Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 308–314

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Assessment of fresh properties and compressive strength of

self-compacting concrete made with different sand types
by mixture design modelling approach
Tayeb Bouziani ⇑
Structures Rehabilitation and Materials Laboratory (SREML), University of Amar Telidji, UATL, Laghouat, Algeria

h i g h l i g h t s

 Sand is the main component in SCC, for that, it has a larger effect on their fresh and hardened properties.
 A mixture design modelling approach is used to highlight the effect of RS, CS and DS on the properties of SCC.
 Statistical models are established to predict fresh and hardened properties of SCC as function of different sand types.
 Ternary contour plots are used to provide flexibility in optimizing RS, CS and DS blends.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The present paper provides a statistical approach to evaluate the effect of different sand types on the
Received 20 April 2013 properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). A mixture design modelling approach was used to highlight
Received in revised form 24 August 2013 the effects of river sand (RS), crushed sand (CS) and dune sand (DS) as proportions in binary and ternary
Accepted 27 August 2013
systems, on flowability, passing ability, segregation and mechanical strength of SCC. The responses of the
Available online 18 September 2013
derived statistical models are slump flow, v-funnel time, L-box, stability and compressive strength at 2, 7
and 28 days. The derived mathematical models make it possible to illustrate the variation of different
Keywords:
responses in ternary contour plots with respect to the proportions of RS, CS and DS. This provides flexi-
Mixture design modelling
River sand
bility to optimize RS, CS and DS blends with tailor-made of a given property that suit particular recom-
Crushed sand mendations. Results indicate that when flowability requirements are combined, proportions of DS and CS
Dune sand in binary or ternary systems with RS must be below 0.24 and 0.6 respectively. Moreover, it is shown that
Fresh properties passing ability can be satisfied by using a CS proportion above 0.3 in RS–CS binary system and above 0.65
Compressive strength in CS–DS binary system. On other hand, proportions above 0.5 of CS in RS–CS binary system and above 0.2
SCC of DS in RS–DS binary system are recommended to meet stability limits. Results also indicate that com-
pressive strength at 2, 7 and 28 days increased with the increase of CS proportion and decreased with the
increase of DS proportion in binary and ternary systems.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a new type of concrete which
main characteristic is to fill the forms and consolidate without the
need of vibration [1]. Along with these advantages, SCC results in
considerable reduction of the acoustic noise levels and the use of
secondary raw materials. Recently, there is a growing interest on
SCC technology in southern countries. The principal reasons for
this interest are not only for the technical advantages of SCC, but
concern also the severe shortage of coarse aggregates in these
countries even though sands of different types and grading (such
as dune sand and crushed sand) are available in large quantities
⇑ Tel.: +213 73 73 90 61.
E-mail address: t.bouziani@yahoo.fr
[2,3]. In this regard, the development of new concretes that require
less coarse aggregates to be used, such as SCC responds to some of
the urgent needs of the construction sector. The limitation of
coarse aggregates volume in SCC is also one of the most factors
affecting their passing and filling abilities while preventing segre-
gation [4,5].
On the other hand, several research works have investigated the
use of sand as total or partial substitute of coarse aggregates to de-
velop new concretes, which have mechanical properties compara-
ble with conventional concretes [5,6]. In fact, sand is the main
component in SCC, besides coarse aggregates, cement, mineral
additions and superplasticizers. For that, the sand type and grada-
tion have a larger effect on fresh and hardened properties of SCC.
Due to the fineness of sand, SCC requires a high water demand
and a large cement content to achieve high fluidity. Therefore,

0950-0618/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.039
 T. Bouziani / Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 308–314 309

the use of superplasticizers and fine powders are thus two of the
central aspects of self-compacting concrete mixture proportioning
[7–9]. Sand from natural deposits or crushed rocks is a suitable
material used as a fine aggregate in concrete production [2]. Bédé-
rina et al. [6], reported that dune sand is a useful component in
optimizing particle size distribution of river sand and thereby
improving workability and compressive strength of sand-concrete
mixtures. Kay et al. [10] also investigated the potential of using
dune sand as fine aggregates in concrete. Results indicated that
dune sand may provide a readily available alternative material
for use as fine aggregate in concrete. Crushed sand, produced from
crushing rocks units, can has a large potential of applications in
various fields of civil engineering [3]. The employment of crushed
sand may be a second alternative source of filler and thereby can
improve the cost effectiveness of SCC, by reducing the demand
for external filler addition [11].
Nowadays, some research results about the effect of sand type
on the properties of flowable mixtures have been established, how-
ever, the related researches are focused on flowing sand-concretes
and self-compacting mortars [12,13]. Therefore, the effects of sand
type and content on fresh and mechanical properties of SCC needs
more investigate.
In this study, the properties of SCC made with different sand
types have been evaluated in term of flowability, passing ability
and stability. Mechanical strengths of SCC were also investigated.
A mixture design modelling, based on statistical approach was
used to highlight the effect of three types of sands proportions, riv-
er sand (RS), crushed sand (CS) and dune sand (DS) on these
properties.
(RS, CS and DS) on the properties of SCC. All other SCC components
(coarse aggregate, cement, addition, superplasticizer and water)
were kept constant. The simplex-lattice design is a space filling de-
sign that creates a triangular grid of combinations, as shown in
Fig. 1, where the number of combinations (C) is expressed by the
flowing relation:
ðq þ m  1Þ!
C¼ ð1Þ
m!ðq  1Þ!
where, q is the number of factors and m the number of levels.
With three factors and five levels, the number of combinations
to be treated is 21.
Using this approach, a mathematical model describing the ef-
fect of three types of sands proportions and their blends on given
property can be established. In this study, a second-degree model
was used with three non-independent variables (proportions of
RS, CS and DS) and five levels. The model is expressed as follows:
Y ¼ b1  RS þ b2  CS þ b3  DS þ b4  ðRS  CSÞ þ b5  ðRS
 DSÞ þ b6  ðCS  DSÞ ð2Þ
The model’s coefficients (bi) represent the contribution of the
associate variables on the response Y. These coefficients are deter-
mined by a standard least-square fitting. Analyses of variance are
used to evaluate the significance of each term in the model. The
residuals are used to calculate the variance of the coefficients,
which is used to find the standard for testing whether a coefficient
is significant or not [20].
3. Experimental program

2. Mixture design approach 3.1. Materials

Statistical modelling approaches are commonly used to identify
the relative significance of primary mixture parameters and their
coupled effects on relevant properties of SCC [14–19]. For the
present work, experiments were designed according to a mixture
design approach. In contrast to classical non-mixture designs
(factorial and response surface designs), all factors are constituent
proportions of a mixture. Since these proportions must always sum
to 1, the last component proportion is dictated by the sum of all the
others. In this mixture situation, the factors are not independent,
which has consequences on the design process [20].
A simplex-lattice mixture design was carried out, with three
factors and five levels, to evaluate the effect of three types of sands
Ordinary Portland Cement CEM I 42.5 and marble powder lime-stone type were
used in this study. The chemical and physical properties of cement and marble
powder are presented in Table 1. Three types of sand (RS, CS and DS) and crushed
limestone-type gravel were used. The particle size gradations obtained thorough
sieve analyses method of selected sands and gravel are presented in Fig. 2. The max-
imum sizes of aggregates are 10 mm for gravel, 5 mm for RS, 4 mm for CS and
1.63 mm for DS. Moreover, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) views of RS, CS
and DS grains are given in Fig. 3. SEM investigations reveal the rounded shape of
RS and DS grains and the angular shape of CS grains. They show also the finesse
of DS grains and the high filler content of CS. Physical properties of used aggregates
are presented in Table 2. A polycarboxylate-type high range water reducing superp-
lasticizer was used. The solid content, pH and specific gravity of the superplasticizer
are 30%, 6 and 1.07 respectively.
3.2. Mixture proportions

A total of 21 SCC mixtures were prepared for this investigation. In all the mix-
CS 7 tures, the amounts of gravel, cement, marble powder, superplasticizer and water
0,1 were kept constant. The mix proportioning has been designed according to AFGC
0,9 recommendations [21]. In other words, the gravel/sand ratio was kept equal to 1
0,2 and the volume of paste was chosen 360 l/m3 (in the range 330–400 l/m3). Total
0,8 12 2 sands content was 848 kg/m3, in which 21 combinations from different proportions
0,3
0,7
Table 1
0,4
0,6 Chemical composition and physical properties of cement and marble powder.
14 3 10
0,5 Analysis (%) Portland cement Marble powder
0,5
0,6 CaO 65.9 55.6
0,4 11 4 8 19 SiO2 21.9 0.6
0,7 Al2O3 4.8 0.4
0,3
Fe2O3 3.5 0.2
0,8 MgO 1.6 0.1
0,2 21 16 13 9 15
K2O 0.5 –
0,9
DS

0,1 SO3 0.48 –

CaCO3 – 90
18 1 20 17 6 5 Na2O – –
0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 Cl 0.1 0.1
RS LOI 1.2 43
Specific density 3.1 2.7
Fig. 1. Illustration of the simplex-lattice design with three factors (RS, CS and DS) Blaine Surface (cm2/g) 2792 2126
and five levels.
310 T. Bouziani / Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 308–314

100 Table 2
RS CS
Physical properties of aggregates.
90 DS Gravel

80 Property Aggregate
70 RS CS DS Gravel
Passing (%)

60 Specific density 2.65 2.7 2.67 2.75

50 Fineness modulus 3.03 2.14 1 /
40 Sand equivalent 87.7 82.8 91 /
Absorption (%) 1.79 5.71 2.04 1.83
30
20
10
0 Table 3
0,01 0,1 1 10 Sands combinations and test results of prepared SCC mixtures.
Sieve diameter (mm)
Mix. Sands Fresh properties Compressive
N° combinations strength (MPa)
Fig. 2. Particle size gradations of RS, CS, DS and gravel.
RS CS DS Slump V-funnel H2/ P (%) Rc- Rc-7 Rc-
flow (cm) time (s) H1 2 28
1 0.8 0 0.2 79 7 0.84 13 7.2 22.2 41.4
2 0 0.8 0.2 59 23.45 0.81 3.3 8.05 26.3 46.8
3 0.2 0.6 0.2 61 10.13 0.74 8.4 8.4 23.1 43.9
4 0.4 0.4 0.2 71 13.8 0.83 7 7.19 21 45.8
5 0 0 1 42 30.08 0 0 5.02 18 37.6
6 0.2 0 0.8 62 18.42 0.84 6.72 6.03 22.2 37.8
7 0 1 0 66,5 18.38 0.89 4.7 9.3 29 48.7
8 0.2 0.4 0.4 60,8 20.45 0.9 9.48 6.9 22.8 40.5
9 0.2 0.2 0.6 68 20.1 0.75 9.68 6.2 21.7 39.3
10 0 0.6 0.4 54 24.6 0.8 1.6 7.6 24.6 45
11 0.6 0.4 0 71 12 0.85 1 6.7 20.9 40.6
12 0.2 0.8 0 77 10.68 0.81 12.6 8.9 26.1 47.3
13 0.4 0.2 0.4 66 32 0.88 4.5 6.8 20.04 42.9
14 0.4 0.6 0 75 11.5 0.87 7.6 7.6 23 42.8
15 0 0.2 0.8 48 27.01 0.45 0.6 7 23 39.8
16 0.6 0.2 0.2 75 10.4 0.82 3.8 6.3 20.4 40.3
17 0.4 0 0.6 60 29 0.74 0.8 6.3 19.8 39.5
18 1 0 0 74 9.08 0.83 6.5 7.8 25.4 43.4
19 0 0.4 0.6 52 25.18 0.65 1.3 7.48 23.6 41.8
20 0.6 0 0.4 71 12.8 0.85 4.4 6.1 19.7 39.6
21 0.8 0.2 0 77 8 0.82 10.4 7.5 22.8 42.4

Table 4
Model parameters estimates of fresh properties responses.

Term Slump flow (cm) V-funnel time (s) H2/H1 P (%)

R2 = 0.87 R2 = 0.64 R2 = 0.78 R2 = 0.66
Coeff. p-value Coeff. p-value Coeff. p-value Coeff. p-value
b1 74.8 <0.0001 7.6 0.0135 0.8 <0.0001 18.3 <0.0001
b2 65.3 <0.0001 15.1 0.0003 0.8 <0.0001 9.5 0.002
b3 43.5 <0.0001 29.1 <0.0001 N-S 0.0539 N-S 0.9662
b4 N-S 0.208 / / N-S 0.9737 N-S 0.6844
b5 41.6 0.0082 N-S 0.538 1.6 0.0005 / /
b6 / / / / 0.8 0.0381 / /

Table 5
Model parameters estimates of compressive strength responses.

Term Rc-2 (MPa) Rc-7 (MPa) Rc-28 (MPa)

R2 = 0.83 R2 = 0.85 R2 = 0.84
Coeff. p-value Coeff. p-value Coeff. p-value
b1 7.4 <0.0001 24.7 <0.0001 42.7 <0.0001
b2 9.4 <0.0001 28.8 <0.0001 49.3 <0.0001
b3 5.5 <0.0001 20.1 <0.0001 37.2 <0.0001
b4 4.2 0.0108 19.7 <0.0001 12.3 0.0111
b5 / / 8.8 0.0301 / /
b6 / / / / / /

of three sands (RS, CS and DS) were carried out using the mixture design plan (as
presented in Table 3). Gravel content was 880 kg/m3. Cement and marble powder
contents were 380 kg/m3 and 199 kg/m3 respectively. Water to binder ratio was
Fig. 3. SEM views of (a) RS, (b) CS and (c) DS grains. 0.4. The amount of superplasticizer was 1.6% by weight of cement.
 T. Bouziani / Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 308–314 311

Fig. 4. Residuals plots for: (a) Slump flow, (b) v-funnel, (c) L-box ratio H2/H1, (d) segregation ratio P, (e) Rc-2, (f) Rc-7 and (g) Rc-28.

3.3. SCC preparation and testing procedure
In mixing, gravel, sands, cement and marble powder were blended first then
high-range water reducing superplasticizer and water were added to the mixture.
Immediately after mixing, flowability, passing ability and stability were evaluated
using the following tests: slump flow (cm), v-funnel time (s), L-box (expressed by
H2/H1 ratio) and sieve test (expressed by the percentage (P) of the mass of mortar
which passed through the sieve). Mechanical compressive strength of SCC was also
determined using 16  32 cm cylinders. Compressive strength was measured for 2,
7 and 28 days (Rc-2, Rc-7, and Rc-28 respectively).
312 T. Bouziani / Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 308–314

CS CS
0,1 0,1
0,9 0,9
0,2 0,2
0,8 0,8
0,3 0,3
0,7 0,7
0,4 0,4
0,6 0,6
0,5 0,5
0,5 0,5
0,6 0,6
0,4 65 0,4 0.85 0.85
70 0,7 0,7
0,3 60 0,3 0.8
0,8 0,8
0,2 55 0,2 0.7
75 0,9 0,9
0,1 0,1 0.5

DS
0.9

DS
0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1
RS
Fig. 7. Ternary plot of L-Box ratio (H2/H1) as function of RS, CS and DS proportions.
Fig. 5. Ternary plot of slump flow (cm) as function of RS, CS and DS proportions.

CS
CS 0,1
0,1 0,9
0,9
0,2
0,2 0,8
0,8
0,3 0,3
0,7 0,7
0,4 0,4
0,6 0,6
0,5 0,5
0,5 0,5
0,6
0,4 16 0,6
0,4 9
0,7
0,3 22 12 0,7
12 0,8
0,3
0,2 6
0,8
26 0,9 0,2 15
DS

0,1
0,9
8 3

DS
0,1
0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1
RS
0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1
Fig. 6. Ternary plot of v-funnel time (s) as function of RS, CS and DS proportions. RS

Fig. 8. Ternary plot of sieve stability (%) as function of RS, CS and DS proportions.
4. Test results and discussion

4.1. Statistical models
The test results of 21 SCC mixtures are summarized in Table 3.
These results are used to establish statistical models that can de-
scribe the effects of RS, CS and DS proportions as well as all possi-
ble interactions in binary and ternary systems, on the variation of
each response. The coefficients of proposed models (Eq. (2)) are
evaluated basing on student’s distribution, to eliminate non-signif-
icant (N-S) terms. In this study, the acceptance probability for the
coefficients is set at a p-value less than 0.05. Coefficients of derived
models (Coeff.), correlation coefficients (R2) and p-values for fresh
properties and compressive strength responses are shown in
Tables 4 and 5 respectively.
Tables 4 and 5 indicate that the derived models have a good
correlation coefficients, except for v-funnel (R2 = 0.64) and P
(R2 = 0.66). A negative coefficient indicates that the increase in
associate factor results in a reduction of the response. However,
it should be taken in account that the increase in a given factor,
leads to a decrease in other factors, because the factors are constit-
uent proportions of a mixture.
The derived models have been established using the method of
least squares that consists minimising the sum of squares of
residuals. Before using these models, the residuals between ob-
served and predicted responses must be analyzed to validate the
models and make sure that there is no more structural information
in the results. The residuals plots shown in Fig. 4, indicate that the
points seem to be distributed randomly for all studied responses.
Given this information, we assume that there is no more informa-
tion to be extracted from these responses.
4.2. Exploitation of models
The derived statistical models are useful tools in understanding
the effect of various sand proportions and their binary and ternary
interactions on SCC properties. The examination of the derived
models allows the identification of major trends and predicts the
most suitable sands proportions for SCC mixtures. This can reduce
the cost, time and effort associated with the selection of the appro-
priate sand types and proportions for a given SCC property.
For example, as shown in Table 4, the slump flow is influenced,
in significant proportion order, by RS, CS, DS and then the interac-
tion between RS and DS proportions. However, the v-funnel time is
influenced, in significant proportion order, by DS, CS and RS. The RS
 T. Bouziani / Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 308–314
Fig. 9. Ternary plots of compressive strength (MPa) as function of RS, CS and DS proportions: (a) 2 days, (b) 7 days and (c) 28 days.
proportion had the greatest effect on the slump flow (74.8). But, DS
proportion had the greatest effect on the v-funnel time (29.1).
The established models can be used to present results in con-
tour plots that illustrate the effects of RS, CS and DS proportions
on flowability, passing ability, stability and compressive strength
of SCC.
Ternary contour plots presented in Fig. 5, illustrate the effects of
RS, CS and DS proportions on slump flow of SCC mixtures. From
this figure, it can be seen that the increase of CS and DS proportions
in binary systems RS–CS and RS–DS or ternary system RS–CS–DS,
decreased slump flow diameter. This can be explained by the high
absorption coefficients of CS and DS (5.71% for CS and 2.04% for
DS). It can be also seen that DS proportion has the greatest effect
on the reduction of slump flow. For example, a slump flow of
69.5 cm can be reached with 0.5 of RS and 0.5 of DS, however, a
slump flow of 74.5 cm with 0.5 of RS and 0.5 of CS. Results in
Fig. 5 indicate also that the sand composed with more than 0.5
of DS proportion in RS–DS and CS–DS binary systems, yielded
SCC mixtures with slump flow values less than 55 cm, that don’t
meet the range proposed by AFGC recommendations [21]. Similar
effects of CS and DS proportions with RS, on slump flow of self-
compacting mortars have been reported by Benabed et al. [13].
For the binary system RS–CS, all obtained slump flow values are
above 65 cm.
Fig. 6 illustrates the ternary contour plots of v-funnel time for
SCC mixtures made of RS, CS and DS. As illustrated in Fig. 6, v-fun-
nel time increased as the proportions of CS and DS increased in RS–
CS, RS–DS and RS–CS–DS blends. This is apparently caused by the
high water absorption of both CS and DS. It can be also seen that
the sand composed with more than 0.6 of CS proportion in RS–CS
and more than 0.24 of DS proportion in RS–DS, produce SCC mix-
tures with v-funnel time values above 12 s, which is out the range
recommended by EFNARC [22]. For the binary system CS–DS, all
obtained v-funnel time values are above 12 s.
The effect of different sands proportions on the L-Box ratio
(H2/H1) is plotted in Fig. 7. Results show that for the binary sys-
tem RS–DS, the ratio H2/H1 increased with the increase of DS
proportion until a maximum value of 0.93 (corresponding to
the proportion 0.3 of DS and 0.7 of RS) and then decreased. This
may be due to the filling effect of DS grains; i.e. the fine grains of
DS filled spaces between the coarser grains of RS, thereby increas-
ing the compactness of the mixture, which results in a smaller
volume of voids to be filled and hence larger amount of excess
paste is gained for lubrication purpose in SCC mixture. Once the
voids were completely filled, the fine grains then began to occupy
the place of coarser grains, and consequently the compactness of
the mixture decreases. It should be also indicated that propor-
tions of DS more than 0.6 in RS–DS binary system, leads to a
values of H2/H1 above 0.8, limit prescribed by EFNARC
recommendations.
313
On the other hand, the increase of CS proportion in RS–CS and
CS–DS binary systems increased the value of H2/H1 ratio. By using
a CS proportion above 0.3 in binary system of RS–CS or above 0.65
in binary system of CS–DS, SCC mixtures exhibit values of H2/H1
above 0.8.
Ternary contour plots showing the influence of RS, CS and DS
proportions on stability of SCC (expressed by the percentage P of
passing mortar mass through the sieve 5 mm) are presented in
Fig. 8. From this figure, it can be seen that SCC made of only RS ex-
hibit a P value higher than 15%, that don’t meet the range recom-
mended by AFGC (0–15%). The increase in DS and CS proportions
with RS, as binary and ternary systems, enhanced stability by
decreasing P values. As shown in Fig. 8, it is remarkable that the
sand composed with more than 0.5 of CS proportion in RS–CS bin-
ary system and more than 0.2 of DS proportion in RS–DS produce
SCC mixtures with P below 15%. For CS–DS binary system, all ob-
served P values are below 15%.
Compressive strength plots at 2, 7 and 28 days are shown in
Fig. 9. It was observed that ternary contour plots have a compara-
ble shape. Results in Fig. 9 show that compressive strength in-
creased with the increase of CS proportion in RS–DS binary
system and decreased with the increase of DS proportion in binary
systems (RS–DS and CS–DS) and ternary system. The increase in
compressive strength may be attributed to the high fine content
and angular shape of CS grains (Fig. 3b), that can enhance compact-
ness of sand mixture. However, the decrease observed in compres-
sive strength may be due to the finesse and rounded shape of DS
grains (Fig. 3c), that can enhance porosity of the mixture.
5. Conclusions
The mixture design modelling developed in this experimental
work is useful to evaluate the effect of three types of sand propor-
tions (RS, CS sand and DS), in binary and ternary systems, on fresh
and hardened properties of SCC. Using only 21 SCC mixtures, this
statistical design approach provides mathematical models that
can be used to present results in ternary contour plots. Such graph-
ical representation offer a simple visual tool for optimizing RS, CS
and DS proportions in binary and ternary systems, to meet differ-
ent performances criteria of SCC such as flowability, passing ability,
stability and compressive strength.
Based on obtained results, the following conclusions can be
drawn
- Slump flow decreased and v-funnel time increased with the
increase of CS and DS proportions in RS–CS and RS–DS binary
systems and RS–CS–DS ternary system. Sand binary systems
(RS–DS and CS–DS) composed with more than 0.5 of DS propor-
tion, yielded SCC mixtures with slump values below 55 cm, that
don’t meet the range proposed by AFGC recommendations.
314 T. Bouziani / Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 308–314
Sand blends composed with more than 0.6 of CS proportion in
RS–CS and more than 0.24 of DS proportion in RS–DS, produce
SCC mixtures with v-funnel time values above 12 s, which is
out the range recommended by EFNARC.
- The passing ability, expressed by H2/H1 ratio, increased with
the increase of DS proportion in RS–DS binary mixture until a
maximum value of 0.93 (corresponding to the proportion 0.3
of DS and 0.7 of RS) and then decreased. However, proportions
of DS more than 0.6 in RS–DS binary system leads to a values of
H2/H1 ratio above 0.8, limit prescribed by EFNARC recommen-
dations. The increase of CS proportion in RS–CS and CS–DS bin-
ary systems increased the value of H2/H1 ratio. By using a CS
proportion above 0.3 in of RS–CS or above 0.65 in CS–DS, SCC
mixtures exhibit a satisfying passing ability.
- The increase in DS and CS proportions with RS as binary or ter-
nary systems, enhanced stability (decreased P values). Propor-
tions above 0.5 of CS in RS–CS binary system and above 0.2 of
DS in RS–DS produce SCC mixtures with P values in the limits
recommended by AFGC (0–15%).
- Compressive strength at 2, 7 and 28 days increased with the
increase of CS proportion in RS–DS binary system and decreased
with the increase of DS proportion in RS–DS and CS–DS binary
systems and in ternary system.
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