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Usually simply called hardware when a computing context is implicit is the Computer is an electronic data processing device which
collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer
hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the monitor, accepts and stores data input,
mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), system unit processes the data input, and
(graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), and so on, all of Generates the output in a required format.
which are physical objects that can be touched (that is, they are tangible).[1] In
contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Meaning of Computer
Today’s world is an information-rich world and it has become a necessity for P = Purpose
everyone to know about computers. Purpose of this tutorial is to introduce you about
computer and its fundamentals. U = Useful
E = Education
Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
R = Research
Takes data as input.
Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required. Father of Computer: -Charles Babbage -rfN ;{ a] a] h_
Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
Generates the output
Controls all the above four steps.
Characteristicof Computer/Advantages
High Speed
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Computer is a very fast device. At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very
It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data. next moment it may be playing a card game.
The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the
picoseconds. Reliability
It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man
who will spend many months for doing the same task. A computer is a reliable machine.
Modern electronic components have long lives.
Accuracy Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.
Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack Reduction in Cost
of concentration.
It can work continuously without any error and boredom. Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it
It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy. substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction.
Versatility
No I.Q Budgeting
Sales analysis
A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task. Financial forecasting
Each instruction has to be given to computer. Managing employees database
A computer cannot take any decision on its own. Maintenance of stocks etc.
Dependency Banking
It functions as per a user’s instruction, so it is fully dependent on human Today banking is almost totally dependent on
being computer.
The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable. Banks provide online accounting
facility, which includes current balances,
No Feeling deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee records.
ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks.
Computers have no feelings or emotions.
It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge Insurance
unlike a human being.
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date
Use of Computer with the help of computers. The insurance companies,
finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using
Following list demonstrates various applications of computers in today's area. computers for their concerns.
Education different diseases. ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc., are also done by
computerized machines.
The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the
education system. Some major fields of health care in which computers are used are:
The computer provides a tool in the education Diagnostic System - Computers are used to collect data and identify cause of
system known as CBE (Computer Based Education). illness.
CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of Lab-diagnostic System - All tests can be done and reports are prepared by
learning. computer.
The computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of Patient Monitoring System - These are used to check patient's signs for
computer students. abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG etc.
There are number of methods in which educational institutions can use Pharma Information System - Computer checks Drug-Labels, Expiry
computer to educate the students. dates, harmful drug’s side effects etc.
It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is Surgery:Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.
carried out on this basis.
In marketing, uses of computer are following: Computers are widely used in engineering
purpose.
Advertising - With computers, advertising
professionals create art and graphics, write and revise One of major areas is CAD (Computer aided
copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of design). That provides creation and
selling more products. modification of images. Some fields are:
At Home Shopping - Home shopping has been
made possible through use of computerized catalogues Structural Engineering - Requires
that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders stress and strain analysis for design of Ships, Buildings, Budgets, and
to be filled by the customers. Airplanes etc.
Industrial Engineering - Computers deal with design, implementation and
Health Care improvement of integrated systems of people, materials and equipments.
Architectural Engineering - Computers help in planning towns, designing
Computers have become important part in hospitals, buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D
labs, and dispensaries. The computers are being used drawings.
in hospitals to keep the record of patients and
medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Military Government
Computers are largely used in defence. Modern Computers play an important role in
tanks, missiles, weapons etc. Military also government. Some major fields in this
employs computerized control systems. Some category are:
military areas where a computer has been used
are: Budgets
Sales tax department
Missile Control Income tax department
Military Communication Male/Female ratio
Military Operation and Planning Computerization of voters lists
Smart Weapons Computerization of driving licensing system
Computerization of PAN card
Weather forecasting
Communication means to convey a Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was
message, an idea, a picture or speech that being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying
is received and understood clearly and hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and
correctly by the person for whom it is software, which together make up an entire computer system.
meant for. Some main areas in this
category are: There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been
discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate
dates against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted.
prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary
be afforded only by very large organizations. In this generation mainly batch memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this
processing operating system were used. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape generation assembly language and high-level programming languages like
were used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and
machine code as programming language. multiprogramming operating system.
efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming computer (PC) revolution. In this generation time sharing, real time, networks,
operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++,
PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation. DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
The main features of third generation are: The main features of fourth generation are:
Some computers of this generation were: Some computers of this generation were:
The period of fourth generation was 1971-1980. The The period of fifth generation is 1980-till
computers of fourth generation used Very Large date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI
Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
having about 5000 transistors and other circuit Integration) technology, resulting in the
elements and their associated circuits on a single production of microprocessor chips having
chip made it possible to have microcomputers of ten million electronic components. This
fourth generation. Fourth generation computers generation is based on parallel processing
became more powerful, compact, reliable, and hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence)
affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal software. AI is an emerging branch in
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think PC(Personal It is a single user computer system having
like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are 1
Computer) moderately powerful microprocessor
used in this generation. It is also a single user computer system which is
2 WorkStation similar to personal computer but have more powerful
AI includes: Microprocessor.
It is a multi-user computer system which is capable of
Robotics 3 Mini Computer
Supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.
Neural Networks
Game Playing
Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations. It is a multi-user computer system which is capable of
4 Main Frame
Natural language understanding and generation. Supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.
Software technology is different from minicomputer.
The main features of fifth generation are: It is an extremely fast computer which can execute
5 Supercomputer
Hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
ULSI technology
Development of true artificial intelligence PC (Personal Computer)
Development of Natural language processing
Advancement in Parallel Processing A PC can be defined as a small, relatively
Advancement in Superconductor technology inexpensive computer designed for an
More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features individual user. PCs are based on the
Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates microprocessor technology that enables
manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one
Some computer types of this generation are: chip. Businesses use personal computers for
word processing, accounting, desktop
Desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and
Laptop database management applications. At
NoteBook home, the most popular use for personal
UltraBook computers is playing games and surfing
ChromeBook Internet.
Workstation Mainframe
Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop Mainframe is very large in size and is an
publishing, software development, and other such types of applications which require expensive computer capable of supporting
a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics hundreds or even thousands of users
capabilities. simultaneously. Mainframe executes
many programs concurrently and supports
Workstations generally come with a many simultaneous execution of programs
large, high-resolution graphics screen,
large amount of RAM, inbuilt network
support, and a graphical user interface.
Most workstations also have a mass Supercomputer
storage device such as a disk drive, but a
special type of workstation, called a Supercomputers are one of the fastest
diskless workstation, comes without a computers currently available. Supercomputers
disk drive. are very expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require immense
amount of mathematical calculations (number
crunching). For example, weather forecasting,
Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like PC, scientific simulations, (animated) graphics,
Workstations are also single-user computers like PC but are typically linked together fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy
to form a local-area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems. research, electronic design, and analysis of
geological data (e.g. in petrochemical
Minicomputer prospecting).
All types of computers follow a same basic logical structure and perform the
following five basic operations for converting raw input data into information useful
to their users.
Computer - CPU
Input Unit
CPU consists of the following features:
This unit contains
devices with the help CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
of which we enter data CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
into computer. This It stores data, intermediate results and instructions (program).
unit makes link It controls the operation of all parts of computer.
between user and
computer. The input CPU itself has following three components.
devices translate the
information into the Memory or Storage Unit
form understandable Control Unit
by computer. ALU(Arithmetic
Logic Unit)
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Memory or Storage Unit
CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data
processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and instructions (program). This unit can store
It controls the operation of all parts of computer. instructions, data and
intermediate results. This unit
CPU itself has following three components supplies information to the
other units of the computer
ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) when needed. It is also known
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
as internal storage unit or main memory or primary storage or Random access Logic Section
memory (RAM).
Arithmetic Section
Its size affects speed, power and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory
are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of memory unit are: Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. All complex operations are done by making
It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing. repetitive use of above operations.
It stores final results of processing before these results are released to an Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting,
output device. matching and merging of data.
All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory.
Computer - Input Devices
Control Unit
Following are few of the important input devices which are used in a computer:
This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer but does not carry out any
actual data processing operations. Keyboard
Mouse
Functions of this unit are: Joy Stick
Light pen
It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among Track Ball
other units of a computer. Scanner
It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer. Graphic Tablet
It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the Microphone
operation of the computer. Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data or results from Optical Character Reader(OCR)
storage. Bar Code Reader
It does not process or store data. Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
This unit consists of two subsections namely Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps in
inputting data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional
Arithmetic section
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing Mouse
additional functions.
Mouse is most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device
Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement
keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet. of mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are
pressed.
The keys on the keyboard are as follows:
Following are few of the important output devices which are used in a computer. Large in Size
High power consumption
Monitors
Graphic Plotter
Printer
Flat-Panel Display Monitor
Monitors
The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume,
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output weight and power requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on
device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged walls or wear them on your wrists. Current uses of flat-panel displays include
in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of calculators, video games,
pixels. monitors, laptop computer,
graphics display.
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.
The flat-panel display is
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) divided into two categories:
Flat- Panel Display
Emissive Displays
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor - The emissive displays are
devices that convert
The CRT display is made up of small electrical energy into light.
picture elements called pixels. The smaller Examples are plasma panel
than pixels, the better the image clarity, or and LED (Light-Emitting
resolution. It takes more than one Diodes).
illuminated pixel to form whole character, Non-Emissive
such as the letter ‘e’ in the word help. Displays - The Non-
emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some
A finite number of characters can be other source into graphics patterns. Example is LCD (Liquid-Crystal
displayed on a screen at once. The screen Device).
can be divided into a series of character
boxes - fixed location on the screen where a
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper. In the market one of the
most popular printers is
There are two types of printers: Dot Matrix Printer.
These printers are
Impact Printers popular because of their
Non-Impact Printers ease of printing and
economical price. Each
Impact Printers character printed is in
form of pattern of dots
The impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon which is then and head consists of a
pressed on the paper. Matrix of Pins of size
(5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come out to form a character that is why it is called Dot
Matrix Printer.
Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following:
Advantages
Very low consumable costs
Very noisy
Inexpensive
Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
Widely Used
There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image
Other language characters can be printed
These printers are of two types
Disadvantages
Character printers
Slow Speed
Line printers
Poor Quality
Character Printers
Daisy Wheel
Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time.
Head is lying on a wheel
and pins corresponding to
These are further divided into two types:
characters are like petals
of Daisy (flower name)
Dot Matrix Printer(DMP) that is why it is called
Daisy Wheel Daisy Wheel Printer.
These printers are
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
generally used for word-processing in offices which require a few letters to be sent Drum Printer
here and there with very nice quality.
This printer is like a drum in shape so it is called drum printer. The surface of drum is
Advantages divided into number of tracks. Total tracks are equal to size of paper i.e. for a paper
width of 132 characters, drum will have 132 tracks. A character set is embossed on
More reliable than DMP track. The different character sets available in the market are 48 character set, 64 and
Better quality 96 characters set. One rotation of drum prints one line. Drum printers are fast in
The fonts of character can be easily changed speed and can print 300 to 2000 lines per minute.
Disadvantages Advantages
Disadvantages
Chain Printer
These are of further
two types In this printer, chain of character sets is used so it is called Chain Printer. A standard
character set may have 48, 64, or 96 characters.
Drum Printer
Chain Printer Advantages
Disadvantages
Noisy
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Non-impact printers print the characters without using ribbon. These printers print a Expensive.
complete page at a time so they are also called as Page Printers. Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a document in a single printing.
Computer - Memory It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
It stores data for temporary use.
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions.
Computer memory is the storage space in computer where data is to be processed and Disadvantages
instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large
number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address which The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows:
varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example if computer has 64k words,
then this memory unit has 64 * 1024=65536 memory locations. The address of these Cache memory has limited capacity.
locations varies from 0 to 65535. It is very expensive.
Secondary Memory Access time in RAM is independent of the address that is, each storage location
inside the memory is as easy to reach as other locations and takes the same amount of
This type of memory is time. Data in the RAM can be accessed randomly but it is very expensive.
also known as external
memory or non-volatile. RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if
It is slower than main there is a power failure. Hence a backup uninterruptible power system(UPS) is often
memory. These are used used with computers. RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the
for storing amount of data it can hold.
data/Information
permanently. CPU RAM is of two types
directly does not access
these memories instead Static RAM (SRAM)
they are accessed via Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
input-output routines.
Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory, and then CPU Static RAM (SRAM)
can access it. For example: disk, CD-ROM, DVD etc.
The word static indicates that the
Characteristic of Secondary Memory memory retains its contents as long as
power is being supplied. However, data
These are magnetic and optical memories is lost when the power gets down due
It is known as backup memory. to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a
It is non-volatile memory. matrix of 6-transistors and no
Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off. capacitors. Transistors do not require
It is used for storage of data in a computer. power to prevent leakage, so SRAM
Computer may run without secondary memory. need not have to be refreshed on a
Slower than primary memories. regular basis.
Computer - Read Only Memory EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but The EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for duration of up to 40
cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this function. During programming, an
permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM, stores such instructions electrical charge is trapped in an insulated gate region. The charge is retained for
that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM more than ten years because the charge has no leakage path. For erasing this charge,
chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz crystal window (lid). This exposure to
washing machine and microwave oven. ultra-violet light dissipates the charge. During normal use the quartz lid is sealed with
a sticker.
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) Normally a motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of
memories.
The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and Video Cards, Hard disks, Sound Cards have to be compatible with
reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both erasing and programming take about 4 motherboard to function properly
to 10 ms (milli second). In EEPROM, any location can be selectively erased and Motherboards, cases and power supplies must be compatible to work
programmed. EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time, rather than erasing the properly together.
entire chip. Hence, the process of re-programming is flexible but slow.
Popular Manufacturers
Advantages of ROM
Intel
The advantages of ROM are as follows: ASUS
A Open
Non-volatile in nature ABIT
These cannot be accidentally changed Bios tar
Cheaper than RAMs Gigabyte
Easy to test MSI
More reliable than RAMs
These are static and do not require refreshing Description of Motherboard
Its contents are always known and can be verified
The motherboard is mounted
Computer - Motherboard inside the case and is securely
attached via small screws
The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer through pre-drilled holes. Motherboard contains ports to connect all of the internal
together. A motherboard connects CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video components. It provides a single socket for CPU whereas for memory, normally one
card, sound card, and other ports and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be or more slots are available. Motherboards provide ports to attach floppy drive, hard
considered as the backbone of a computer. drive, and optical drives via ribbon cables. Motherboard carries fans and a special
port designed for power supply.
There is a peripheral card slot in front of the motherboard using which video cards,
Features of Motherboard sound cards and other expansion cards can be connected to motherboard.
A motherboard comes with following features: On the left side, motherboards carry a number of ports to connect monitor, printer,
mouse, keyboard, speaker, and network cables. Motherboards also provide USB ports
Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components. which allow compatible devices to be connected in plug-in/plug-out fashion for
example, pen drive, digital cameras etc.
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Used for external modems and older computer mouse Power Connector
Two versions : 9 pin, 25 pin model
Data travels at 115 kilobits per second Three-pronged plug
Connects to the computer's power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall
Parallel Port socket
It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disk, Connects to a network and high speed Internet.
printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard etc. Connect network cable to a computer.
It was introduced in 1997. This port resides on an Ethernet Card.
Most of the computers provide two USB ports as minimum. Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per seconds depending upon
Data travels at 12 megabits per seconds the network bandwidth.
USB compliant devices can get power from a USB port
Game Port
VGA Port
Connect a joystick to a PC
Connects monitor to a computer's video card. Now replaced by USB.
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Payroll Software
Student Record Software
Inventory Management Software
Income Tax Software
Railways Reservation Software
Microsoft Office Suite Software
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Powerpoint
Close to system
Fast in speed
Difficult to design
Difficult to understand
Less interactive
Smaller in size
Difficult to manipulate
Generally written in low-level language
Features of application software are as follows:
Application Software
Close to user
Easy to design
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular More interactive
environment. All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under Slow in speed
the category of Application software. Generally written in high-level language
Easy to understand
Application software may consist of a single program, such as a Microsoft's notepad Easy to manipulate and use
for writing and editing simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, Bigger in size and requires large storage space
often called a software package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a
spreadsheet package.
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Now-a-days computers are equipped with 500GB hard drive which can be
extended to 2TB.
Most hard drives in desktop operate at the standard performance speed of
7200RPM.
Recommended - 500GB.
Memory
RAM is considered as
Computer Memory as
performance of a computer is
directly proportional to its
memory and processor.
CPU
Today's software and
operating system require high
memory. Frequency (GHz) -
Today commonly used This determines speed of the
RAM is DDR3 which operates at processor. More the speed,
1066Mhz better the CPU.
As per Windows 7, 1 GB is the minimum RAM required to function Cores - Now-a-days
properly. CPUs come with more than one
Recommended - 4 GB. core, which is like having more
than one CPU in the computer.
Programs which can take
advantage of multi-core
environment will run faster on such machines.
Hard Drive Brand - Intel or AMD. Both are equivalent. Intel is in lead.
Cache - Higher the L1, L2 cache, better the CPU performance
Hard disk is used for storage purpose. Higher the capacity, more data you Recommended - Intel Core i3 i3-3225 3.30 GHz Processor.
can save in it.
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Important Information
Before the install/reinstallation of Windows XP, I highly recommend that you
download Service Pack 3 “for multiple computers” and burn it onto a CD. The 1) Shall we begin? (Image 1.1)
download is approximately 316.4MB. If you choose not to do this step, your
system could become infected with a virus or worm exploiting the 2) Welcome to Setup: (Image 1.2)
vulnerabilities that Service Pack 3 fixes. I also recommend that you do NOT
have your system connected to the Internet until after the installation of The “Welcome to Setup” screen appears with the option of Continuing Setup,
Service Pack 3. This means that you cannot activate your XP installation Repair a previous installation, or Quitting.
during setup, but you can accomplish that task following a reboot after
Service Pack 3 is installed. Press ENTER to Continue Setup.
1) Shall we begin? (Image 1.1) You may also choose R to Repair, or F3 to Quit and reboot the system.
After configuring the system for booting from a CD, the Windows Setup
screen appears.
At this point, Setup is loading the driver files it needs to continue with
installation.
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
2) Welcome to Setup: (Image 1.2) This example already has a partition defined. I will choose not to use this and
create a new one by pressing D.
3) Windows XP Licensing Agreement: (Image You may skip this and the next few steps if you do not have any partitions
defined.
1.3)
At this point, the options include pressing ENTER to Install on the selected
The “Windows XP Licensing Agreement” screen, otherwise known as partition, D to Delete the selected partition, or F3 to Quit and reboot the
“EULA,” displays the legal in’s and out’s of this particular software package. system.
You may press F8 to signify that you agree with the terms, hit ESC if you do
not agree and PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN to scroll through each screen. Note: If
you do not agree to the terms, setup will quit and reboot the system.
Select the partition you wish to install to using the UP arrow and DOWN
ARROW keys.
5) Warning screen: (Image 1.5)
Press ENTER to use the highlighted partition and Install, C to Create a Partition,
or F3 to Quit and reboot the system.
6) Confirmation screen: (Image 1.6)
A confirmation screen that displays the logical drive, what file system the
partition is currently using, the size in MB and controller information.
Options include L to Delete the partition and ESC to Cancel the action.
You may choose ENTER to Create the new partition or ESC to Cancel the
action.
Setup is now figuring out what files to copy over to the hard drive.
12) Creating File List: (Image 1.12) 13) Setup copies various files: (Image 1.13)
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Enter your unique 25 digit Product Key that came with your CD, then select
the Next button.
27) QoS Packet Scheduler: (Image 3.3) 28) TCP/IP Properties: (Image 3.4)
28) TCP/IP Properties: (Image 3.4) 29) Workgroup or Computer Domain: (Image
TCP/IP Properties contains the standard options. Adjust them for your
3.5)
particular needs as required. For now, I kept the default settings. Basically, it
Workgroup or Computer Domain, that is the question. I am not going to set up
is using DHCP to configure TCP/IP. If you are using a static IP address, enter
this system to connect to a domain controller, so I will place it as a member of
in the proper information here.
a workgroup.
Select the Advanced button to further configure your TCP/IP options.
Please, change “WORKGROUP” to something else. I hate defaults.
Select OK to continue.
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
35) Applying computer settings: (Image 4.5) 36) Display Settings Pop-up: (Image 4.6)
36) Display Settings Pop-up: (Image 4.6) 37) Windows XP tour: (Image 5.1)
Since the initial screen resolution is set to 640 x 480, a balloon dialog appears. Click the balloon dialog to start a tour of Windows XP.
You may click the pop-up balloon to raise the resolution up to 800 x 600
automatically. For the rest of this guide, I chose to ignore it. Even if you do not wish to see the information, you should click on the
balloon to get rid of the annoyance in a timely fashion.
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
37) Windows XP tour: (Image 5.1) 38) Windows XP Tour dialog: (Image 5.2)
38) Windows XP Tour dialog: (Image 5.2) 44) That is all! (Image 5.8)
Windows XP Tour dialog popup is shown. That’s all there is to it! I hope this guide helped you out or gave you a sneak
peek at what is to come. More information
Select the Cancel button to never see it again. about Windows XP is located HERE!
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The best way to install Windows 8 is to do a clean install. Before you start the
installation process I recommend that you check Windows 8 System
Requirements to ensure that your hardware is supported by Windows 8. If you
don't have Windows 8 drivers for all your hardware, it is a good idea to
download all the drivers from the hardware manufacturers web site and save
all the necessary drivers on a CD/DVD or a USB drive before you start the
installation.
Windows 8 Professional DVD is bootable. In order to boot from the DVD you
need to set the boot sequence. Look for the boot sequence under your BIOS
setup and make sure that the first boot device is set to CD-ROM/DVD-ROM.
Lets select the Intelligent Tweeker menu by pressing enter. As you can see the
CPU speed, memory speed and size are detected correctly. Press escape to go This time we will enter the Advanced BIOS features.
back to the previous menu.
We will make our first boot device CDROM, and second boot device as hard
Lets enter Standard CMOS features. As you can see the hard drive and dvd disk.
writer are also detected correctly.
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Finally we can save & exit setup. At this stage you can place a operating
system disc in the DVD drive and you are ready to install your chosen
operating system.
By doing this we can make sure that the computer boot from Windows 7
DVD that is placed in the DVD drive. If the hard drive is set to first boot
device it will not boot as it has no operating system installed.
This concludes our PC building guide. We hope you enjoyed these videos and
managed to build your own perfect PC.
Step 1 - Place Windows 8 DVD in your dvd-rom drive and start your PC.
Windows 8 will start to boot up and you will get the following screen with a
rotating progress bar.
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Step 2 - The next screen allows you to setup your language, time and currency
format, keyboard or input method. Choose your required settings and click
next to continue. Step 5 - At this stage you need to type your product key that came with your
copy of Windows 8. Click next once you have entered the product key
correctly.
Step 3 - The next screen allows you to install or repair Windows 8. Since we
are doing a clean install we will click on "install now".
Step 6 - Read the license terms and tick I accept license terms. Then click
next to continue.
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Step 7 - Choose the type of installation you want. Since you are doing a clean Step 9 - If you want to partition an existing drive then click new. Choose the
install you need to click on custom. size of the partition and click apply.
Step 8 - Choose where you would like to install Windows 8. If you have one Step 10 - Click OK to create the partition. Windows will create additional
hard drive you will get an option similar to the image below. You can click system partition which you don't have to worry about.
next to continue then go to step 12.
If you have more than one drive or partition then you need to select the
appropriate drive and click next. At this stage you can go to step 12.
If you want to partition a large drive then do not click next. Go to step 9.
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Step 13 - When all the necessary files are copied Windows 8 will
automatically restart as shown.
Step 11 - You will notice that you have 3 partitions. Partition 1 is system
reserved. Leave this partition alone. Partition 2 is 30GB primary partition that
was created in the last step. The third partition is unallocated which means it
is not being used. You can however format it and use it as a second storage
drive. This can be done after windows installation is finished so I will leave it
for now.
Step 14 - You will go through various progress bar and information messages
as shown on the following images. Windows might restart automatically
second time.
Step 12 - At this stage Windows starts to copy files to your hard drive and
begins the installation. This process might take a few minutes depending on
your computer specification. Now is a good time to grab yourself a coffee.
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Step 17 - Here you can choose express settings or choose customize. I will
choose customize to make further customization.
Step 15 - You are now presented with "Let's go through a few basics" screen.
It will automatically select personalize option. Step 18 - Choose Yes, turn on sharing and connect to devices.
Step 19 - Help protect and update your PC. Choose your preferred option and
click next.
Step 22 - Sign in to your PC. Here you can login to your PC using a Microsoft
email account such as your hotmail account.
Step 20 - Send Microsoft info to help make Windows and apps better. Choose If you do not have a Microsoft account you can create one by clicking Sign up
your preferred options or leave the default settings. Click next to continue. for a new email address. Go to Step 23.
If you don't want to create an email account and prefer to create a local user
name, click Sign in without a Microsoft account. Go to step 24.
Step 23 - Sign up for a new email address. If you want to create a new email
account you need to complete the form below.
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Step 26 - At this stage Windows starts to finalize your settings. You will get
the following information screen as the installation moves forward.
Step 25 - Here you can choose a local user name and password. Choose finish
to continue.
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Step 28 - Soon as the demonstration finishes windows moves into the final
stages of the setup.
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Step 29 - Finally the setup process is finished and you are presented with a Step 31 - You will see all your hardware listed as shown on the image below.
completely new and unfamiliar Metro user interface. You have your most You need to check if you have any yellow exclamation marks next to the
common application right in front of you. Clicking on any tiles will launch name of the devices, similar to "Base System Device" on the image below.
that application. At this point you can start using your computer. However, it This indicates that the driver has not been installed for this device.
may not be fully configured. You need to make sure that all the hardware is
detected correctly and the necessary device drivers are installed. This can be At this stage you can install the driver for this device. To do so, Right Mouse
done from the device manager. click on Base System Device -> Update Driver Software...
Step 30 - To go to device manager click search on charm bar on the right. Step 32 - You can choose to "Search automatically for updated driver
Then type devmgmt.msc. Click on the devmgmt icon on the left. software" or "Browse my computer for driver software". If you have the
driver CD or if the driver is on a USB drive then choose "browse my
computer for driver software". Window 8 will search and install the driver
from the CD or you can locate the driver manually.
Easy Computer Education Hardware Note
Once you have removed all the yellow exclamation marks from the device
manager your Windows 8 configuration would be fully complete.