Sampling and Sampling

Distributions
 To take a sample from an entire population and use it to
describe the population

To make sure the samples you do take are an accurate

representation of the population from which they came

Learning To introduce the concepts of sampling distributions

objectives
To understand the trade offs between the cost of taking
larger samples and the additional accuracy this gives to
decisions made from them

TO introduce experimental design: sampling procedures to

gather the most information for the least cost
 Introduction to Sampling

Census or Populations
Sample and samples
 Function of statistics and parameters
Mean+Median+Mode=Statistics
Characteristics of population=parameters

Statistics and Statistics=characteristic of sample

Parameters Parameters=characteristics of population
Using statistics to estimate parameters
Lowercase Roman letter to denote sample statistics=n,
Greek or capital letter for population paramteres=N,
 Population Sample
Definition Collection of items Part of portion of the
being considered population chosen for
study
Differences
between Characteristics Parameters Statistics
population
Symbols Population Size=N Sample Size=n
and samples
Population mean= Sample mean=
Population standard Sample standard
deviation= deviation=s
 Two methods

Types of
Sampling
Random or Non random or
probability judgement
sampling sampling
Biased Samples Biased polls
 What is the major drawback of judgement
sampling?

Are judgement sampling and probability

sampling necessarily mutually exclusive?
Explain
Basic
concepts List the advantages of sampling over
complete enumeration or census

What are some disadvantages of

probability sampling versus judgement
sampling
 Simple random sampling

Systematic sampling
Random Chances will or will not be
included in the sample
Sampling Stratified sampling

Cluster sampling
Simple Random sampling
• A simple random sample is meant to be an
unbiased representation of a group.
• It is considered a fair way to select a sample from a
larger population, since every member of the
population has an equal chance of getting
selected. ...
• For this reason, simple random sampling is more
commonly used when the researcher knows little
about the population.
• With replacement & Without replacement
How to do random sampling
• Using a table of random digits
460 124 171 436
335 278 476 498
437 485 455 358
178 100 241 479
260 291 179 111
344 150 338 485
341 174 454 104
312 153 336 305
441 464 385 261
327 361 319 245
469 277 435 445
480 158 156 128
188 269 448 232
430 159 329 446
182 258 420 305
306 206 226 445
331 468 152 102
Systematic sampling

• Elements selected at a uniform interval

• Like first 20 names, 30th person, 1:45 PM time etc
 For example, if a researcher wanted to create a systematic
sample of 1,000 students at a university with an enrolled
population of 10,000, he or she would choose every tenth
person from a list of all students.

The researcher must first decide how many people out of

Systematic the total population to include in the sample, keeping in
mind that the larger the sample size, the more accurate,
sampling valid, and applicable the results will be.

The researcher will decide what the interval for sampling

is, which will be the standard distance between each
sampled element.
Disadvantages of Systematic Sampling

• When creating a systematic sample, the researcher

must take care to ensure that the interval of
selection does not create bias by selecting elements
that share a trait.
• For example, it could be possible that every tenth
person in a racially diverse population could be
Hispanic. In such a case, the systematic sample
would be biased because it would be composed of
mostly (or all) Hispanic people, rather than reflecting
the racial diversity of the total population.
Stratified Sampling

• Divide the population into

relatively homogenous groups
called strata
• Then two approaches used
• Either select at random from each
stratum
• Or equal number of elements from
each stratum
 Divide population in clusters, groups

Select a random sample of these clusters

Assume that each individual clusters are representative of the population as a whole.

Cluster
Sampling Cluster sampling is a sampling plan used when mutually homogeneous yet internally
heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population.

It is often used in marketing research. In this sampling plan, the total population is divided into
these groups and a simple random sample of the groups is selected.

The elements in each cluster are then sampled. If all elements in each sampled cluster are
sampled, then this is referred to as a "one-stage" cluster sampling plan. If a simple random
subsample of elements is selected within each of these groups, this is referred to as a "two-
stage" cluster sampling plan.
Drawing a random sample
using MS Excel

• Data>Data Analysis>Sampling
Drawing a random sample using MS Excel
Reading for next lecture
Non Radom Sampling