2103-Fluid Mechanics 1

Review Period 1: Introduction and Fundamental Concepts

ABJ

Fluid Mechanics
Review Period 1: Introduction and Fundamental Concepts

1. System – Surroundings - Interaction

Example: Mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical interactions.

2. Physical Phenomena - Physical Quantities - Physical Relations

3. Physical Quantities

Describing a physical quantity q : Dimension - Numerical value – Unit

• Physical quantity q Physical quantity q

144424443
= αQ Q}
{{
{
Dimension [ q ] Numerical value in unit {Q} Unit Q

Example: Force
1424 F
3 = 50
{ Newton
1
424 3
Dimension [ F ] Numerical value in unit Newton Unit

• Dimension [q ] reads “the dimension of q .”

4. Principle of Absolute Significance of Relative Magnitude (PASRM)

Requirement for a class of systems of units to be used.

⎛ A2 in m 2 ⎞ ⎛ A2 in ft 2 ⎞
A2 ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟=r
A1 ⎜ A in m 2 ⎟ ⎜ A in ft 2 ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠

⎛ T in K ⎞ ⎛ T2 in o C ⎞
However, ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ???
⎜ o ⎟
⎝ T1 in K ⎠ ⎝ T1 in C ⎠

5. Systems of Dimensions / Units

• MLtT, then through a relation (e.g., physical, definition), e.g., [velocity] = L/t, etc.
• FLtT
• FMLtT

6. SI Units

From Physics Laboratory, The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)’s web page:
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/SIdiagram2.html

7. Dimension: Independent Dimensions

The physical quantities q1 ,..., q r are said to have independent dimensions if none of these quantities has a
dimension function that can be represented in terms of a product of powers of the dimensions of the remaining
quantities. (Barenblatt, 1996)
Example: In MLtT system, L and t are chosen to be independent dimension.
However, by definition, [Velocity] = V = Lt-1. Thus, VLt are not independent.
2103-Fluid Mechanics 2
Review Period 1: Introduction and Fundamental Concepts
ABJ
8. Dimension: Dimension Function as A Power-Law Monomial
Given that the set of primary and independent dimensions is chosen, e.g., MLt, the dimension of a derived
quantity q must be in the form of the power-law monomial
[q] = M a Lb t c .
It cannot be, e.g., [q ] = sin( M ) or [q] = e ML , etc. Hence, the argument of these functions, e.g., sin, exponential,
etc., must be dimensionless.

9. Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity

Postulation: Any equation that describes a physical relation cannot be dependent upon an arbitrary choice of units
(within a given class of systems of units).

All physically meaningful equations, i.e., physical relation/equation, are dimensionally homogeneous. (Smits,
2000)
If Y = X 1 + X 2 + K is a physical equation,
then Y , X 1 , X 2 ,... have the same dimension (dimensionally homogeneous):
[Y ] = [X 1 ] = [X 2 ] = K
10. Dimensionless Variables and ‘Measuring/Scaling’
⎛ Y ⎞ ⎛ X1 ⎞ ⎛ X2 ⎞ ⎛X ⎞
Physical relation: Y = X 1 + X 2 + K → ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ + K + ⎜ n −1 ⎟ + 1
⎜X ⎟ ⎜X ⎟ ⎜X ⎟ ⎜ X ⎟
⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠
⎛X ⎞
→ Z i := ⎜⎜ i ⎟⎟ is a dimensionless variable.
⎝ Xn ⎠
→ Measure/Scale X i as a fraction of X n .
→ X i is Z i fraction/times of X n .
→ Use X n as the ‘standard unit’ for the measure of X i .

11. Mechanics - Triads of mechanics: Force-Body-Motion

• 3 types of motion
• 3 types of body
• 3 types of effort of force
Forces (Efforts of) Body (3 Types): Motion (3 Types/Components):
(~ according to the degree of
idealization of permitted motions.)

Force Particle Linear Motion (Translation)

Moment of Force Rigid Body Angular Motion (Rigid-Body-Like Rotation)

Intensity of Force Deformable Body Deformation

Motion
Force Properties of Body
(Kinematics)
v v
1. Force and linear motion (translation). ∑ F = m a

2.
(Moment of) Force and angular motion
(rotation). ∑M = I α
(Intensity of) Force and deformation.
3.
(Constitutive Relation)
Hooke’s law σ = E ε
Newton’s viscosity law τ yx = μ du / dy

12. Logic
• Implication: p → q
p is a sufficient condition for q . q is a necessary condition for p .
• p → q ⇔ ¬q → ¬p