RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Basic Biology experiment with title “ Respiration ”, that

arranged by :
Name : Andriani Nasrullah
Reg Number : 121444 1 035
Group : IV (Four)
Class : ICP A of Biology Education
Has been checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.

Makassar, Desember 2012

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

(M. Nur Qadry S, S.Pd) (Fitri)

ID. 091404168

Known by,
Lecturer of Responsibility

(Drs. H. Hamka L.Ms)

ID. 19621231 198702 1 005
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
All living things must be doing respiration. Respiration is the process of
oxidation of food or organic material that occurs in the cells. The function of the
respiratory system is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
atmosphere and the blood and between the blood and the body’s cells. The respiratory
system can be divided into two processes: breathing and respiration. First, air must
enter the body through breathing. Breathing is the mechanical movement of air into
and out of your lungs. Second, gases are exchanged in the body. External respiration
is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood, which occurs in the
lungs. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and the body’s
cells.
Tool respiration in animals have many variety between one animals to other,
there is a form of lung, gills, skin, trachea, even there are some organisms that do not
have the special tools respiration, so the oxygen diffuses directly from the
environment into the body, for example in multi cellular animals, porifera and
coelenterata. In the third animal, oxygen diffuses environment through the body
cavity, but in this experiment we will specifically observe insects and plants.
The process of respiration every living thing is different. The process that can
be either aerobic or anaerobic. In aerobic conditions, respiration requires oxygen and
releases carbon dioxide-free and energy. The amount of CO2 produced and the
amount O2 is used in aerobic respiration is not always the same. It depends on the
type of material used. In this experiment, we want to know the factors that cause of
differences in oxygen demand in organism if they are (animals and plants) take
oxygen for respiration.
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Respiration is the process of oxidation of food or organic material that occurs

in the cells that can be either aerobic or anaerobic. In aerobic conditions, respiration
requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide-free and energy. If the sugar is oxidized,
the reaction is:
C6H1206 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy
The amount of CO2 produced and the amount O2 is used in aerobic respiration is not
always the same. It depends on the type of material used (Hamka, 2012: 35).
Aerobic respiration, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the
organic fuel (aerobic is from the Greek aer, air, and bios, life). The cells of most
eukaryotic and many prokaryotic organisms can carry out aerobic respiration. Some
prokaryotes use substances other than oxygen as reactants in a similar process that
harvests chemical energy without using any oxygen at all; this process is called
anaerobic respiration (the prefix an- means Uwithoun. Te<:hnically, the term
cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes. However, it
originated as a synonym for aerobic respiration because of the relationship of that
process to organismal respiration, in which an animal breathes in oxygen. Thus,
cellular respiration is often used to refer to the aerobic process
(Campbel, 2009: 163).
Although very different in mechanism, aerobic respiration is in principle
similar to the combustion of gasoline in an automobile engine after oxygen is mixed
with the fuel (hydrocarbons). Food provides the fuel for respiration, and the exhaust
is carbon dioxide and water. Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be
processed and consumed as fuel, it is helpful to learn the steps of cellular respiration
by tracking the degradation of the sugar glucose (C6HI20 6):
~H1206+6 O2----+ 6CO2+ 6 H20 + Energy (ATP + heat)
Glucose is the fuel that cells most often use; wewill discuss other organic molecules
contained in foods later in the chapter (Campbel, 2009: 163).
The function of the respiratory system is to sustain cellular respiration by
supplying oxygen to body cells and removing carbon dioxide waste from cells. The
respiratory system can be divided into two processes: breathing and respiration. First,
air must enter the body through breathing. Breathing is the mechanical movement of
air into and out of your lungs. Second, gases are exchanged in the body. External
respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood, which
occurs in the lungs. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood
and the body’s cells (Glencoe, 2008: 1000).
Insect tracheal system is inefficient at transport of gases Oxygen is delivered
200,000 times faster and carbon dioxide 10,000 faster than in blood. The largest
insects know to exist would get adequate oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal
through simple diffusion. The insect respiration system has been designed to function
most efficiently at high levels of O2 consumption. The DGC respiratory pattern is
the insect’s attempt to use a high capacity system during periods of “metabolic
idling”. DGC is observed only in resting insects. DGC disappears when insects
increase their metabolic rate when cells use oxygen at a faster rate
(Burmester: 2005).
The brain directs the rate of breathing by responding to internal stimuli that
indicate how much oxygen the body needs. When the concentration of carbon dioxide
in the blood is high, the breathing rate increases because cells need more oxygen.
Inhalation is the act of taking air into the lungs. This causes the chest cavity to
expand as the diaphragm moves down, allowing air to move into the lungs. During
exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its normal resting position. This
reduces the size of the chest cavity as the diaphragm moves up. Air naturally flows
out from the greater pressure of the lungs (Glencoe, 2008: 1002).
A. Purpose
1. To prove that the living organisms need the oxygen for respiration.
2. To compare the need of oxygen at some types organisms, according to the size
and weight of the body.
B. Benefit
From the result of the practical work, we can know that the oxygen is very
important in the activities of respiration on the organism. Then we can compare the
needs of oxygen in some organisms, according to the type and size of the body
weight.
 CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day / Date : Wednesday/ November 28th 2012
Time : At 07.30 a.m until 09.10 a.m
Place : Laboratory of Biology on Third East Floor, Mathematic and
Science Faculty, State University of Makassar.
B. Tool and Material
1. Tools that used in this practice :
a. One set of simple respirometer
b. Spoit
c. Stopwatch
2. Materials that used in this practice :
a. Cotton
b. Vaselin
c. Crystal of KOH
d. Eosin solution
e. Mung bean sprouts (Phaseoulus radiates)
f. Cockroaches (Blataria sp.)
g. Grasshoppers (Discosteria Carolina)
B. Work Procedure
1. Experiment 1
a. Took 1 head and 1 tail grasshoppers, spiders, or other animals with the
same body weight size / almost the same.
b. Entered the locusts into a respirometer tube, the spider into the
respirometer tube B.
c. Wrapped a cotton slim 2 point crystal KOH, then entered / put on neck tube
respirometer.
 d. Respirometer jar lid with lid assciated with large scale glass pipe, then
place it on the back.
e. Apply vaseline on the connection respirometer tube with a lid to prevent
leaks.
f. Eosin solution used as drops on the glass scale until the end of the pipe into
the channel.
g. Observed eosin shifted scale of glass along the pipeline, and note how the
scale range from 0,0 per 1 minute.
h. Made observations to arrive at a scale of 10 eosin or eosin not shifted
anymore.
2. Experiment 2
a. Cleaned simple respirometer was used.
b. Worked with the same sort order in experiment 1, experiment 2 by used
similar animals with different body weight measures (did weight).
3. Experiment 3
a. Cleaned simple respirometer was used.
b. Worked with the same sort order in experiment 1, experiment 3 used bean
sprouts ground with the same weight (did weigh).
.
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result
1. Table of observation result
a. Experiment 1

No. Minute Type of organisms Scale shown eosin

Small grasshopper 0,30

1 1
Large grasshopper 0,32
Small grasshopper 0,39
2 2
Large grasshopper 0,45
Small grasshopper 0,43
3 3
Large grasshopper 0,65
Small grasshopper 0,45
4 4
Large grasshopper 0,77
Small grasshopper 0,45
5 5
Large grasshopper 0,89

b. Experiment 2

No. Minute Type of organisms Scale shown eosin

Small cockroaches 0,47

1 1
Large cockroaches 0,42
Small cockroaches 0,74
2 2
Large cockroaches 0,67
Small cockroaches 1
3 3
Large cockroaches 0,76
 Small cockroaches -
4 4
Large cockroaches 1
Small cockroaches -
5 5
Large cockroaches -

c. Experiment 3
Scale shown
No. Minutes Type of organisms
eosin

1 Mung bean sprouts 0,27

1

2 Mung bean sprouts 0,41

2

3 Mung bean sprouts 0,50

3

4 Mung bean sprouts 0,54

4

5 Mung bean sprouts 0,59

5

2. Analyze of data
𝒔
𝒗=
𝒕

V = speed of Respiration (mL/second)

s = Scale (mL)

t = Time (second)
a. Grasshoppers (Discosteria Carolina)
1) Small grasshopper
0,30
𝑣1 = = 50 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
60
0,39
𝑣2 = = 32 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
120
0,43
𝑣3 = = 23 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
180
0,45
𝑣4 = = 18 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
240
0,45
𝑣5 = = 15 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
300
2) Large grasshopper
0,32
𝑣1 = = 53 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
60
0,45
𝑣2 = = 37 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
120
0,65
𝑣3 = = 36 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
180
0,77
𝑣4 = = 32 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
240
0,89
𝑣5 = = 29 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
300
b. Cockroaches (Blataria sp.)
1) Small cockroaches
0,47
𝑣1 = = 78 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
60
0,74
𝑣2 = = 61 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
120
1
𝑣3 = = 55 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
180
𝑣4 = 0 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝑣5 = 0 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
 2) Large cockroaches
0,42
𝑣1 = = 70 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
60
0,67
𝑣2 = = 55 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
120
0,76
𝑣3 = = 42 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
180
1
𝑣4 = = 41 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
240
𝑣5 = 0 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
c. Mung bean sprouts (Phaseoulus radiates)
0,27
𝑣1 = = 45 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
60
0,41
𝑣2 = = 34 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
120
0,50
𝑣3 = = 27 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
180
0,54
𝑣4 = = 22 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
240
0,59
𝑣5 = = 19 × 10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
300
B Discussion
Based on the observation result above, we can see the respiration every living
things, especially mung bean sprouts (Phaseoulus radiates), cockroaches (Blataria
sp.), and grasshoppers (Discosteria Carolina). The weight was inversely proportional
with the used of oxygen, because every living things require O2 (Oxygen) in a large
more than weight in the body. Size of body organism affects the respiratory. If
organism has small size of body, the respiration occurred more quickly.
For the first experiment, there are two type of organism, they were small
grasshopper and large grasshopper. Needs of O2 of two organism was different.
Based on observation, we can see the large grasshopper take more oxygen than small
grasshopper. It wasn’t accord with theory. Those occurred because a large
grasshopper do the activity (movement) for more, so it took a lot of O2 for breathing.
It turned out that a lot of activities also influence respiratory. From the graphic, we
can see that the speed of respiration from grasshopper. The fifth minutes, speed of
large grasshopper was 29𝑥10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 and the speed of small grasshopper was
15𝑥10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. This proved the needs of O2 of both of grasshopper was
different.
For the second experiment, there are two type of organism, there were small
cockroaches and large cockroaches. Such as grasshopper, needs of O2 of this
organism was different. For the cockroaches, we can see the small cockroaches take
more oxygen than small cockroaches. It was accordance with theory that small
organisms will need more oxygen than large organisms. Because the respiratory
system from the small organisms is small, so it was need much oxygen to change the
carbon dioxide (CO2). In the observation for small cockroaches in fourth minutes,
eosin already passed 1 scale and for large cockroaches eosin already passed 1 scale in
fifth minutes. This proved that small cockroaches has speed for respiration faster than
large cockroaches. Beside that, the respiration of cockroaches faster than grasshopper,
because the size of cockroaches largest than grasshopper.
 For the third experiment, we observed mung bean sprouts. We take in 5 mung
bean sprouts in respirometer. The speed of respiration of mung bean sprouts was
slowly. In first minutes the shown eosin was 0,27 scale, and in the last minutes the
shown eosin was 0,59 scale. Beside that, the speed of respiration from one minute to
minute was slowly. The first minutes, speed of respiration is 45𝑥10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
and the last minutes is 19𝑥10−4 𝑚𝐿/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. If we compared the plant and animal
respiration, the scale in respirometer it was slowly than scale in animal. It showed
that the animal need more oxygen than the plant, the graphic showed different
between the plant and animal respiration. It showed that type of organism influence
the respiratory.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Based on the experiment we can concluded that:
1. Organism needed oxygen (O2) and released carbon-dioxide-free (CO2) for
respiration.
2. Several factors that influenced the process of respiration in organisms that was
weight or size of body the organism activity, and type the organism. Every
living things required O2 (Oxygen) in a large more than weight in the body. If
organism has small size of body, the respiration occurred more quickly and
organism that do the activity (movement) for more, so it taken a lot of O2 for
respiration. Furthermore, animals need more oxygen more than the plants that
was showed that type of organism influence the respiratory.
B. Suggestion
1. For apprentice it is expected to friends groups to cooperate and discuss the
results of observation.
2. For assistant it is expected to explain how to compare the respiration to
animals.
3. For laboratory was completed the tools for the sake of supporting the
activities and fluency practice.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Campbell, Nail A. 2009. Campbell Biology Eighth Edition. San Fransisco: United
State of America
Hamka, L. 2012. Guide Book of Basic Biology. Makassar: Biology Department,
Mathematic and Science Faculty, State University of Makassar.
Glencoe. 2008. Biology. United States Copyright Act.

Burmester, T. 2005. A welcome shortage of breath. Nature. 433: 471-472.

http://www.sith.itb.ac.id/profile/pakAR/RESPIRASI.pdf. Accessed on
nd
November 23 2012.