions of PB0/PB1 are shown below.
vice. The highest 3-bit of port C are not physically imple-
PB0 I/O I I I I O O O O O O O O
PB1 I/O I O O O I I I O O O O O
PB0 Mode x x x x C B B C B B B B
PB1 Mode x C B B x x x C C C B B
PB0 Data x x 0 1 D 0 1 D0 0 1 0 1
PB1 Data x D x x x x x D1 D D x x
PB0 Pad Status I I I I D 0 B D0 0 B 0 B
PB1 Pad Status I D 0 B I I I D1 D D 0 B
P C 3 /P C 4 I/O M o d e O n ly V D D
C o n tr o l B it P U
D a ta B u s D Q
W r ite C o n tr o l R e g is te r C K Q
C h ip R e s e t S
P A 0 ~ P A 7
P B 0 ~ P B 7
R e a d C o n tr o l R e g is te r P C 0 ~ P C 4
D a ta B it
D Q
W r ite D a ta R e g is te r C K Q
S
M
P B 0 U
( P B 0 , P B 1 O n ly ) X
B Z /B Z
B Z E N
M ( P B 0 , P B 1 O n ly )
U
X
R e a d D a ta R e g is te r
S y s te m W a k e -u p
( P A o n ly ) O P 0 ~ O P 7
IN T fo r P C 0 O n ly
T M R fo r P C 1 O n ly
Input/Output Ports
The PC0 and PC1 are pin-shared with INT, TMR and · The LVR uses the ²OR² function with the external
pins respectively. RES signal to perform chip reset.
In case of ²Internal RC+I/O² system oscillator, the PC3 The relationship between VDD and VLVR is shown below.
and PC4 are pin-shared with OSC1 and OSC2 pins. V D D V O P R
V D D
5 .5 V
V L V R L V R D e te c t V o lta g e
0 .9 V
0 V
R e s e t S ig n a l
R e s e t N o r m a l O p e r a tio n R e s e t
*1 *2
Note: *1: To make sure that the system oscillator has stabilized, the SST provides an extra delay of 1024 system
clock pulses before entering the normal operation.
*2: Since the low voltage has to maintain in its original state and exceed 1ms, therefore 1ms delay enter the
reset mode.
Options
The following table shows all kinds of options in the microcontroller. All of the options must be defined to ensure proper
system functioning.
Items Options
1 WDT clock source: WDT oscillator or fSYS/4 or RTC oscillator or disable
2 CLRWDT instructions: 1 or 2 instructions
3 Timer/event counter clock sources: fSYS or RTCOSC
4 PA bit wake-up enable or disable
5 PA CMOS or Schmitt input
6 PA, PB, PC pull-high enable or disable (By port)
7 BZ/BZ enable or disable
8 LVR enable or disable
System oscillator
9
Ext.RC, Ext.crystal, Int.RC+RTC or Int.RC+PC3/PC4
10 Int.RC frequency selection 3.2MHz, 1.6MHz, 800kHz or 400kHz
Application Circuits
V D D
R O S C
R C S y s te m O s c illa to r
O S C 1 2 4 k W < R O S C < 1 M W
4 7 0 p F
O S C 2
N M O S o p e n d r a in
V D D
C 1
0 .0 1 m F * O S C 1
V D D P A 0 ~ P A 7 C ry s ta l S y s te m O s c illa to r
1 0 0 k W P B 2 ~ P B 7 C 2 F o r th e v a lu e s ,
s e e ta b le b e lo w
0 .1 m F O S C 2
R E S P C 2 R 1
1 0 k W
P B 0 /B Z
0 .1 m F *
V S S P B 1 /B Z O S C 1 In te r n a l R C O s c illa to r
O S C 1 a n d O S C 2 le ft
O S C 2 u n c o n n e c te d
O S C O S C 1
C ir c u it O S C 2
S e e R ig h t S id e O S C 1
In te r n a l R C O s c illa to r
1 0 p F 3 2 7 6 8 H z
w ith R T C
P C 0 /IN T
O S C 2
P C 1 /T M R
H T 4 8 R 1 0 A -1 /H T 4 8 C 1 0 -1 O S C C ir c u it
Note: The resistance and capacitance for reset circuit should be designed to ensure that the VDD is stable and re-
mains in a valid range of the operating voltage before bringing RES to high.
²*² Make the length of the wiring, which is connected to the RES pin as short as possible, to avoid noise
interference.
The following table shows the C1, C2 and R1 values corresponding to the different crystal values. (For refer-
ence only)
Instruction Set
Introduction subtract instruction mnemonics to enable the necessary
Central to the successful operation of any arithmetic to be carried out. Care must be taken to en-
microcontroller is its instruction set, which is a set of pro- sure correct handling of carry and borrow data when re-
gram instruction codes that directs the microcontroller to sults exceed 255 for addition and less than 0 for
perform certain operations. In the case of Holtek subtraction. The increment and decrement instructions
microcontrollers, a comprehensive and flexible set of INC, INCA, DEC and DECA provide a simple means of
over 60 instructions is provided to enable programmers increasing or decreasing by a value of one of the values
to implement their application with the minimum of pro- in the destination specified.
gramming overheads.
Logical and Rotate Operations
For easier understanding of the various instruction
The standard logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR
codes, they have been subdivided into several func-
and CPL all have their own instruction within the Holtek
tional groupings.
microcontroller instruction set. As with the case of most
instructions involving data manipulation, data must pass
Instruction Timing
through the Accumulator which may involve additional
Most instructions are implemented within one instruc- programming steps. In all logical data operations, the
tion cycle. The exceptions to this are branch, call, or ta- zero flag may be set if the result of the operation is zero.
ble read instructions where two instruction cycles are Another form of logical data manipulation comes from
required. One instruction cycle is equal to 4 system the rotate instructions such as RR, RL, RRC and RLC
clock cycles, therefore in the case of an 8MHz system which provide a simple means of rotating one bit right or
oscillator, most instructions would be implemented left. Different rotate instructions exist depending on pro-
within 0.5ms and branch or call instructions would be im- gram requirements. Rotate instructions are useful for
plemented within 1ms. Although instructions which re- serial port programming applications where data can be
quire one more cycle to implement are generally limited rotated from an internal register into the Carry bit from
to the JMP, CALL, RET, RETI and table read instruc- where it can be examined and the necessary serial bit
tions, it is important to realize that any other instructions set high or low. Another application where rotate data
which involve manipulation of the Program Counter Low operations are used is to implement multiplication and
register or PCL will also take one more cycle to imple- division calculations.
ment. As instructions which change the contents of the
PCL will imply a direct jump to that new address, one Branches and Control Transfer
more cycle will be required. Examples of such instruc- Program branching takes the form of either jumps to
tions would be ²CLR PCL² or ²MOV PCL, A². For the specified locations using the JMP instruction or to a sub-
case of skip instructions, it must be noted that if the re- routine using the CALL instruction. They differ in the
sult of the comparison involves a skip operation then sense that in the case of a subroutine call, the program
this will also take one more cycle, if no skip is involved must return to the instruction immediately when the sub-
then only one cycle is required. routine has been carried out. This is done by placing a
return instruction RET in the subroutine which will cause
Moving and Transferring Data
the program to jump back to the address right after the
The transfer of data within the microcontroller program CALL instruction. In the case of a JMP instruction, the
is one of the most frequently used operations. Making program simply jumps to the desired location. There is
use of three kinds of MOV instructions, data can be no requirement to jump back to the original jumping off
transferred from registers to the Accumulator and point as in the case of the CALL instruction. One special
vice-versa as well as being able to move specific imme- and extremely useful set of branch instructions are the
diate data directly into the Accumulator. One of the most conditional branches. Here a decision is first made re-
important data transfer applications is to receive data garding the condition of a certain data memory or indi-
from the input ports and transfer data to the output ports. vidual bits. Depending upon the conditions, the program
will continue with the next instruction or skip over it and
Arithmetic Operations jump to the following instruction. These instructions are
The ability to perform certain arithmetic operations and the key to decision making and branching within the pro-
data manipulation is a necessary feature of most gram perhaps determined by the condition of certain in-
microcontroller applications. Within the Holtek put switches or by the condition of internal data bits.
microcontroller instruction set are a range of add and
Instruction Definition
DAA [m] Decimal-Adjust ACC for addition with result in Data Memory
Description Convert the contents of the Accumulator value to a BCD ( Binary Coded Decimal) value re-
sulting from the previous addition of two BCD variables. If the low nibble is greater than 9 or
if AC flag is set, then a value of 6 will be added to the low nibble. Otherwise the low nibble
remains unchanged. If the high nibble is greater than 9 or if the C flag is set, then a value of
6 will be added to the high nibble. Essentially, the decimal conversion is performed by add-
ing 00H, 06H, 60H or 66H depending on the Accumulator and flag conditions. Only the C
flag may be affected by this instruction which indicates that if the original BCD sum is
greater than 100, it allows multiple precision decimal addition.
Operation [m] ¬ ACC + 00H or
[m] ¬ ACC + 06H or
[m] ¬ ACC + 60H or
[m] ¬ ACC + 66H
Affected flag(s) C
NOP No operation
Description No operation is performed. Execution continues with the next instruction.
Operation No operation
Affected flag(s) None
RET A,x Return from subroutine and load immediate data to ACC
Description The Program Counter is restored from the stack and the Accumulator loaded with the
specified immediate data. Program execution continues at the restored address.
Operation Program Counter ¬ Stack
ACC ¬ x
Affected flag(s) None
RLCA [m] Rotate Data Memory left through Carry with result in ACC
Description Data in the specified Data Memory and the carry flag are rotated left by 1 bit. Bit 7 replaces
the Carry bit and the original carry flag is rotated into the bit 0. The rotated result is stored in
the Accumulator and the contents of the Data Memory remain unchanged.
Operation ACC.(i+1) ¬ [m].i; (i = 0~6)
ACC.0 ¬ C
C ¬ [m].7
Affected flag(s) C
RRCA [m] Rotate Data Memory right through Carry with result in ACC
Description Data in the specified Data Memory and the carry flag are rotated right by 1 bit. Bit 0 re-
places the Carry bit and the original carry flag is rotated into bit 7. The rotated result is
stored in the Accumulator and the contents of the Data Memory remain unchanged.
Operation ACC.i ¬ [m].(i+1); (i = 0~6)
ACC.7 ¬ C
C ¬ [m].0
Affected flag(s) C
SBCM A,[m] Subtract Data Memory from ACC with Carry and result in Data Memory
Description The contents of the specified Data Memory and the complement of the carry flag are sub-
tracted from the Accumulator. The result is stored in the Data Memory. Note that if the re-
sult of subtraction is negative, the C flag will be cleared to 0, otherwise if the result is
positive or zero, the C flag will be set to 1.
Operation [m] ¬ ACC - [m] - C
Affected flag(s) OV, Z, AC, C
SDZA [m] Skip if decrement Data Memory is zero with result in ACC
Description The contents of the specified Data Memory are first decremented by 1. If the result is 0, the
following instruction is skipped. The result is stored in the Accumulator but the specified
Data Memory contents remain unchanged. As this requires the insertion of a dummy in-
struction while the next instruction is fetched, it is a two cycle instruction. If the result is not
0, the program proceeds with the following instruction.
Operation ACC ¬ [m] - 1
Skip if ACC = 0
Affected flag(s) None
SIZA [m] Skip if increment Data Memory is zero with result in ACC
Description The contents of the specified Data Memory are first incremented by 1. If the result is 0, the
following instruction is skipped. The result is stored in the Accumulator but the specified
Data Memory contents remain unchanged. As this requires the insertion of a dummy in-
struction while the next instruction is fetched, it is a two cycle instruction. If the result is not
0 the program proceeds with the following instruction.
Operation ACC ¬ [m] + 1
Skip if ACC = 0
Affected flag(s) None
SUBM A,[m] Subtract Data Memory from ACC with result in Data Memory
Description The specified Data Memory is subtracted from the contents of the Accumulator. The result
is stored in the Data Memory. Note that if the result of subtraction is negative, the C flag will
be cleared to 0, otherwise if the result is positive or zero, the C flag will be set to 1.
Operation [m] ¬ ACC - [m]
Affected flag(s) OV, Z, AC, C
TABRDC [m] Read table (current page) to TBLH and Data Memory
Description The low byte of the program code (current page) addressed by the table pointer (TBLP) is
moved to the specified Data Memory and the high byte moved to TBLH.
Operation [m] ¬ program code (low byte)
TBLH ¬ program code (high byte)
Affected flag(s) None
TABRDL [m] Read table (last page) to TBLH and Data Memory
Description The low byte of the program code (last page) addressed by the table pointer (TBLP) is
moved to the specified Data Memory and the high byte moved to TBLH.
Operation [m] ¬ program code (low byte)
TBLH ¬ program code (high byte)
Affected flag(s) None
Package Information
24-pin SKDIP (300mil) Outline Dimensions
A A
2 4 1 3 2 4 1 3
B B
1 1 2 1 1 2
H H
C C
D D
E F G I E F G I
Dimensions in mil
Symbol
Min. Nom. Max.
A 1230 ¾ 1280
B 240 ¾ 280
C 115 ¾ 195
D 115 ¾ 150
E 14 ¾ 22
F 45 ¾ 70
G ¾ 100 ¾
H 300 ¾ 325
I ¾ ¾ 430
Dimensions in mil
Symbol
Min. Nom. Max.
A 1160 ¾ 1195
B 240 ¾ 280
C 115 ¾ 195
D 115 ¾ 150
E 14 ¾ 22
F 45 ¾ 70
G ¾ 100 ¾
H 300 ¾ 325
I ¾ ¾ 430
Dimensions in mil
Symbol
Min. Nom. Max.
A 1145 ¾ 1185
B 275 ¾ 295
C 120 ¾ 150
D 110 ¾ 150
E 14 ¾ 22
F 45 ¾ 60
G ¾ 100 ¾
H 300 ¾ 325
I ¾ ¾ 430
2 4 1 3
A B
1 1 2
C '
G
D H
E F a
· MS-013
Dimensions in mil
Symbol
Min. Nom. Max.
A 393 ¾ 419
B 256 ¾ 300
C 12 ¾ 20
C¢ 598 ¾ 613
D ¾ ¾ 104
E ¾ 50 ¾
F 4 ¾ 12
G 16 ¾ 50
H 8 ¾ 13
a 0° ¾ 8°
D
T 2
A B C
T 1
SOP 24W
Symbol Description Dimensions in mm
A Reel Outer Diameter 330.0±1.0
B Reel Inner Diameter 100.0±1.5
C Spindle Hole Diameter 13.0+0.5/-0.2
P 0 P 1
D t
F
W
B 0
C
D 1 P
K 0
A 0
R e e l H o le
IC p a c k a g e p in 1 a n d th e r e e l h o le s
a r e lo c a te d o n th e s a m e s id e .
SOP 24W
Symbol Description Dimensions in mm
W Carrier Tape Width 24.0±0.3
P Cavity Pitch 12.0±0.1
E Perforation Position 1.75±0.1
F Cavity to Perforation (Width Direction) 11.5±0.1
D Perforation Diameter 1.55+0.1
D1 Cavity Hole Diameter 1.5+0.25
P0 Perforation Pitch 4.0±0.1
P1 Cavity to Perforation (Length Direction) 2.0±0.1
A0 Cavity Length 10.9±0.1
B0 Cavity Width 15.9±0.1
K0 Cavity Depth 3.1±0.1
t Carrier Tape Thickness 0.35±0.05
C Cover Tape Width 21.3