This article was downloaded by: [University of Connecticut]

On: 01 April 2015, At: 12:12

Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Journal of Adhesion Science and

Technology
Publication details, including instructions for authors and
subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tast20

Effect of fine aggregate replacement

with desert dune sand on fresh
properties and strength of self-
compacting mortars
a a b c
Benchaa Benabed , Lakhdar Azzouz , El-Hadj Kadri , Said Kenai &
a
Akram Salah Eddine Belaidi
a
Civil Engineering Laboratory, University of Amar Telidji,
Laghouat, Algeria
b
Click for updates Laboratory of Mechanics and Civil Engineering Materials
(L2MGC), University of Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy-pontoise, France
c
Geomaterials Laboratory, University of Saad Dahleb, Blida,
Algeria
Published online: 26 Aug 2014.

To cite this article: Benchaa Benabed, Lakhdar Azzouz, El-Hadj Kadri, Said Kenai & Akram
Salah Eddine Belaidi (2014) Effect of fine aggregate replacement with desert dune sand on fresh
properties and strength of self-compacting mortars, Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology,
28:21, 2182-2195, DOI: 10.1080/01694243.2014.950625

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.950625

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the
“Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis,
our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to
the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions
and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,
and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content
should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources
of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims,
proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or
howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising
out of the use of the Content.
 This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any
substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing,
systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms &
Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-
and-conditions
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015
 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2014
Vol. 28, No. 21, 2182–2195, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.950625

Effect of fine aggregate replacement with desert dune sand on fresh

properties and strength of self-compacting mortars
Benchaa Benabeda*, Lakhdar Azzouza, El-Hadj Kadrib, Said Kenaic and
Akram Salah Eddine Belaidia
a
Civil Engineering Laboratory, University of Amar Telidji, Laghouat, Algeria; bLaboratory of
Mechanics and Civil Engineering Materials (L2MGC), University of Cergy-Pontoise,
Cergy-pontoise, France; cGeomaterials Laboratory, University of Saad Dahleb, Blida, Algeria
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

(Received 11 June 2014; final version received 28 July 2014; accepted 29 July 2014)

This paper presents the results of an experimental study that investigated the rheo-
logical and mechanical properties of self-compacting mortars incorporating fine dune
sand (DS), which has a tight Particle size distribution. Mortar mixtures were pre-
pared with crushed sand (CS) or river sand (RS) in which the fine aggregates were
replaced partially by different percentages of DS of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The
effect of DS on the fresh mortars properties was studied using the mini-slump flow,
V-funnel flow time and viscosity measurements tests. Compressive strength and flex-
ural strength were determined at age of 3, 7 and 28 days. Experimental results indi-
cate an improvement in fresh rheological without reducing in mechanical properties
of self-compacting mortars when fine aggregates were replaced partially with DS
(50%). However, at high-level DS replacement (75%) the slump flow decreases. The
replacement of the DS to the CS or to the RS shows an increase in the mixture vis-
cosity. In general, the compressive and flexural strength were not significant affected
with an increase in DS replacement. Finally, based on the results obtained in this
investigation, DS may provide a readily available alternative material as fine aggre-
gates in mortar application.
Keywords: self-compacting mortar; dune sand; slump flow; v-funnel; viscosity;
mechanical properties

Introduction
Cement-based materials are the most abundant of all man-made materials and are
among the most important construction materials, and it is most likely that they will
continue to have the same importance in the future. However, these construction and
engineering materials must meet new and higher demands. When facing issues of
productivity, economy, quality and environment, they have to compete with other
construction materials such as plastic, steel and wood. One direction in this evolution is
towards self-compacting concrete (SCC), a modified product that, without additional
compaction energy, flows and consolidates under the influence of its own weight. The
use of SCC offers a more industrialised production. Not only will it reduce the
unhealthy tasks for workers, it can also reduce the technical costs of in situ cast
concrete constructions, due to improved casting cycle, quality, durability, surface finish
and reliability of concrete structures and eliminating some of the potential for human

*Corresponding author. Email: b.benchaa@mail.lagh-univ.dz

© 2014 Taylor & Francis

 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 2183

error. However, SCC is a sensitive mix, strongly dependent on the composition and the
characteristics of its constituents. It has to possess the incompatible properties of high
flowability together with high segregation resistance. This balance is made possible by
the dispersing effect of high-range water-reducing admixture (superplasticiser)
combined with cohesiveness produced by a high concentration of fine particles in
additional filler material.[1] The main mechanisms controlling this fine balance are
related to surface physics and chemistry; hence, SCC is strongly dependent on the
particle packing and the activity of the admixtures, as well as on the large surface area
generated by the high content of fines in cementitious matrix.[2] Fresh SCC, like all
cementitious materials, is a concentrated particle suspension with a wide range of
particle sizes (from 10–7 to 30 mm for concrete). The particles are affected by a com-
plex balance of interparticle forces (i.e. interlocking, frictional, flocculation, colloidal,
van der Waals and electrostatic forces), generating a time dependence and viscoplastic
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

non-Newtonian behaviour. In addition, concretes have irreversible time-dependent

properties as a result of the chemical reactions.[3]
As aggregates represent 60–80% of the total volume of concrete, it is obvious that
their influence on the fresh and hardened concrete is substantial. Properties of fine par-
ticles (<63 μm) and their influence are often neglected, because traditional standard
methods for characterising aggregates are deficient. The content of fine particles, by
volume or weight, is often small but the number of particles and their total surface area
are large. A content of 3 volume % of particles finer than 63 μm (EN 933-1 [4], or
75 μm according to ASTM C33-97 [5]) is considered harmful, but these particles and
their surface properties may have a considerable influence on the quality of the con-
crete, in either fresh or hardened state.[6]
The utilisation of sands rich in fines may be a second alternative source of fillers.
These sands may also enhance the cost-effectiveness of SCCs, by reducing the demand
for external filler addition.[7] The use of quarry dust in SCC is expected to offer
significant economic benefits to quarries and concrete producers.[8–11] However, the
quality of sands rich in fines should be carefully investigated before the use in concrete
application. In case of normal concrete, the proportion of fines in sands is usually
rather limited. Fine fraction of sand may affect the properties of SCC in an either
positive or negative way. For example, the existence of clay in the aggregate has such
an adverse effect as weakening the bond of the cement mortar and aggregate in the
concrete. In addition, it can delay the cement hydration as well as spoiling the volume
stability of the concrete.[12]
In many desert regions, there is an abundance of very fine natural sand known as
dune sand (DS). There is limited amount of previous work conducted on the use of
DSs in concrete production. Bédérina et al. [13] have studied the possibility of exploit-
ing local sand available in large quantities in a sand concrete. This study showed that
the correction of the granular distribution by means of mixing two local sands in prede-
termined proportions has allowed obtaining a more workable, more compact, and more
resistant sand concrete.
In concrete design, the dosage and fineness of aggregates have an important
influence on quality of fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Brouwers and Radix
[14] have found that the fine sand is useful component in optimising the particle size
distribution and thereby increasing the flowability, stability and mechanical properties
of concrete mixes.
Kay et al. [15] investigated the potential of using DS as fine aggregates in con-
crete. Results indicated that DS can be used as fine aggregate in concrete production.
 2184 B. Benabed et al.

Banfill et al. [16] have also studied the effect of very fine sand dredged from river
estuaries on concrete mixtures. It was found that as the sand content increases, the
water required for a given workability increases and the strength development is not
different than conventional concrete. Laquerbe et al. [17] studied the effect of using
laterite gravel and DS as aggregates for concrete. Physical and mechanical properties
of the different aggregates as well as concrete strengths in compression and tension
were measured. The authors showed that, the laterite gravels can be used instead of
basalt or limestone, and DS can serve as a substitute for seashore sand. Azzouz et al.
[18] used DS in combination with recycled waste brick aggregates in concrete.
Bouziani et al. [19–22] have studied the properties of flowable concrete made with
DS.
It should be noted that no detailed investigation has been done to study the effect
of DS on some properties of self-compacting mortars. In this research work, some part
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

of sand (crushed or river) is replaced by DS at amounts of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%,

keeping all the other ingredients and proportions constant. The effect of varying DS
contents on the rheological and mechanical properties of fresh and hardened mortar
was investigated using the following tests: slump flow, flow time, viscosity measure-
ments, compressive and flexural strengths.

Materials
The materials used in this study were readily available in Algeria particularly the DS in
South of Algeria which covers 60% of this area. In this research, Ordinary Portland
cement (OPC) CEM I type with a strength class of 42.5 conforming to EN 197-1 [23],
was used. Its chemical and physical properties are shown in Table 1. Three different
sands have been used, crushed quarry sand (CS), river sand (RS) and DS. Table 2 pre-
sents the physical properties of these sands. The grading curves of the fine aggregates
are shown in Figure 1. A superplasticiser, high-range water type was used for all
mixes. The specific gravity of the admixture is 1.0 with 30% of solid content. Tap
water was used in all mixes and the temperature of water was kept about 20 °C.

Table 1. Chemical and physical properties of cement.

Cement (OPC)
Chemical composition analysis (%)
SiO2 21.7
CaO 65.7
MgO 0.7
Al2O3 5.2
Fe2O3 2.7
SO3 0.6
MnO –
K2O 0.4
TiO2 –
Na2O 0.7
CI 0.01
Loss of ignition 0.3
Physical properties
Specific density 3.15
Fineness (m²/kg) 300
Compressive strength at 28 days (MPa) 44
 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 2185
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

Figure 1. Particle size distributions of different sands.

Mix proportions
Ten mixture proportions were made. Two were control mixtures without DS, and the
other mixes contained DS. Fine aggregates (CS or RS) were replaced with DS by weight.
The proportions of fine aggregates replaced were 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. For all mortar
mixtures, cement content, sand/mortar (S/M) ratio and water–cement (W/C) ratio were
kept constant. Further details about the mixture proportions are given in Table 3.

Mixing procedure
The control of mixing procedure is very important to obtain a uniform homogeneity for
the mortar. The mixing procedure has been kept similar for the different sands.
First cement and all fine aggregates were mixed for 30 s, then 70% of water was
added and mixed for 30 s, then 30% water and superplasticiser were introduced and
further mixed for 04 min. This procedure is shown in Figure 2.

Test methods
Fresh mortar tests
Mini slump test
The apparatus for the mini slumps test of self-compacting mortar consists of a mould
in the form of frustum of cone, 60 mm high with a diameter of 70 mm at the top and

Table 2. Physical properties of the investigated sands.

Sand type
Properties CS RS DS
Specific gravity 2.68 2.67 2.65
Unit weight (kg/m3) 1541 1758 1520
Fineness modulus 2.21 2.45 0.78
Sand equivalent (%) 71 87 83
Water absorption coefficient (%) 5 0.58 2.5
 2186 B. Benabed et al.

Table 3. Mix proportions of mortars made with (CS/DS) sand and (RS/DS) sand.

(CS/DS) (RS/DS)
3
Cement (kg/m ) 697 697
Water (kg/m3) 279 279
W/C 0.4 0.4
SP (%) 0.6 0.9
S/M 0.5 0.5
CS (kg/m3) 1340 1005 670 335 0 RS 1333 1000 667 334 0
(kg/m3)
DS (kg/m3) 0 335 670 1005 1340 DS 0 313 625 938 1333
(kg/m3)
CS/DS 100/ 75/ 50/ 25/ 0/ RS/DS 100/ 75/ 50/ 25/ 0/
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

100 mm at the base (Figure 3). The cone was placed at the centre of a steel base plate,
and was filled with mortar (as the mortar has self-compactibility, no compaction was
required). Immediately after filing, the cone was lifted and the mortar spreads over the
table. The average diameter (in mm) of the spread measured. The mortar spread needs
to be visually checked carefully, in case there was any segregation or bleeding.

V-funnel flow time test

This test was used to select a suitable water powder ratio in the mix design. The
dimensions are given in Figure 4. The funnel was filled with 1.1 L of mortar, the gate
was then opened and stopwatch simultaneously started. The watch was stopped when

Figure 2. Mixing procedure for mortar.

Figure 3. Mini-slump flow test.

 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 2187

light first appeared, looking down into the funnel from above. The flow time (in sec)
was then recorded.

Viscosity measurement test

Viscosity measurements were conducted with rotational viscometer (Brookfield
Controls Programmable DV II+ model viscometer). The viscosity measurements were
conducted at different rotational speeds. The fresh mortar was placed in the pot of the
viscometer. A program of nine steps was performed upwards and downwards of differ-
ent rotational speeds from 0.5 to 100 rpm. The average of viscosity values determined
at upwards and downwards of each rotational speed steps were recorded.[22,24]

Hardened mortar tests

Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

The tests of compressive and flexural strength of hardened mortars were determined at
3, 7 and 28 days according to EN 196-1.[25] After the conclusion of initial fresh mor-
tar tests, mixtures were poured into 40 × 40 × 160 mm steel moulds without any vibra-
tion and compaction. Specimens were demoulded 24 h after casting. After demoulding,
specimens were cured in lime water at a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C until the age of
testing.

Results and discussion

Effect of DS on mini slump flow of mortars
Figure 5(a) and (b) present the variation in mini slump of mortars with different per-
centage of DS. Results indicate that at high DS replacement (75%) the mini slump flow
decrease, particularly in mortar made with mixture sand CS/DS. The behaviour may be
explained by the high demand of water of the DS. In other words, the flowability of
the mortars decreases with an increase in DS content. When all the fine aggregates are
replaced by DS (100% replacement), it was observed in a very low slump (100 mm).
The decrease in slump is also due to the resulting particle size distribution. As it is well
known, the finer the fine aggregates the less workable the concrete.

Figure 4. V-funnel flow test.

 2188 B. Benabed et al.
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

Figure 5. (a) Effect of DS content on mini slump flow of mortars made with mixture sand CS/
DS and (b) effect of DS content on mini slump flow of mortars made with mixture sand RS/DS.

Effect of DS on V-funnel flow time of mortars

The effect of DS replacement on the V-funnel flow time of mortars is given in
Figure 6(a) and (b). It is observed that flow time increases with increase in DS con-
tent. It was also observed that no flow for mortar with 75 and 100% of DS replace-
ment, as illustrated in Figure 6(a) and (b). The higher the workability of the mix,
the higher the DS content that the mix can have before the reduction in slump. For
instance, the optimum DS content is above 50% in the higher workability mixes the
fluidity of self-compacting mortars is controlled by the viscosity of the mortar. The
decrease in V-funnel flow time is due to the large fineness of DS and their higher
need for water (water absorption coefficient of DS is 2.5%). The minimum value of
V-funnel flow time is may be due to the higher compactness of aggregate, which
 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 2189
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

Figure 6. (a) Effect of DS content on V-funnel flow time of mortars made with mixture sand
CS/DS and (b) effect of DS content on V-funnel flow time of mortars made with mixture sand
RS/DS.

results in a smaller volume of void and hence larger amount of excess paste is
gained for lubrication purpose.

Effect of DS on viscosity measurements of mortars

The results of viscosity measurement of mortar at different rotational speeds are illus-
trated in Figure 7(a) and (b). The viscosity of mortars tends to increase with increase
in DS content. It was also observed that the high rotational speed reduced the viscosity
of all mixtures whatever the dust content. The rheological behaviour of all mortars can
be classified as pseudo-plastic. In other words, the viscous behaviour is evident for
 2190 B. Benabed et al.
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

Figure 7. (a) Effect of DS content on viscosity measurements of mortars made with mixture
sand CS/DS and (b) effect of DS content on viscosity measurements of mortars made with
mixture sand RS/DS.

Figure 8. The fitted equation curve of viscosity of mortars made at different rotational speeds.
 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 2191

low-rotational speeds, while at higher speeds, the flowable behaviour becomes

dominant. This dominant flowable behaviour for all mortar mixtures containing or not
containing DS, a more fluid mixture may be obtained with the use DS; thus, the self-
compactibility and filling ability of mixture may also be enhanced.
Results show that all mortar mixes have a similar relation which the general form
of the equation is a power law model (Equation 1):
l ¼ acb (1)
Equation (1) was best fitted with the measurements (Figure 8), where: μ is the viscosity
in centipoise (cP); γ is the rotational speed in revolutions per minute (rpm); a and b are
constants of the best fit equations. The coefficient a is called the consistency index,
which characterises the initial viscosity and the coefficient b is called the flow
index.[22] The change of viscosity at different rotational speeds revealed that viscosity
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

decreases with time. It can be observed that at low-rotational speed, a viscous behav-
iour is marked, whereas at high rotational speed a flowable behaviour is dominant.
Felekoğlu et al. [24] proposed a similar equation representing the variation of viscosity

Figure 9. Relationship between V-funnel flow time and viscosity of mortars at rotational speed
of 10 rpm.

Figure 10. Relationship between slump flow and viscosity of mortars at rotational speed of
10 rpm.
 2192 B. Benabed et al.
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

Figure 11. (a) Effect of DS content on compressive strength of mortars made with mixture sand
CS/DS and (b) effect of DS content on compressive strength of mortars made with mixture sand
RS/DS.

at different rotational speeds of self-compacting repair mortars containing fly ash and

limestone fillers.
A plot was made between the V-funnel flow time and slump flow and viscosity
measurements at 10 rpm rotational speed in Figures 9 and 10. The relationships
between the flow time and viscosity correlate in certain case and have a linear tendency
for both V-funnel time and slump flow and viscosity. However, the coefficient of corre-
lation seems not very higher. The values of correlation coefficients for V-funnel
(R2 = 0.75) and for slump flow (R2 = 0.70). Similar results were also reported by other
researchers.[24,26]
Figures 9 and 10 show respectively that by increasing the viscosity, V-funnel time
increases and slump flow decreases. As it is known, V-funnel and slump flow tests
measure the flowability of self-compacting mortars and concretes. In fresh state, when
the yield stress is exceeded, flow start and the shear stress will increase linearly with
an increase in strain rate, as defined by viscosity as a measure of the ease of flow.[24]
 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 2193
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

Figure 12. (a) Effect of DS content on flexural strength of mortars made with mixture sand CS/
DS and (b) effect of DS content on flexural strength of mortars mixture made with sand RS/DS.

Effect of DS on compressive strength of mortars

Figure 11(a) and (b) show the effect of DS content on the compressive strength of mor-
tars made with CS and RS. The results indicate no changes in compressive strength of
mortars made with mixture sand CS/DS and a small tendency for a decrease in mortars
made with mixture sand RS/DS, at 28 days with an increase in DS content. This
decrease in strength is attributed to high-surface area of fine aggregates replacement
with DS. The decreasing effect of DS on compressive strength is more pronounced in
high content of DS. Al-Harthy et al. [27] have investigated the properties of concrete
made with DS. The results showed that the strength values decrease with increase in
DS replacement.

Effect of DS on flexural strength of mortars

The flexural strength of mortar mixes made with and without DS was measured at the
age of 3, 7 and 28 days, the results are shown in Figure 12(a) and (b).
 2194 B. Benabed et al.

From Figure 12(a) and (b), it is evident that flexural strength of all mixes continued
to increase with the age. It can be also seen that there is a decrease in flexural strength
with the increase in DS content of mortars made with mixture sand CS/DS; however,
there is significant decrease in flexural strength with 75% of fine aggregates replace-
ment level. This decrease in flexural strength may be attributed to the increase in sur-
face area of the fine aggregates which require more cement paste to coat the surface of
the aggregate. So, the interface cement paste-fine aggregate may be weaker.

Conclusion
The effect of fine aggregates replacement with fine DS on the properties of self-
compacting mortars was discussed in this paper. The following conclusions can be
drawn:
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

(1) The flowability of mortars can be improved when fine aggregates were partially
(50%) replaced by DS without negative effects.
(2) Flowable behaviour is observed for all mortar mixtures, a less-fluid mixture
may be obtained with the use of high content of DS (up to 75%).
(3) Viscous behaviour of mortar is evident for low rotational speeds, while at
higher speeds, the flowable behaviour becomes dominant.
(4) Linear relationships between viscosity of self-compacting mortar and technolog-
ical characterisation test results (V-funnel flow time and slump flow), with coef-
ficients of correlation of 0.70 and 0.75, show that by increasing the viscosity,
V-funnel flow time increases and slump flow decreases.
(5) In general, the mechanical strength of fine aggregates replaced with DS mortars
continue to increase with age for all DS content.
(6) The compressive strength and flexural strength at 28 days stay constant with
the increase in DS content. Minimum compressive strength and flexural
strength occur with high content of DS.
(7) Results of this study suggest that DS could be used as fine aggregate in mortar
work, whenever suitable sand materials are not economically available.

References
[1] Okamura H, Ouchi M. Self-compacting concrete: development, present use and future. In:
Skarendahl Å, Petersson Ö, editors. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Self-
Compacting Concrete; Stockholm, Sweden; 1999. p. 3–14.
[2] Skarendahl Å, Billberg P, editors. Rilem Technical Committee. Final report of RILEM TC
188-CSC casting of self-compacting concrete. Mater. Struct; 2006.
[3] Skarendahl Å, Petersson Ö. Self-compacting concrete: state-of-the-art report of RILEM tech-
nical committee 174-SCC. RILEM report 23. RILEM Publications, S.A.R.L. Cachan,
France; 2000.
[4] EN 933-1. Standard test for geometrical properties of aggregates. Determination of particle
size distribution. Sieving method; 2012.
[5] ASTM C33-97. Standard specification for concrete aggregates; 1997.
[6] Neville AM. Properties of concrete. London: Pitman; 1963.
[7] Felekoğlu B. A comparative study on the performance of sands rich and poor in fines in
self-compacting concrete. Constr. Building Mater. 2008;22:646–654.
[8] Naik TR, Krous RN, Chun Y, Canpolat F, Ramme BW. The use of limestone quarry by-
products for developing economical SCC. In: Three days International Symposium on Sus-
tained Development of Cement and Concrete. CANMET/ACI. SDCC-38. Toronto, Canada;
2005. p. 5–7.
 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 2195

[9] Felekoglu B. Utilisation of high volumes of limestone quarry wastes in concrete industry
(self-compacting concrete case). Resour. Conserv. Recy. 2007;51:770–791.
[10] Menadi B, Kenai S, Khatib J, Aït-Mokhtar A. Strength and durability of concrete incorpo-
rating crushed limestone sand. Constr. Building Mater. 2009;23:625–633.
[11] Menadi B, Kenai S, Djeziri D. Durable concrete with waste crushed quarry sand. In:
Proceedings of 37th IAHS World Congress on Housing Science. Design, Technology, Refur-
bishment and Management of Buildings; Spain: Santander; 2010 Sep. p. 26–29.
[12] Topoçu IB, Ugurlu A. Effect of the use of mineral filler on the properties of concrete. Cem.
Concr. Res. 2003;33:1071–1075.
[13] Bédérina M, Khenfer MM, Dheilly RM, Quéneudec M. Reuse of local sand: effect of
limestone filler proportion on the rheological and mechanical properties of different sand
concretes. Cem. Concr. Res. 2005;35:1172–1179.
[14] Brouwers HJH, Radix HJ. Self-compacting concrete: the role of the particle size distribution.
In: First International Symposium on Design, Performance and Use of SCC. Hunan, China;
2005. p. 109–118.
[15] Kay A, Freason J. An investigation into the use of dune sand in concrete. In: Fookes, Party,
Downloaded by [University of Connecticut] at 12:12 01 April 2015

editor. In Proceeding of the 1st International Symposium on Engineering Characteristics of

Arid Soils. Rotterdam: Balkema; 1994. p. 261–672.
[16] Banfill PFG, Carr MP. The properties of concrete made with very fine sand. Concrete.
1987;21:11–16.
[17] Laquerbe M, Cisse I, Ahouansou G. For a rational use of lateritic gravel and dune sand as
aggregates in concrete: application to the case of Senegal. Mater. Struct. 1995;28:604–610.
[18] Azzouz L, Bouhicha M, Kenai S. Recycling of waste bricks in the fabrication of sand dune
concrete. In: Dhir RC, Dyer TD, Halliday JE, editors. International Congress on Challenges
of Concrete Construction. Conference on Sustainable Concrete. Dundee, England: Thomas
Telford; 2002 Sep. p. 665–674.
[19] Bouziani T, Benmounah A, Makhloufi Z, Bédérina M, Queneudec M. Properties of flowable
sand concretes reinforced by polypropylene fibers. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 2014;28:1823–
1834.
[20] Bouziani T, Bédérina M, Makhloufi Z, Hadjoudja M. Mixture design approach to evaluate
fresh properties of SCC made with various sands. J. Building Mater. Struct. 2014;1:1–9.
[21] Bouziani T. Assessment of fresh properties and compressive strength of self-compacting
concrete made with different sand types by mixture design modelling approach. Constr.
Building Mater. 2013;49:308–314.
[22] Bouziani T, Bederina M, Hadjoudja M. Effect of dune sand on the properties of flowing
sand-concrete (FSC). Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 2012;6:59–64.
[23] EN 197-1. Standard cement. Composition, specification and conformity criteria for common
cements; 2011.
[24] Felekoğlu B, Tosun K, Baradan B, Altun A, Uyulgan B. The effect of fly ash and limestone
fillers on the viscosity and compressive strength of self-compacting repair mortars. Cem.
Concr. Res. 2006;36:1719–1726.
[25] EN 196-1. Standard methods of testing cement. Part 1: determination of strength; 2006.
[26] Güneyisi E, Gesoğlu M, Özbay E. Effects of marble powder and slag on the properties of
self compacting mortars. Mater. Struct. 2009;42:813–826.
[27] Al-Harthy AS, Abdel M, Taha R, Al-Jabri KS. The properties of concrete made with fine
dune sand. Constr. Building Mater. 2007;21:1803–1808.