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Increased Ductility
Eases in Fabrication
- Use corner bars to hold & anchor stirrups.
Effect of Compression
Reinforcement
Compare the strain distribution in two beams
with the same As
Effect of Compression
Reinforcement
Section 1: Section 2:
T = As f s T = As f s
e s 0.003
=
( c − d ') c
e =
( c − d ')
* 0.003
s
c
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Strain Compatibility
Using equilibrium and find a
( As − As ) f y
T = Cc + Cs a =
0.85 f cb
a ( As − As ) f y ( r − r ') d f y
c= = =
1 1 ( 0.85 f cb ) 1 ( 0.85 f c)
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Strain Compatibility
The strain in the compression
steel is
d
e s = 1 − e cu
c
1 ( 0.85 f c) d
= 1 − 0.003
( r − r ' ) d f
y
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Strain Compatibility
Confirm
fy
e s e y = ; es e y
Es
1 ( 0.85 f c) d fy fy
e s = 1 − 0.003 =
( r − r ' ) d f E 29 x 10 3
ksi
y s
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Strain Compatibility
Confirm
1 ( 0.85 f c) d f y − 87
−
( r − r ') d f y 87
1 ( 0.85 f c) d 87
( r − r ')
87 − f
d f y y
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Find c
As f y + 0.85 f c ba = As f y
( Ass − As ) f y
c= a = 1c
0.85 f c b1
d −c fy
es = e cu e y =
c Es
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
If the statement is true than
a
M n = ( As − As ) f y d − + As f y ( d − d )
2
else the strain in the compression steel
fs = Ee s
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Return to the original equilibrium equation
d
As f y = AsEs 1 − e cu + 0.85 f cb1c
c
0.85 f cb1c + ( AsEse cu − As f y ) c − AsEse cu d = 0
2
d d
fs = 1 − Ese cu = 1 − 87 ksi
c c
Check the tension steel.
d −c fy
es = e cu e y =
c Es
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Another option is to compute the stress in the
compression steel using an iterative method.
fs = 29 x 10 1 −
( 0.85 f ) d
3 1 c
0.003
( r − r ' ) d f
y
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced
Rectangular Sections
Go back and calculate the equilibrium with fs’
T = C + C a =
( Af s y − As fs )
0.85 f cb
c s
a
M n = ( As f y − As fs) d − + As fs( d − d )
2
Limitations on Reinforcement Ratio
for Doubly Reinforced beams
Lower limit on r
3 f c 200
r min = (ACI 10.5)
fy fy
200 200
r= = = 0.00333
fy 60000
3 f c 3 4000
or = = 0.00316
fy 60000
( )
+ ( 0.62 in 2 ) ( 29000 ksi )( 0.003) − ( 2.4 in 2 ) ( 60 ksi ) c
− ( 0.62 in 2 ) ( 29000 ksi )( 0.003)( 2.5 in.) = 0
34.68c 2 − 90.06c − 134.85 = 0
c 2 − 2.5969c − 3.8884 = 0
Example: Doubly Reinforced
Section
Solve using the quadratic formula
c − 2.5969c − 3.8884 = 0
2
c=
2
c = 3.6595 in.
Example: Doubly Reinforced
Section
Find the fs’
d 2.5 in.
fs = 1 − Ese cu = 1 − 87 ksi
c 3.659 in.
= 27.565 ksi
c=
As f y − As fs
=
( 2.4 in 2
) ( 60 ksi ) − ( 0.62 in 2
) ( 27.565 ksi )
0.85 f c 1b 0.85 ( 4 ksi )( 0.85 )(12 in.)
c = 3.659 in.
( ) a
M n = As f y − As f s d − + As f s ( d − d )
2
( 2.4 in 2 ) ( 60 ksi ) 0.85 ( 3.659 in.)
= 15.5 in. −
− ( 0.62 in 2
) ( 27.565 ksi )
2
+ ( 0.62 in 2 ) ( 27.565 ksi )(15.5 in. − 2.5 in.)
Single Tee
Twin Tee
Box