INTERNATIONAL ORDER OF FREEMASONRY

FOR MEM AND WOMEN

LE DROIT HUMAIN

HISTORICAL SUMMARY

From the creation of the first Lodge for Men and Women,
LE DROIT HUMAIN
(4th April 1893)
to
th
the XIV International Convention
of the International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women
LE DROIT HUMAIN
(17th - 20th May 2012).

Memento - Annexes 7
 Short historical summary
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. The founders
II. Chronological summary: some important dates
III. The International Conventions
IV. The Grand Masters

Memento - Annexes 8
 I. THE FOUNDERS

Maria Deraismes

in “Regards sur Maria Deraismes” Published Conform

Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand

Marie Adelaide Deraismes, known as Maria, was born on 1st October 1835 in
Paris in a prosperous trading family.

Her father, of liberal and republican upper class background, was a cultivated
person who appreciated literary works, especially Voltaire. Thanks to this, she
was well educated, well beyond the standard of the girls of her time.
She studied Latin, Greek, and the Bible, the forefathers of the Church, the
translations of books from India and from eastern religions. She read the
Philosophers of the Enlightenment as well as the German ones of the XIXth
century. She also had a taste for art; she practised painting (displaying some
talent) and she played the piano.
When she was twelve, she experimented with the art of oratory and
transformed the family garden kiosk into a stage from which she gave
speeches that her private tutor had to listen to.

The Deraismes family enjoyed inviting visitors. To embellish her mother’s

parties, she started writing proverb comedies that were very much in fashion
at that time in upper class homes.

After the death of her parents, she lived alone for a few years, then her older
sister Anna, our Sister Anna Féresse-Deraismes, who was widowed in 1865,
came to live with her.
The two sisters were involved in an intense highbrow society, and many of the
most important republican personalities came in large numbers to their home.
Maria became the spokesperson of a group of ladies who fought for the
promotion of women’s rights and she animated the “Société de la
revendication des droits de la femme” (Society for claiming women’s rights).
She started composing satirical tracts and collaborated regularly with
numerous newspapers.
Like an apostle for female emancipation, her republican ideas and her
reputation as a polemicist appealed to the politicians in power at that time, in
particular those sympathising with feminist ideas.
Because of this, in 1866, Brother Leon Richer requested her participation in a
conference organised by the Grand Orient of France. After much hesitation,
she accepted. She gave talks, always with great success, on different topics,
such as morals, history, literature, the rights of children, the role of the clergy
in society, women… and many more.

Memento - Annexes 9
 In 1869, with Léon Richer, she wrote a pamphlet called “Le Droit des
Femmes” (Women’s Rights) and founded the Association to improve
women’s living conditions, in 1870 it merged with the Association for
Women’s rights, that Victor Hugo supported as early as 1872.
In 1875, she joined “La Libre Pensée” (Free thinking), founded a section that
she animated, and then created the newspaper “La Libre Pensée de Seine-et-
Oise” (Free thinking of Seine-et-Oise).
In 1878, with Leon Richer, she organised the first International Congress on
the subject of “Women’s Rights”.
In June 1881, during an anti-clerical congress where the basic standpoints
concerning the separation of Church and State were elaborated, she stood in
for Victor Schoelcher who was unable to attend and her speech, given before
over four thousand delegates, was a triumph.
As a brave and gallant propagandist, she defended the Republic and the
principles of democracy and was also deeply “convinced that their complete
application depended on the disappearance of all legislated injustice”.
Her activity and her sense of commitment were such that a committee was
formed to put forward her candidacy for general election. Knowing that this
candidacy was unacceptable in the eyes of the Law (civic rights were not
granted to women), she declined the offer.
For her, political emancipation would never be anything but the natural
extension of civil emancipation. It is at this level (the right of access to
education, the right to be able to divorce, paternity research…) that the battle
was to be situated: “Let us begin with providing girls with the same
intellectual aptitudes so that they can apply for the same jobs as men. Let us
give them the same education as that given to young boys. Let us build a
‘laïque’ morality far from religious dogmatism”.

From 14th January1882, a new era of activity for Maria Deraismes opened up.
She was initiated in the Lodge “Les Libres Penseurs” (The Free thinkers), in
the “Grande Loge Symbolique Écossaise” (Symbolic Scottish Grand Lodge)
at the Orient of Le Pecq (a small village west of Paris).
A short time after this ceremony, the Lodge was threatened with dormancy if
it continued to receive a woman. Maria considered it as her duty to stop
imposing her presence in a masculine Lodge. She was thus reduced to
masonic silence until 4th April 1893, when in collaboration with Georges
Martin she founded, the Grande Loge Symbolique Ecossaise de France, LE
DROIT HUMAIN.

Maria Deraismes was not able to see the crowning of her various
undertakings, be they secular or Masonic. She passed to the Grand Lodge
Eternal on 6th February 1894. She had asked for a civil funeral and now rests
in the Montmartre cemetery.
On 16th June 1895, a street bearing her name was unveiled in Paris in the 17th
district close to the Square des Epinettes where her statue had been erected, on
3rd July 1898.
During the Second World War, the statue was dismantled to be melted down
for the benefit of the occupying forces. It was put back on 14th June 1984.
Another monument dedicated to her memory has been erected in Pontoise
where she owned a property which, although no longer there, can be seen on
the painting “Le jardin des Mathurins” (Mathurin’s garden) of the
impressionist painter, Camille Pissaro; this painting is on display in the
Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City.

Memento - Annexes 10
Georges Martin

in “Grands Maîtres vous avez la parole”

Georges Martin was born in Paris on 9th May1844.

His family came from Sologne. His father, a pharmacist in Paris, rue
Mouffetard, hoped that his son would follow in his steps.
The Jesuits, where he did his secondary studies, underlined his keen
intelligence but were worried about his lack of docility and they even
considered him to be dangerous.
After obtaining his Bachelor of Arts in 1861 and then a Bachelor of Science in
1863, he started his medical studies.
Parallel to his medical studies, he became involved in public life and was soon
a tireless propagandist devoted to republican ideals.
The fervour and enthusiasm of youth led him to abandon his studies for a few
months to serve alongside Garibaldi, in Italy.
On his return to France, he resumed his medical studies in Montpellier, then in
Paris where he obtained his qualification as a medical doctor.
He took part in the Franco Prussian war as an aide-major responsible for the
ambulances in Fort d’Issy. He accomplished the most difficult tasks with
exemplary dedication. After the capitulation, he retired for several months to
the family property in Lafarge, in Sologne.
He returned to Paris where he resumed his activities. For ten years, he worked
as a doctor, something close to a real calling, just like that of a priest, in which
he never once hesitated to care for those who called upon him, the rich as well
as the poor, often forgetting even to claim his professional fees.
At the same time, he resumed his political activities. Elected as a local
councillor in Paris in 1874; he was to be re-elected three times. In 1884, he
was elected to the presidency of the regional council for the Seine and in 1885
as a Senator for the same department.
During the 1890s, after an electoral defeat, he left Paris to return to his
property in Sologne.
In 1897, he was elected as a member of the regional council of the Loir et
Cher for the district of Lamotte-Beuvron, where he stayed until his death.
As a man of action, he wished to implement his liberal and republican ideas.
The social dimension was essential to his political approach. Appointed to the
board of supervisors for Public Assistance, he initiated many reforms and took
part in setting up medical assistance in the countryside. He proposed a law for
medical inspection in schools, and another concerning accidents at work. He
fought for the organisation of communal pension funds, intervened actively in
favour of secularism within the educational system and hospitals …

Memento - Annexes 11
 It was not only towards assistance for children, the weak and the elderly that his
altruism was directed. Ever since he was a young man, he had been part of
movements that had been organised in favour of the emancipation of women.
Advocating equality between sexes, he wanted to obtain civic rights for women.
Georges Martin asserted himself as an atheistic rationalist but was nevertheless
respectful of the beliefs of each and everyone. However, he thought that religions
were actually only a tool for division between people. He defended his ideas for
the triumph of Truth, truth that he called Justice in a piece that he called
“Philosophie d’un rationaliste” (A Rationalist’s philosophy).
His qualities and his personal commitments as a citizen finally led the freemasons
to approach him.
He was initiated on 21st March 1879 in the Lodge “Union et Bienfaisance” in the
Grande Loge Centrale in Paris that worked with the Ancient and Accepted
Scottish Rite. He was elevated to the degree of Master Mason on 16th January
1880, in “La Jérusalem Ecossaise” in Paris, of which he later became the
Worshipful Master. He reached the degree of Knight Kadosh and became a
member of Areopagus “Lutetia”, Camp of Paris, within the Supreme Council of
France.
He was convinced that if women had access to masonic temples they would be
able to break free from the influence of the clergy and that they would become
capable of assuming their part within society. He undertook a vast campaign in
favour of the admission of women in freemasonry. He first tried to encourage
evolution within male freemasonry. But, after the problems that occurred
following the initiation of Maria Deraismes in the Lodge “Les Libres Penseurs”
Orient of Le Pecq, he realised that his hopes were vain, and that it was necessary
to create a new obedience, an obedience for both men and women.
He worked without respite. After having witnessed Maria Deraismes’ initiation,
and having followed her feminist battle, he decided that it was time to approach
her on this subject.
On 1st June 1892, during a meeting at Maria Deraismes’s home, they decided to
cooperate.
In March and April 1893, sixteen women were initiated, then elevated to the
degree of Fellow Craft and then to that of Master Mason. During the Master
Mason meeting on 1st April 1893, Maria Deraismes announced the foundation of
the first Lodge for men and women, LE DROIT HUMAIN; Georges Martin
asked to be affiliated. On 4th April 1893, the Lodge was founded and George
Martin was elected as Orator of the Grande Loge Symbolique Écossaise de
France, LE DROIT HUMAIN.
In 1889, Georges Martin married Irma Marie Eugénie Lainé, better known under
the name Marie Georges Martin, Grand Mistress of the Grande Loge Symbolique
Écossaise Mixte, LE DROIT HUMAIN, who constantly collaborated with him.
As the Martin couple had no children, Georges Martin decided to spend his
fortune on the construction of the “Maison du DROIT HUMAIN” (house of Le
Droit Humain), headquarters of the Order in nr 5 rue Jules Breton in Paris.
He sold his private mansion situated rue Vauquelin so as to have the necessary
funds to start building. He settled in, with his wife, in a small flat at nr 39
boulevard Saint-Marcel, before moving in to the rather gloomy three rooms they
had been allotted on the ground floor of the building.
In 1914, he sold the family property in Sologne to be able to pay the contractors.
Marie Georges Martin passed to the Grand Lodge Eternal on 7th November 1914,
and Georges Martin joined her on 1st October 1916.
The title deeds of the building were handed over by will to the “Société civile
immobilière LE DROIT HUMAIN”.
If the initiation of Maria Deraismes was the cornerstone of masonry for women,
Georges Martin was undoubtedly the initiator of freemasonry for men and
women as well as the organiser of the International Order of Freemasonry for
Men and Women LE DROIT HUMAIN.

Memento - Annexes 12
 GRANDE LOGE
SYMB∴ ÉCOSS∴ DE FRANCE
(SCOTT∴ SYM∴ OF FRANCE)

LE DROIT HUMAIN
-—-—-—- -⊂0⊃  ——-—-

CONSTITUTION

-—-—-—- -⊂0⊃  ——-—-

À LA GLOIRE DE L’HUMANITÉ
(TO THE GLORY OF HUMANITY)

Ordo ab Chao

First Constitution covering page published by LE DROIT HUMAIN

Memento - Annexes 13
 TO THE GLORY OF HUMANITY
ORDO AB CHAO

D ecla ra tio n o f P rin cip les (*)

(Translation)

The Scottish Symbolic Grand Lodge of France Le Droit Humain, founds its
Masonic Temple on Free Thinking, Morality, Solidarity and Social Justice.
In all circumstances Brothers and Sisters must give support, protection and
assistance to each other, even at the risk of their lives.
The Grand Lodge proposes to emancipate human minds, to improve its
members’ intellectual and social situations and recommend them never to
forget their duties towards the great human family, they are only its
vanguard.
Its members have the duty and obligation to spread the thoughts of Free
Thinking, Morality, Solidarity and Justice.
It is open to all people, without distinction of sex, religion, race,
nationality; its motto is: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.
As it imposes no limit in searching for truth, it guarantees total freedom of
thought to all its members, in all aspects of the mind, and recommends them
to be tolerant towards each other.
It asks only that its members be free and of good standing and, as it calls
on the good will of all, it accepts the help of all of who think that isolated
efforts are sterile and that we must unite in order to progress.
To think well, to speak well, to do well, to continue to search for truth in
order to achieve supreme social justice, to learn how to practise liberty,
equality, fraternity, justice and solidarity in lodges, to make use of them in
the profane world, to make the continuous development of human beings
certain, through theoretical study of all great scientific, social and moral
problems, using propaganda, written documents and books; these are the
duties that the Grand Lodge prescribes to all its members, by laying the
foundation stone of the first Masonic Temple open to both sexes and truly
raised to the glory of Humanity.

(*) This text has been approved during the approval of the Constitution of the Scottish
Symbolic Grand Lodge of France, LE DROIT HUMAIN, on 4th April 1893, E∴V∴.

Memento - Annexes 14
 II. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY
A few landmark dates:

From the creation of the Loge Symbolique Écossaise, le Droit Humain to the XIVth International
Convention - May 2012 - of the International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women LE
DROIT HUMAIN.

This historical summary is above all a chronological reminder of the events that marked the
foundation and the establishment of our Order as well as the development of its secular and masonic
statutes and constitutions.
A brief history of the geographical expansion of the Order was published in 1993 on the occasion of
the Order’s centenary under the title: “An outline on the origins and development of the International
Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women LE DROIT HUMAIN”.

14th January 1882 Initiation of Maria Deraismes in W∴L∴ “Les Libres Penseurs” (The
Free-thinkers) Orient of Le Pecq in France, Grande Loge Symbolique
Écossaise.

14th and 24th March 1893
and 1st April 1893
With the presence of Georges Martin, 16 profanes were initiated and
then elevated to the 2nd and 3rd degrees by Maria Deraismes according
to the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite ritual. They were to
become the founders of LE DROIT HUMAIN.
On the 1st April, during the first meeting at the 3rd degree, after having
received the oaths of the elevated Sisters, Maria Deraismes
announced the creation of the lodge. Georges Martin immediately
asked to be affiliated.

4th April 1893 Election of the Officers of the Lodge and creation of the Grande Loge
Symbolique Écossaise de France, LE DROIT HUMAIN, presided by
Maria Deraismes.
Georges Martin was elected Orator. He read the articles of the
Constitution that had been registered at the Ministry of the Interior and
the police headquarters. This text comprised 40 articles that were
preceded by a Declaration of Principles (See The Declaration of
Principles - in attachment).
The 2nd article indicated “the collective interests are managed by the
Officers of the Grand Lodge (the executive board) who are placed
under the control of a supervising council.”.

6th February 1894 Death of Maria Deraismes.

1895 - 1896 Foundation in Zurich of the first Lodge outside France that had
adhered to the Constitution of LE DROIT HUMAIN.
By decree dated November 9th 1895, “the section of the Orient of
Zurich will be registered in the Golden Book as Nr 1 for Switzerland
and, from this day on, as a result of this registration, will be in full
possession of all the connected rights attributed by the Grande Loge
Symbolique Ecossaise de France (Grand Symbolic Scottish Lodge of
France), LE DROIT HUMAIN.”.
Marie Georges Martin solemnly consecrated the Lodge on August
16th 1896.

Memento - Annexes 15
 26th April and The foundation of new lodges and the expansion outside of France,
7th May 1896 led, in 1896, to the adoption of a new Constitution called: “Grande
Loge Symbolique Écossaise Mixte, LE DROIT HUMAIN - Obédience
mixte - Juridiction universelle - Constitution et Règlements généraux”
(Grand Symbolic Scottish Lodge for Men and Women, LE DROIT
HUMAIN - Obedience for Men and Women - Universal Jurisdiction-
Constitution and General Regulations). This text was “voted after
deliberation by the executive board on May 7th 1896 in accordance
with the constituent powers that had been especially delegated to them
by the deliberation of April 26th 1896 which had been taken by the
Grand Lodge.”.
The introduction of the terms “for Men and Women” (mixte in
French) and “universal jurisdiction” are to be noted.
A Grand Council completed this new administrative organisation
established in 1893.
This Grand Council, (which has nothing to do with the Grand Councils
described in the current edition of the International Constitution),
comprised all the members of the executive boards as well as the
supervising council (See above the Constitution approved on 4th April
1893). Its role was to act as a mediator in the event of disagreement
between the executive board and the supervising council. It had the
power to examine the propositions of revision that were formulated by
either the Grand Lodge or the Sections (lodges) and was the only one
with the power to modify the Constitution.

15th March 1897 The new Obedience had difficulties in finding premises to house its
work. After several moves, the Brothers and Sisters were asked for
generous support. Georges Martin deposited the public limited
incorporated company statutes under the name of LE DROIT
HUMAIN, whose task was the exploitation of the premises to hold
meetings. Were then mostly concerned the premises located nr 51 rue
Cardinal-Lemoine, Paris Ve that would be the headquarters of the
obedience until 1914. A temple was built there and was inaugurated
on 28th November 1897.

Three dates marked the formation of the Supreme Council:

th
11 May 1899 Joseph Décembre-Alonnier (Grand Inspector General of the 33rd
degree, member of the Grand Orient de France) conferred the 4th to
the 33rd degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to six
members of Lodge Nr 1 who then constituted a provisional Supreme
Council.
5th July 1900 Four Brothers and Sisters were elevated to the higher degrees: from
the 4th to the 33rd degrees. The final constitution of the Supreme
Council was voted in but not made official.
12th June 1901 The officialisation of the “Suprême Conseil Universel Mixte”. The
Constitution and the general regulations of the Jurisdiction of the
“Suprême Conseil Universel Mixte” were published in the Monthly
Bulletin of Masonry for Men and Women (mixte in French) (from
February to June 1902).
The initial charters for lodges were issued under the obedience of the
“Suprême Conseil Universel Mixte”; in accordance with the
stipulations of “LE DROIT HUMAIN”, the indication of the
registration number that will be attributed in the new organisation.
Article five making clear that “the lodges may add a distinctive title
under the heading LE DROIT HUMAIN after the approval of the
Supreme Council.”.

Memento - Annexes 16
5th July 1900 The Supreme Council decided to form a Chapter Rose Croix, Valley
of Paris. First Lodge of higher degrees within the LE DROIT
HUMAIN, it was officialised in 1901.

1901 - 1911 During the first decade of the 20th century, LE DROIT HUMAIN
experienced a great development. In 1902, the first Lodge in Great
Britain, Lodge Nr 6, was established in London under the presidency of
Annie Besant who was to contribute to the spread of the Order
throughout the world. In 1903, the first Lodge of North America was
founded in the Orient of Charleroi, Pennsylvania.
The upshot of this international expansion was that the Constitution
adopted by the Supreme Council at the time of the foundation of our
Order, although it had been amended several times, was considered to
be too national, “too French”. Taking this into consideration, in 1911,
Georges Martin announced the need to organise an International
Convention in order to be able to elaborate an International Constitution
that would be written and approved by representatives of each and
every country where our Order was established.
Planned for 1914, it was only in 1920 that this Convention could be
held.

1904 Foundation of the first Areopagus of the Order, Camp of Paris (before
that date, the degree of Knight Kadosh was conferred by the Supreme
Council working at the 30th degree).

5th May 1904 Annie Besant was the first member of a non French Order and residing
outside France to be elevated to the 33rd degree

1912 - 1914 Construction of the building situated at nr 5 rue Jules Breton, Paris 13e.
The architect Charles Nizet drew up the plans.
The land was purchased in 1911 from the City of Paris, by Georges
Martin who sold his private mansion situated rue Vauquelin in the 5th
district to be able to have the necessary funds to start the primary
building work. He settled in with his wife in a small flat at nr 39
boulevard Saint-Marcel before moving in to the quarters, during 1913,
that had been reserved for them in rue Jules Breton. In 1914, he sold
the family property in Sologne to be able to pay the builders fully.

7th November 1914 Death, rue Jules Breton, of Marie Georges Martin.

22nd November 1914 Georges Martin created the “Société civile immobilière LE DROIT
HUMAIN” and according to article 5, contributed by “giving it the
building located in Paris, rue Jules Breton nr 5, 13th district”. Then he
wrote his will and testament which allowed him to bequeath his
properties to the Order.

16th July 1916 Following Georges Martin’s proposal, the Supreme Council approved
the creation of a standing committee. This committee was to include 4
members who were particularly competent and well informed of the
affairs of the Order. They were to meet each week in the secretarial
offices in order to examine administrative questions that needed a
prompt solution.

Memento - Annexes 17
September 1916 Inauguration of the Grand Temple rue Jules Breton.

1st October 1916 Death of Georges Martin.

November 1916 Marie Bonnevial was nominated President of the Supreme Council,
Grand Master of the Order and Lucien Lévi replaced Georges Martin
as the Grand Orator of the Supreme Council.

4th December 1918 Death of Marie Bonnevial.

16th February 1919 Eugene Piron was nominated President of the Supreme Council, Grand
Master of the Order.

9th to 15th August 1920 First international demonstration, first meeting of the Grand Inspectors
General and delegates of the various Federations, the first International
Convention was held at the headquarters of the Order in Paris. The text
of the International Constitution of the International Order of Co-
Freemasonry (for Men and Women) LE DROIT HUMAIN was
accepted and published under the title Constitution for the 33 degrees
of the Jurisdiction.
The Supreme Council, by organising this first International
Convention, abrogated the legislative power it had been granted by the
Constitution of 1901.
The International Constitution accepted in 1920, will be amended by
the ensuing International Conventions (from 1927 to 2007).

8th December 1928 Death of Eugène Piron.

27th January 1929 Lucien Lévi was elected Grand Master of the Order by the Supreme
Council.

1930 - 1945 At the end of the twenties, the situation became difficult in various
countries: economic depression, political upheavals not always
favourable, and sometimes even hostile, to Freemasonry, the ascent of
nationalism and totalitarianism. In many countries of southern
Europe, freemasons suffered repression from anti-masonic
movements and totalitarian regimes. Then came the Nazi oppression
that spread progressively to all the occupied countries.
During this turbulent period LE DROIT HUMAIN advanced,
progressed, then came to a halt.
The years during the second world war were particularly dark ones
for Freemasonry and cruel for many Masons. Several Federations of
LE DROIT HUMAIN, as well as the Supreme Council, were obliged
to stop their activity. The Grand Master, Henri Petit, who in a speech
in the International Constitution of 1947, declared: “Let us not forget
this terrible ordeal too soon; let us not forget those who have suffered;
let us not forget those who revived our Order after these terrible
years.”.
In the free world, Federations organised themselves in a semi-
independent state under the authority of the temporary Supreme
Councils in England and the United States of America.

Memento - Annexes 18
 26th May 1946 First meeting, in Paris, of the Supreme Council of International Co-
Freemasonry (for Men and Women) LE DROIT HUMAIN after the
second world war.
It approved the decisions taken by its standing committee since the
liberation of Paris.
The temporary Supreme Councils established in Great Britain and
the United States returned their powers to the Supreme Council of
International Co-Freemasonry (for Men and Women) LE DROIT
HUMAIN that ratified the decisions taken up to the 31st of
December 1945.
They retained the administration of Lodges that functioned under
their authority until 30th September 1946 with the exception of being
unable to elevate members to the 31st, 32nd, and 33rd degrees.
The provisional Supreme Council in London, on the strength of
article 34 of the International Constitution (published in 1934),
which allows a Jurisdiction that includes at least 5 Grand Inspectors
General to create a committee of Grand Inspectors General, obtained
authorisation from the Supreme Council to establish a Grand
Council of Grand Inspectors General. (Jurisdiction: country with one
or several Lodges).

22nd September 1957 The Supreme Council decided to create a diploma and an insignia of
masonic merit, in the International Co-Freemasonry (for Men and
Women) Order LE DROIT HUMAIN.

19th September 1976 For the first time the charge of Grand Master was bestowed upon a
Brother who was not French: namely Jacques Choisez, a member of
the Belgian Federation.

25th May 1978 Return of LE DROIT HUMAIN to Spain: Foundation of Lodge Nr

1264 “Francisco Ferrer y Guardi” at the Orient of Barcelona.

1978 - 1979 It had become necessary to give the Order a legal status in France:
the “Association Le Droit Humain International”, under the French
1901 law was constituted and then published in the “Journal
Officiel de la République Française”* on August 22nd 1978.
The association “Le Droit Humain” (set up in 1914) was replaced by
the « Association Georges Martin », as was published in the
“Journal Officiel de la République Française”* on March 27th 1979.
* Bulletin issued by the French Republic giving details of laws and
official announcements.

28th March 1980 Return of LE DROIT HUMAIN to Portugal: foundation of Lodge Nr

1294 “Humanidade” at the Orient of Lisboa (Lisbon).

Memento - Annexes 19
 1982 Celebration of the centenary of the masonic initiation of Maria
Deraismes.
On this occasion, wishing to remain faithful to the spirit of solidarity
of our founders, the Supreme Council associated all Federations and
Jurisdictions to a communal testimony of gratitude with a generous
gesture towards one of the poorest countries: Rwanda.
A commemorative medal was made; the net profit from the sales
along with numerous donations allowed the construction of five rural
centres where courses in domestic economics and techniques were
given, particularly to women, helping them in their emancipation.
In Paris, engravings to the memory of Maria Deraismes on buildings
and public monuments were revived. A marble plaque was affixed to
the façade of the building situated rue Cardinet where she was living
when she passed to the Grand Lodge Eternal.

20th - 23rd September 1990 As a sign of our expansion, for the first time the International
Convention was not held in the Grand Temple in the Order’s
headquarters, but in a profane location which had been converted to
permit our prescribed order of rites.

22nd September 1991 Establishment of Lodge no 1569 “Rĕtĕz Spojení - Chaîne d’Union”
at the Orient of Budapest which marked the return of LE DROIT
HUMAIN to Eastern Europe.

1993 1993 was marked by many events organised both by the Supreme
Council and the federations, jurisdictions and pioneer lodges to
commemorate the foundation of the 1st Lodge of LE DROIT
HUMAIN.
The Supreme Council celebrated this event with pomp in Paris on
22nd May 1993.
It published a historic brochure “sketching and retracing the origins
and the evolution of the International Co-Freemasonry (for Men and
Women) Order LE DROIT HUMAIN.”
It also obtained the release of a postage stamp with the effigy of
Georges Martin and Maria Deraismes.

10th May 1997 The International Convention decided to meet every five years.

2002 Split of the eastern Federation which also included the New Zealand
Federation as well as the Jurisdictions of Central America and the
Caribbean plus some members from other Federations. The
Indonesian Jurisdiction, which had been encountering difficulties to
survive in a hostile political and social environment, died.

19th May 2007 The International Convention decided the formation of a committee
to be responsible for the global revision of the International
Constitution.

Memento - Annexes 20
 16th May 2012 The Supreme Council voted the merger-acquisition of the
“Association Georges Martin” by “Le Droit Humain International”;
“Le Droit Humain International” becoming the owner of the building
located 5 rue Jules Breton. This acquisition was published in the
“Journal officiel de la République française” on ?.

17th, 18th, 19th, 20th 21st XIVth International Convention.

May Complete revision of the International Constitution during this
International Convention.
The committee for finances recommended the creation of a work
structure the aim of which was to quickly elaborate a development
policy for our Order.

22nd September Ratification of the new International Constitution by the Supreme

Council.

26th January 2013 Revision of the statutes of the “Association Le Droit Humain
international” and approval.

1st June 2013 The headquarters of “Le Droit Humain International” located 5 rue
Jules Breton is ranked as one of the Historical Monuments.

17th June 2013 Registration of the statutes of the “Association Le Droit Humain
International” by the Police headquarters of Paris.
Receipt of the Declaration of Modification of the association
n° W751046232.

Memento - Annexes 21
 III. THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

In a message sent to all Masonic Lodges for Men and Women of all degrees in the two hemispheres,
the Supreme Council declared: “Our Masonic Order, truly international, in order to obtain all its
strength and achieve maximum development, can only be registered and permanently constituted by
each country’s qualified representatives who are assigned to build together the communal law of the
Order for the 33 degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, adapted to freemasonry for men
and women, during an International Convention which will bring together the Grand Inspectors
General of the 33rd degree.”.
Georges Martin announced the principle of International conventions in March 1912, and hoped at that
time to be able to organise an International Convention in 1914 on the occasion of the inauguration of
the temple and headquarters of the Order located rue Jules Breton in Paris. However, the first
International Convention could only be held in 1920.

In 1920 The first International Convention brought together the Grand Inspectors
General of the 33rd degree in Paris, from the 9th to the 15th of August. It was
presided over by the Grand Master of the Order, Eugène Piron.

Their work was placed under the aegis of Maria Deraismes and Georges
Martin.
Twenty-one countries organised in jurisdictions and federations to which
should be added four countries directly linked to the Supreme Council, were
represented by 70 delegates elected by 312 lodges.
The Supreme Council, by organising this first International Convention,
abrogated the legislative power bestowed upon them by the first of the Order’s
regulations.
A new Constitution was approved (it was published in 1921 under the title
Constitution for the 33 degrees of the Jurisdiction adopted by the
International Convention of 1920). From then on, every seven years the
delegates of the federations and jurisdictions making up the Order were under
the obligation to meet in Paris, at the degree of Master Mason, to legislate.
The Supreme Council, composed of a minimum of 9 members, with a
maximum limited to 33 members, all Grand Inspectors General of the 33rd
degree, elected ad vitam, retained the executive power. The Supreme Council
was consecrated as the guardian of the Constitution and of the regulations of
the Order.
The principle of freedom of belief or non-belief in the eternity of spiritual life
was unanimously accepted. All lodges were allowed to work “To the Glory of
Humanity” or “To the Glory of the Grand Architect of the Universe”
according to their philosophical sympathies.
The conditions for the formation of a federation were fixed (7 lodges and 150
members) as well as the official relationships between the different
federations and the Supreme Council.
In future, each lodge would have a distinctive title to be entered in the Golden
Book, (this was authorised in 1901 but not generalised).

In 1927 The 2nd International Convention was held in Paris from the 8th to the 14th
September. The attending delegates represented 427 craft (symbolic/blue)
lodges and 137 lodges of higher degrees.
It was presided over by the Grand Master Eugène Piron and was the first
Convention to be held at the degree of Master Mason.

Memento - Annexes 22
 The International Convention had noticeable loopholes, which led to a
passionate debate. An effort was made, based on a fraternal attitude, to find an
understanding. The Grand Master came to the conclusion that the difficulties
the Convention was experiencing were due to the fact that the different
countries did not know each other sufficiently.
The International Convention’s main task was to try and clarify the notions of
federation and jurisdiction: “In order to facilitate the names of our Order’s
masonic bodies, the word jurisdiction will be applied to any country where
there are one or several lodges of the obedience while the word federation
will be applied to any national organisation which includes at least 7 lodges
and 150 members, whatever its form. ».
Maintaining the independence of the Co-Masonic Order with respect to all or
any other organisation, be they political, economic, philosophical or religious,
was added to the General Regulations.
The concept of the Great Architect of the Universe was established as a
Masonic symbol and accepted with due respect for the different interpretations
that could emerge.
The delicate question concerning the rituals and the Rules and Regulations of
the different Federations was resolved by the acceptance of the principle
whereby these were obliged to be approved by the Supreme Council.
The capitation fee that was previously 1 franc (paper money) for federation
members and 3 francs (paper) for members of lodges coming under the
Supreme Council’s authority, was raised to 0.60 franc (gold standard) for
federation members and 1.80 franc (gold standard) for lodge members.
A reserve of 0.35 franc (paper) per member was constituted for maintenance
of the Order’s headquarters buildings.

In 1934 From 10th to 14th of September 1934, the third Convention was presided over
by the Grand Master Lucien Lévi, who had been elected as Grand Master of
the Order in January 1929, after the journey of Grand Master Eugène Piron to
the Grand Lodge Eternal.

The International Convention decided to simplify its work by requesting a

preliminary examination of the different questions to be debated by 4
committees: the committee for the International Constitution, the committee
for rituals, the committee for requests, and the committee for finance.
The International Convention accepted, without any discussion, the correction
of certain words or phrases so as to make the text of the Constitution clearer
and more precise.
Several modifications were adopted, among them:
• the Supreme Council’s working method, its grand officers and its
members. These, (previously elected ad vitam) would now be elected every
7 years and be re-eligible.
• the organisation and working method of the federations, (the condition for
the formation of a federation becoming the existence of a minimum of 5
lodges comprising 100 members of the obedience).
• the powers and duties of the representatives and delegates of the Supreme
Council to the federations and jurisdictions were specified.
The different opinions emerging during the debate led to clashes concerning
rituals, the tuilleur, the ways and means of expansion and exteriorisation.
It was decided to take as General Tuileur of the International Co-Masonic
Obedience (for Men and Women) LE DROIT HUMAIN, a tuiler in
compliance with the decisions of the Convention of the Supreme Councils of
Lausanne in 1875. However, each country was allowed to retain the freedom
to use any tuilleur in use in their country.
During the examination of the requests, the delegates expressed their concern
about the threat to peace.

Memento - Annexes 23
 They expressed the wish to make the principles of our Order as well as its
aims and achievements, better known.
The capitation fee was reduced to 1 franc-gold for jurisdiction members
(lodges coming under the Supreme Council’s authority) and maintained at
0.60 gold-franc for federation members.
The Supreme Council elected Henri Petit as Grand Master of the Order.

In 1941 The International Convention was unable to be held because of the war and
the occupation of France.

In 1947 From the 8th to the 12th of September, the fourth Convention was presided
over by the Grand Master Henri Petit.

This was the International Convention devoted to rebuilding. There was deep
emotion as the delegates talked about the cruel losses that freemasonry had
suffered. The Federations, either present or represented, were from America,
Belgium, Brazil, Great Britain, Spain (dormant), Finland, France, Greece,
Holland, India, Indonesia, Scandinavia, Switzerland, Argentina, Chile,
Mexico and the Jurisdiction of Central America. The Italian Federation and
the Jurisdictions of Czechoslovakia and Peru were excused.
The modifications to the International Constitution made it possible, as a
result, to allow the continuation of the Supreme Council’s work even if, in the
event of war or unexpected events, all communication with it was interrupted
or impossible.
They also set up within the federations and under certain conditions, Grand
Councils of Grand Inspectors General, whose rights and duties were defined,.
The International Convention approved the request that all members should
personally strive in the secular world for all that could bring about the coming
of universal peace.
Even though everyone was rejoicing that our Order had resisted the trials and
ordeals of the war, one could not forget that a certain number of our members
were still the victims of oppression.
The Supreme Council elected Marguerite Martin as Grand Master of the
Order.

In 1954 From the 9th to the 12th of September 1954, the Convention was presided by
the Grand Master of the Order, Marguerite Martin.

After the reconstruction initiated during the 1947 Convention, the 5th
International Convention of the Order was the starting point of a new
expansion and a development of federations.
In the aftermath of the war years, delegates were particularly mindful of the
ways and means of establishing on a lasting basis the value of the words:
Peace, Concord, Union. The Convention condemned atomic experiments and
expressed its wish to ban weapons of mass destruction while waiting for a
general disarmament.
There was no real modification of the International Constitution, except for
some minor word corrections.
In order to increase and improve the relationships between federations, the
publication of an international news bulletin was resumed.
As for the finances of the Order, it was decided that the capitation (fixed at
0.60 francs based on the price of gold) should not follow the falling curve of
quoted prices for gold.
The Supreme Council elected Charles Cambillard Grand as Master of the
Order.

Memento - Annexes 24
In 1961 From the 7th to the 10h of September, the sixth Convention was presided by
the Grand Master Charles Cambillard.

From the start of the ceremony, as a matter of urgency, the Grand Master
insisted on the need to find the necessary funds to refurbish the headquarters
of the Order: the renovation as well as other building work still needed to be
done. The International Convention, reluctant to increase the capitation,
suggested calling upon voluntary contributions.
The Grand Master also outlined the need for a better control of the rituals. He
reminded members of the fact that lodges were neither allowed to modify a
ritual, nor to adopt a ritual from another federation without a lawful vote
of the lodge, after which the suggestion would be submitted to their
federation. It was decided that the Supreme Council was to take the final
decision. He encouraged each federation to set up a committee that would be
in charge of the revision of rituals.
By an amendment to the International Constitution it was decided that the
Supreme Council would establish the same passport book for all Sisters and
Brothers throughout all federations and jurisdictions of the Order.
The International Convention reiterated the wishes expressed by previous
International Conventions calling for the abandonment of the arms race.
What is more, the International Convention regretted that no legal disposition
in international law ensured the respect of the Universal Declaration of the
Rights of Man of 1948.
Charles Cambillard was re-elected as Grand Master of the Order by the
Supreme Council.

In 1969 From the 11th to the 14h of September, the seventh Convention was presided
by the Grand Master Charles Cambillard.

This International Convention should have been held in 1968, but it was
postponed due to domestic problems and events in France.
The Order celebrated its 75th anniversary with satisfaction.
However, even if it was globally healthy, its development was not everywhere
up to the expectations of its members. The lack of expansion or even depletion
in some countries was a danger for international equilibrium, both materially
and spiritually.
The Grand Master declared that it was necessary to wonder if “something
should be done to stop this slow loss of vitality that is a threat to a certain
number of our groups in spite of the sincerity and devotion of their
members.”.
This reflection was reiterated by the committee for requests which, in its
conclusions, underlined the common wish and determination to achieve the
modernisation necessary to make Masonic work more efficient.
This committee also wished for more communication between the Federations
and the Jurisdictions and realised this wish by proposing a common study of
general interest which would be chosen by the Supreme Council, among the
proposals of the Federations and the Jurisdictions. A synthesis of the report
would then be published in the International Bulletin.
The Supreme Council elected André Clément as Grand Master of the Order.

In 1976 From the 16th to the 19h of September, the eighth Convention was presided by
the Grand Master André Clément.

There were no important modifications to the International Constitution. It

was decided that, if they wished to do so, Federations could initiate candidates
who were 18 years old.

Memento - Annexes 25
 The committee for finances considered that the floating funds at the disposal
of the Supreme Council should represent at least one year’s capitation.
As a follow up to the suggestions of the committee for requests, the
International Convention confirmed the wish to improve relations between
Lodges of the Order. It requested that twinning should be facilitated and that
the international Bulletin should give more information. It also expressed its
opinion about the organisation of Masonic meetings with profane visitors. It
proposed questions that could be studied by the Federations and the
Jurisdictions, leaving the final choice to the Supreme Council which chose:
Recruitment. The Convention also proposed that “White masonic meetings”
(masonic meetings with the presence of profanes) should be organised.
For the first time a report on the international question was presented to the
International Convention: “The aspirations of our youth, in what way and how
can the International Masonic Order for Men and Women, LE DROIT
HUMAIN, respond?”.
The Supreme Council elected Jacques Choisez as Grand Master of the Order.

In 1983 From the 22nd to the 25th of September, the ninth Convention was presided by
the Grand Master Jacques Choisez.

The only wish retained was the approval of a text by which international
freemasonry for men and women LE DROIT HUMAIN stated its principles
and its aims and, deploring the lack of respect in numerous countries of the
rights of mankind and citizens, asserted its belief in a future of peace and
declared its determination through its Lodges to spread to all countries its
ideas of universal fraternity.
The International Constitution was amended. Among the main propositions
being approved were those where the Order defined the terms « Federation »,
« Jurisdiction » and « Pioneer Lodges » and determined the legislative,
executive and judicial powers; the number of members of the Supreme
Council, which was limited to 33 members, became « 33 members, not
including the Officers »; each Jurisdiction was represented by one Delegate;
the Supreme Council might confer the 33rd Degree Honoris causa; the
invocation “To the Glory of Humanity” became “To the Perfection of
Humanity”.
The report of the international question was presented: “The future of the
Order. How do you see the future of the Order? How can it be prepared? By
what practical means?”. The conclusions reflected the respect of our
structures as well as the loyalty to the spirit of our founders but every one
hoped for more dynamism and efficiency. We should give ourselves the
means to live in the present while taking into account the evolution of
mentalities and techniques.
The Supreme Council re-elected Jacques Choisez Grand as Master of the
Order.

In 1990 From the 20th to the 23rd of September, the tenth Convention was presided by
the Grand Master Jacques Choisez.

The International Convention did not have enough time to examine all the
proposed modifications of the International Constitution. Some minor wording
corrections were made. It should be noted that article n° 3 added the term
“spiritual” ([…] the maximum of moral, intellectual and spiritual
development, primary condition for happiness […]).

Memento - Annexes 26
 The committee for requests indicated that four main concerns were the basis
of the wishes: The wish to increase the internationalism of the Order,
combining the wish to communicate by developing relationships between the
authorities of the Federations and the Jurisdictions with the improvement of
relationships between all members; the wish to solve the financial problems
with due respect for equality and solidarity, and the assertion of the
international Convention as the sovereign and supreme authority of the Order.
After a long debate and with the equality of all members in mind, the
committee for finances decided that the capitation should be the same for all
members. However, the Supreme Council had the right to appreciate and
apply this decision on the basis of masonic solidarity.
The question proposed by the Supreme Council to be studied by the lodges
was: “LE DROIT HUMAIN is composed of a group of men and women of
different races and customs who however join together to share the same
ideal.”. The reporter emphasised the need for diversity in the way the question
and the answers were tackled, which led to the conclusion that under the
banner of LE DROIT HUMAIN, its members found what they were looking
for.
The Supreme Council elected Marc Grosjean as Grand Master of the Order.

In 1997 From the 8th to the 11th of September, the eleventh Convention was presided
by the Grand Master Marc Grosjean.

A large number of modifications to the international constitution were put

forward, which motivated the International Convention’s decision to limit the
number of propositions to a maximum of 10 per Federation or Jurisdiction and
that amendments to any article should be adopted by 3/5ths of the voters
present at the Convention.
Among the propositions many were rejected; others were approved due to
their clarification of terms or text.
Among the most significant changes can be mentioned: the meeting of the
International Convention every 5 years, the composition of the Supreme
Council was no longer limited to a maximum of 33 members, officers not
included, the introduction of the mention of the respect of secularism, the
obligation for appointed members of the 33rd degree to belong to a lodge of
perfection, the election of a committee for finances, a committee for an annual
report of the activities of the Supreme Council, the fact that once a Lodge is
struck off, it is automatically excluded from the Order.
Among the approved wishes, one noted the recurring wish to improve
relationships between the members of federations, jurisdictions and pioneer
lodges. It was moreover requested that any changes made to a ritual should be
explained and that the general regulations of the Order ought to specify the
role of each officer.
The convention approved the proposition put forward by the Grand Treasurer
for the creation of an associative fund.
The international question was “Freemasonry challenged by the social
problems of our time.”. The reporter indicated in his conclusions that our
members were concerned by the deterioration of modern society. The
masonic reaction was not always the same as some preferred interior progress
and self-awareness, while others wished for action to improve the social
situation. These two standpoints were not however in total opposition, and it
was generally admitted that we should be more active in the secular world.
The Supreme Council elected Njördur Njardvík as Grand Master of the Order.

Memento - Annexes 27
In 2002 From the 6th to the 9th of June 2002, the twelfth Convention was presided by
the Grand Master Njördur Njardvík.

In addition to several formal corrections and clarifications of terms which did

not modify the administration of the Order, the International Convention
limited the mandates of members of the Supreme Council and the Grand
Master, it confirmed that the side degrees were optional, it determined the
arrangements for the election of members of the Grand Councils, and decided
that the participation of 20 Master Masons should be required for the
establishment of a Jurisdiction.
A large number of wishes were expressed. The wishes approved were those
that sought more information concerning the Order, its Statutes, and its
establishments, as well as the motivations for the Supreme Council’s decisions
and a request for a global revision of the Constitution.
The reporter of the international question: “Tradition - Modernism -
Progress” indicated in his conclusions that in all the reports one found the
idea of evolution. It was requested that freemasonry should be existential, that
the internationalism of our Order be redefined, that LE DROIT HUMAIN
should be more involved in human and social values and more present in the
secular world.
Njördur Njardvík was re-elected as Grand Master of the Order.

In 2007 From the 17th to the 20th of May 2007, the thirteenth Convention was presided
by the Grand Master Njördur Njardvík.

The main modifications to the international constitution concerned the

officialisation of triangles of Grand Inspectors General and the removal of
articles that limited the number of Grand Inspectors General within a
Federation.
Among the wishes approved a certain number reiterated the wish already
expressed during the previous International Convention to be able to know
more about the activity and the life of the different Federations, Jurisdictions
and Pioneer Lodges, while other wishes stressed the need to better define
Masonic terms and to improve translations, especially those concerning the
International Constitution.
The most important decision was the setting up of an international committee
responsible for the revision of the International Constitution, its composition
and its functioning. Methods were defined and adopted.
Following the conclusions of the committee for finances, the International
Convention approved the expressed position concerning financial investments;
it approved the basic course of action for the budget for the period 2007 to
2011. Among other things, it authorised the participation of the Supreme
Council’s accounts department to pay a certain number of exceptional
expenses to the Georges Martin Association and to help Federations and
Jurisdictions on the condition that they have specific projects.
The reporter of the international question “That the light that has shone upon
our Work continues to shine within ourselves so that we complete outside the
undertaking that we began in the Lodge, but that it should not be exposed to
the view of the uninitiated. In what manner do the Brothers and Sisters
understand this at the dawn of the XXIst century?” summarised, in the
conclusions, the convergent and divergent opinions expressed by each person
in accordance with their own particular sensitivity and geographical location.
There were thus divergences in the definition of the notion of “Light” and
convergence, however, concerning the behaviour that each and every
Freemason should adopt within the secular world and concerning the work
that he has to accomplish.
The Supreme Council elected Danièle Juette as Grand Master of the Order.

Memento - Annexes 28
In 2012 From the 17th to the 20th May, the XIVth International Convention was
presided by the Grand Master of the Order Danièle Juette.

The report of the activity of the Supreme Council gave an excellent outlook of
all that had been done during the 5-year period.
The report of the international question : “The Founders of Our Order wanted
to reach one aim with its creation: act in such a way as to allow all human
beings to have the same rights. At the start of this millennium, what are these
rights? Through which concrete means can we realise and promote them
within the different societies and cultures where our Order is and will be
established?” stressed the importance of the right to freedom, to equality, to
fraternity, to dignity, to the respect of others, to justice, to the right of revolt
against oppression; it reminded that duties being the real source of rights, it
was necessary to promote them by all possible means wherever we were
involved. The reporter concluded that our Order should be present on all
building sites so as to enable it to beam and through its dynamism to allow it
to work to the perfection of a world where all human beings, prisoners of
terror or misery, could be free to express themselves and to believe.
The committee for finances recommends the creation of a work structure the
aim of which should be to quickly elaborate a development policy for our
Order. The members should be kept informed of the projects coming from this
structure.
The wishes retained were: - “Having more information about the life of the
other federations of LE DROIT HUMAIN so as to discover in which social
and political context they live, to know more about the way they work, to
know what is their conception of Freemasonry, to have common actions, to
exchange views about particular themes, to meet and to communicate more
easily.”; - “To pursue our goals outside… To be kept informed of the social
and masonic questions of other countries of LE DROIT HUMAIN!”; - “To
facilitate the visiting process of the lodges of LE DROIT HUMAIN, situated
in other countries.”.
The international committee (see International Convention of 2007) in charge
of the revision of the International Constitution presented a complete
rewording of the International Constitution. It led to 140 propositions on
which members voted during the International Convention. The very last vote
was the approval of the International Constitution.
Yvette Ramon was elected as Grand Master of the Order by the Supreme
Council.

Memento - Annexes 29
 IV. THE GRAND MASTERS OF THE ORDER

It was in her capacity as President of the Grand Council (see above “a few landmark dates”: 26th of
April and the 7th of May 1896) that Marie Georges Martin received the title of “Grand Mistress” for
the first time.
Our Sister carried this title by assimilation with the Grand Masters of the masculine Orders that
administered craft (symbolic/blue) lodges. In that era, the powers and functions were less than those of
the Most Puissant Sovereign Grand Commander, Grand Master of the Order.
Joseph Décembre-Alonnier assumed the presidency of the Supreme Council, until December 1902.

The Presidents of the Supreme Council,

Grand Masters of the Order International of Freemasonry for Men and Women
LE DROIT HUMAIN

1903 - 1914 Marie Georges MARTIN

1916 - 1918 Marie BONNEVIAL
1919 - 1928 Eugène PIRON
1929 - 1934 Lucien LÉVI
1934 - 1947 Henri PETIT
1947 - 1954 Marguerite MARTIN
1954 - 1969 Charles CAMBILLARD
1969 - 1976 André CLÉMENT
1976 - 1990 Jacques CHOISEZ
1990 - 1997 Marc GROSJEAN
1997 - 2007 Njördur NJARDVÍK
2007 - 2012 Danièle JUETTE
2012 - Yvette RAMON

Memento - Annexes 30
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES

GROSJEAN Marc « Georges Martin Franc-Maçon de

l’universel - Fondateur de l’Ordre Maçonnique Mixte
International : LE DROIT HUMAIN » 2 tomes. Éditions Detrad,
Paris 1988.

GROSJEAN Marc « Le Droit Humain International - 1913-1947

de l’éveil à la mise en œuvre ». Éditions Detrad Paris 2002.

PRAT Andrée « L’Ordre Maçonnique LE DROIT HUMAIN ».

Collection Que sais-je ? Puf, Paris 2003.

PUBLISHED BY LE DROIT HUMAIN:

Grande Loge Symbolique Écossaise de France LE DROIT

HUMAIN « Constitution 1893 ».

Bulletin de la Maçonnerie Mixte en France et à l’Étranger - 1895-

1906
Bulletin de la Franc-Maçonnerie Mixte pour la France et à
l’Étranger - 1907-1909.
Bulletin de la Franc-Maçonnerie Mixte LE DROIT HUMAIN -
1919-1939
Bulletin international - depuis 1954

The minutes of the International Conventions.

« Hommage à nos ainés » 1954

DESBORDES Germaine : conférences et discours.

« Esquisse sur les origines et l’évolution de l’Ordre Maçonnique

Mixte International « LE DROIT HUMAIN » préfacé par Marc
GROSJEAN, 1993.

« Grands Maîtres, vous avez la parole » Mai 2002.

▲
▲▲

Memento - Annexes 31