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Abstract––Signature of an individual is a significant local features that classifies each input signature based on
biometric attribute of a human being which can be used artificial neural network and has many number of uses. The
to certify human identity and these attributes can have neural networks is the most outstanding way of finding
own identity like face recognition, fingerprint detection, solution of the problems that are most difficult to solve by
iris inspection and retina scanning. In this work, we are traditional computational methods. The advantage of neural
developing method which deals with the off-line network is no need to understand the solution.
signature recognition system using artificial neural
network in which the signature is captured and presented While signer is signing, there are variations in terms of pen
in the form of an image to the system. Offline signature width, additions found in strokes, exchange or qualified
recognition system is a significant biometric technique, point of strokes, scaling within the genuine signatures and
which is used to offers automated process of recognition rotation. Our system is motivated to overcome these
and verification by extracting local features that variations. Our system gives high level of accuracy.
classifies each input signature and has many number of
uses. The proposed system has local texture features and Objectives
feed forward back propagation in an artificial neural The objective of our system is used to develop
network classifier to identify and authenticate signatures preprocessing phase which is processed on input
of individuals. Various image processing techniques are signature image. This preprocessing phase include
used to categorize and validate the signature. conversion of original image into grey scale,
conversion of grey into binary image, noise
Index Terms––Image acquisition, RGB-to-Grayscale reduction, thinning and resize.
conversion, feature extraction, artificial neural network The objective of our system is used to develop
feature extraction phase for classifying signature. In
this phase, we are extracting texture features from
INTRODUCTION
signature which are entropy, homogeneity, contrast,
Signature is generally acknowledged & used as a way
correlation and energy.
for authorization in our daily life, which is an important
The objective of our systems is used to recognition
biometric attributes of human used to verify human
of signature by signers. In this phase, we have to
identification. Manual signature is fundamental
compare the texture features of test images with
procedure for individual, which is used for uncovering of
features of train images. If it’s matched then the
the document of signer with the assumption that the
given signature is identified else not.
signature varies slowly & virtually unfeasible to falsify
without detection. A signature is difficult to replicate and
broadly used to identify an individual delivering his day OVERVIEW OF SYSTEM
by day events such as document study, bank activities, Offline signature recognition system is an automated
electronic funds transfer and access control. A signature process of detection by extracting local features that
as a behavioral biometric encrypts the ballistic actions of classify each input signature. In this system, we initiate
an individual and allows higher intra-class and time by images are scanned using scanner, elaborated the
inconsistency, estimates the physical qualities which are input signature by preprocessing, the extraction of
fingerprint, iris or face. texture features from the preprocessed images and
analyze the signature with the signature stored in the
Depending on exhaustion, psychological and physical knowledge base using classification technique. If its
state, and lettering location (ergonomics), signatures match then input signature is recognized else not.
vary. The marker accelerations, which are comparative
to the muscle forces exerted by the signer, are reliable in
a usual signature.
Motivation
Offline signature recognition system is a significant
biometric technique, which is used to offers automated
process of recognition and authentication by extracting Fig. 1 System overview.
Thinning
It is one of the morphological procedures, which is
constructed with procedures on pixel sets.
Morphological operations take two arguments: binary
image and structuring element. To conserve the aspect
ratio of signature image, thinned signature image goes
through normalization step. The thinned image consists
of 0’s and 1’s constituted by pixel sets, where the pixels
in the signature become less. This procedure is shown in
Figure 5.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2: Block diagram of proposed work.
Fig. 3: RGB form of image to gray-scale conversion. (a)
RGB form of image. (b) Gray-scale form of image.
The major steps of the signature recognition are
explained as follows:
Image Acquisition
The action of retrieving an image from the hardware based
source is known as image acquisition, so that it can pass
through the processes which occur after image acquisition.
The first step in the workflow sequence is image
acquisition, because without an image, processing is (a) (b)
impossible. Handwritten signatures are signed on the white
Fig. 4: Noise reduction of image. (a) image contains
paper by the individuals at different timing under different
noise. (b) noise reduction.
emotions such as stress and joy levels and these signatures
are scanned by using scanner of desired dpi resolution in
jpeg image format for the creation of the database.
Pre-Processing
It is a technique to augment raw images by removing
distortions and is the first part of the proposed system
prior to computational processing. We have used RGB- (a) (b)
to-grayscale conversion, gray scale to binary image
conversion, noise reduction, thinning and resizing for Fig. 5: Thinning of image. (a) binary form of image. (b)
pre-processing. thinned image.
Noise Reduction
A signature images are corrupted due to addition of
unwanted elements or noisy channels and also gets
ruined due to destructive effects caused from lighting Fig. 6: Horizontal division.
process of recognition and authentication by extracting Verification by the Tracking of Feature and Stroke
local features that classifies each input signature and has Positions,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 36, pp. 91–
many number of uses. The proposed system has local 101, 2003.
texture features and feed forward back propagation in an [6] Vamsi Krishna Madasu, “An Automatic Offline
artificial neural network classifier to identify signature. Signature Verification and Forgery Detection
By using training algorithm called feed forward back System”, University of Canberra, Pattern
propagation, we can train a neural network using Recognition Technologies and Applications:
extracted features from the signatures. The artificial Recent Advances, 63-89, 2004.
neural network has given expected results. Our proposed [7] M. Hanmandlu, M. H. M. Yusof, and V. K.
system exhibited 85-90%success rate by identifying the Madasu, "Off-Line Signature Verification and
signatures correctly that it was taught for purpose. Forgery Detection using Fuzzy Modelling”,
March-2005, vol. 38, pp. 341-356.
Few more efficient features can be included to improve [8] Johannes Coetzer, “Off-Line Signature
our system. The performance of the system can be Verification”, Journal, University of Stellenbosch,
increased by using additional features in dataset. We can April -2005, 45-90.
increase accuracy of identification by increasing [9] Juan J. Igarza , Inmaculada Hernáez, Iñaki
signature of trained images for each individual. Our Goirizelaia, Koldo Espinosa and Jon Escolar,
system gives 90-99% accuracy based on number of input “Off-Line Signature Recognition based on
signature. Dynamic Methods”, Dept. of Electronics and
Telecommunications, University of the Basque
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