Asynchronous transfer mode(ATM) is a switching technique used by

telecommunication networks that uses asynchronous time-division multiplexing to ‫ اوال اين اسماء المجموعه‬:Commented [a1]
encode data into small, fixed-sized cells. This is different from Ethernet or internet,
‫ثانيا اكتبوا النقاط الرئيسية‬
which use variable packet sizes for data or frames. ATM is the core protocol used
over the synchronous optical network (SONET) backbone of the integrated digital
services network (ISDN).

ATM Architecture
ATM is a combination of hardware and software that can provide either an end-to-end
network or form a high-speed backbone. The structure of ATM and its software components
comprise the ATM architecture, as the following illustration shows. The primary layers of
ATM are the physical layer, the ATM layer, and the ATM Adaptation layer.
ATM Architectural Diagram

Public ATM Private ATM

switch switch
CPE
End End
SW
point Point
ATM
Network SW
Public Private
UNI SW SW UNI
SW
Public
ATM end UNI
point
End
NNI NNI Point
Infrastructure Of ATM

‫ وضحوا محتوى الصورة‬:Commented [a2]

How does an NNI differ from a UNI? speak about the frame differences also :Commented [a3]
its very important

User-Network Interface (UNI) and Network Node Interface(NNI) are supported by

Cicso ME switch. UNIs are usuually connected to a host, e.g. PC. NNIs are usually
connected to a router or switch. The default state of UNI is usually off to prevent
people from accessing other private networks. UNI does not support the exchange of
routing information across the interface; while NNI exchanges such exchange.

What is the relationship between TPs, VPs, and VCs?

 In PVC the connection setup is very simple. The corresponding table entry is
recorded for all switches by the administrator (remotely and electronically). An
outgoing DLCI is given to the source, and an incoming DLCI is given to the there is no DLCI in ATM :Commented [a4]
destination. speak about the paths that ATM divided visually
see the lecture
 PVCs have 2 drawbacks: this is something different :Commented [a5]

 Costly…pay for connection all the time

 A connection is created from one source to one single destination. If a source
needs connections with several destinations, it needs a PVC for each
connection.
 SVC creates a temporary, short connection that exists only when the data are being
transferred between source and destination. SVC requires establishing and
terminating phases
  TP (transmission path) is the physical connection between a user and a switch
or between two switches. It is divided into several VPs (virtual paths), which
provide a connection or a set of connections between two switches. VPs in
turn consist of several VCs (virtual circuits) that logically connect two points
together."

How is an ATM virtual connection identified?

is identified by a virtual path identifier (VPI) and a virtual circuit identifier define them or speak little bit about them :Commented [a6]

Difference BW ATM WAN and ATM LAN? here speak about the way that atm use in lan :Commented [a7]
and the type

LANE Architecture when can you use this things :Commented [a8]
and the differences bw it and Ethernet frame
LANE consists of two primary components: the LANE client and the LANE services. The LANE
client allows LAN protocols and applications that use LAN to function as if they were communicating
with a traditional LAN. It exposes LAN functionality at its top edge (to users) and native ATM
functionality at its bottom (to the ATM protocol layers).
The LANE services are a group of native ATM applications that hide the connection-oriented nature of
ATM from connectionless legacy protocols. These services maintain the databases necessary to map
LAN addresses to ATM addresses, thus allowing the LANE clients to create connections and send data.
The LANE services components can reside anywhere on an ATM network, but most ATM switches are
included with LANE services components installed. Therefore, for practical purposes, LANE services
reside on an ATM switch or group of switches.
The three primary LANE services are the LAN emulation configuration server (LECS), the LANE
server (LES), and the Broadcast and Unknown server (BUS). The LECS distributes configuration
information to clients, allowing them to register on the network. The LES manages one or more
Emulated LANs (ELANs). It is responsible for adding members to the ELAN, maintaining a list of all
the members of ELAN, and handling address resolution requests for the LANE clients. The BUS
handles broadcast and multicast services, as shown in the following figure. “LANE Client, LECS, LES,
and BUS.”
LANE Client, LECS, LES, and BUS

Lane Client Interaction with ATM Network

When the LANE client seeks to join the network, the first thing it must do is find the LECS because the
LECS gives the client the address of the LES managing the ELAN that it seeks to join. Without the
LES address, the client cannot communicate with other members of the ELAN. At initialization the
client has neither established a connection to any ATM switch nor to the switch or other entity
containing the LECS. The client must establish an ATM connection, preferably a connection directly to
the configuration server.
 Format of the LANE (LAN Emulated ) frames and compare it
with the format of the Ethernet frame ?

format of the Ethernet frame

The Ethernet frame structure is defined in the IEEE 802.3 standard. Here is a graphical
representation of an Ethernet frame and a description of each field in the frame:

 Preamble – informs the receiving system that a frame is starting and enables
synchronisation.
 SFD (Start Frame Delimiter) – signifies that the Destination MAC Address field begins
with the next byte.
 Destination MAC – identifies the receiving system.
 Source MAC – identifies the sending system.
 Type – defines the type of protocol inside the frame, for example IPv4 or IPv6.
 Data and Pad – contains the payload data. Padding data is added to meet the minimum
length requirement for this field (46 bytes).
 FCS (Frame Check Sequence) – contains a 32-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
which allows detection of corrupted data.
 The differences BW ATM and Frame relay?
1- Although both techniques are based on end to end delivery of quantized data, there are
many differences in terms of sizes of the data quanta, application network types,
controlling techniques etc.
2. Although ATM uses fixed size packets (53 bytes) for data communication, frame relay uses
variable packet sizes depending on the type of information to be sent. Both information
blocks have a header in addition to data block and transfer is connection oriented.
3. Frame Relay is used to connect Local Area Networks (LAN) and it is not implemented
within a single area network contrast to ATM where data transfers are within a single LAN.
4. ATM is designed to be convenient for hardware implementation and therefore, cost is
higher compared to frame relay, which is software controlled. Therefore frame relay is less
expensive and upgrading is easier.
5. Frame relay has a variable packet size. Therefore it gives low overhead within the packet
which results it an efficient method for transmitting data. Although fixed packet size in ATM,
can be useful for handling video and image traffic at high speeds, it leaves a lot of overhead
within the packet, particularly in short transactions.

• FR operates in just the physical and data link layers. This means it can be used as a
backbone network to provide services to protocols that already have a network layer
protocol, such as the Internet.
• FR allows bursty data
• FR allows a frame size of 9000bytes, which can accommodate all local area network
frame sizes.
• FR is less expensive than other traditional WANs.
• FR has error detection at the data link layer only. No flow control or error control. FR
was designed in this way to provide fast transmission capability for those protocols
that have flow and error control at the higher layers.

The advantage and disadvantage of ATM and Frame Realy ?

Advantages Of ATM :
 ATM Advantages
 ATM supports voice, video and data allowing multimedia and mixed services over a
 single network.
 High evolution potential, works with existing, legacy technologies
 Provides the best multiple service support
 Supports delay close to that of dedicated services
 Supports the broadest range of burstiness, delay tolerance and loss performance through the
implementation of multiple QoS classes
 Provides the capability to support both connection-oriented and connectionless traffic using
AALs
 Able to use all common physical transmission paths like SONET.
 Cable can be twisted-pair, coaxial or fiber-optic
 Ability to connect LAN to WAN
 Legacy LAN emulation
 Efficient bandwidth use by statistical multiplexing
 Scalability
 Higher aggregate bandwidth
 High speed Mbps and possibly Gbps

ATM disadvantages
 Flexible to efficiency’s expense, at present, for any one application it is usually possible to
find a more optimized technology
 Cost, although it will decrease with time
 New customer premises hardware and software are required
Competition from other technologies -100 Mbps FDDI, 100 Mbps Ethernet and fast Ethernet
 Presently the applications that can benefit from ATM such as multimedia are rare
The wait, with all the promise of ATM’s capabilities many details are still in the standards
process

Frame Realy

Advantages

 Cost Savings: FR offers reduction of physical local loops over private line network
as frame uses a virtual circuit for each new connection
 Higher circuit utilization: FR makes use of physical circuit by statistically
multiplexing multiple PVCs over a single physical circuit
 Higher network availability: FR network employs switches that support automatic
routing of PVC around circuit failure
 Extended Technology Life Duration: FR is backwards compatible with older
technologies like X.25 and forward compatible with newer technologies like ATM
and MPLs
 Protocol Independence: Supports wide variety of application transports and meets
the throughput requirements.
 Performance: FR services offers higher speed with lower delay as compared to X.25

Disadvantages

 44.736 Mbps data rate is not enough for protocols with higher data rates
 Allows variable length frames
 Create varying delays for different users
 Not suitable for sending delay sensitive data such as real; time voice or video or
teleconferencing.