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Absolute pressure: The absolute pressure is the sum of the gauge or dial
pressure and the atmospheric pressure (14.7psi). If your pump gauge reads
150 psi, then the absolute pressure will be 164.7 psi.
Absorbed Power: This is the sum of the hydraulic power (work done by
achieving the flowrate and head) and the frictional losses.
Accumulator: A device used to prevent the pump cycling on and off each
time a tap is opened in a system. It acts to stabilize the pressure by providing
excess water storage in conjunction with a flexible bladder that is air
pressurized. As water flows out of the system, it is first pulled from the
accumulator tank, and as this tank empties, the pressurized bladder expands
to prevent the entire system from a pressure drop. Once the tank is empty, the
pressure of the system drops, the pump switches on and refills the tank.
Acoustic resonance: Can occur in any closed or open pipe system due to
pump excitation pulsation frequency. This happens when the return of the
reflected pressure wave coincides with the generation of the next pulse of
pressure. In this case a standing wave is formed inside the fluid filled
chamber. This can cause catastrophic failure of systems.
Active metal: Prior to passivation, the formation of a thin oxide on the surface
of metals to protect them from corrosion, the metal is known as “active”.
Adapter: A coupling that connects the pump to the rest of the system. Allows
the pump to integrate with the downstream parts of the system.
Affinity laws: They are a set of laws that relate the variables of performance,
(impeller shaft speed, head, flow rate) to power. They are useful to compare
the performance of different pumps.
A-gap: The gap between the tips of the blades on an impeller and the inner
diameter of the case bore. If the A-gap is too small, this can be a factor in high
pump vibration whereas, if the A-gap is too large, recirculation may occur,
leading to pump inefficiency.
Air ingestion: Air leaks into the pump, causing cavitation and pump
performance degradation. Air ingestion can be due to leaking flanges, valves
located above the fluid line, porous intake lines, faulty shaft seals among
others.
Alpha sintered: One form of Silicon Carbide. To bond SiC powder into
ceramics, the powder is sintered. At temperatures above 1700°C, the alpha
form of SiC is formed.
Angular contact ball bearing: These ball bearings have races that are
displaced with respect to each other along the bearing axis. This allows the
bearing to accommodate both radial and axial loads.
Anti-rotation device:A device that prevents one rotating piece from rotating
with respect to a second adjacent part. Usually designed as a pin or key.
Anti Vortex Plate: An anti vortex plate does just what it says. It prevents the
formation of a vortex at intake suction points by increasing the path length.
Vortexes can cause disturbances at vertical intakes by allowing air to enter
the system along with the fluid being pumped.
API Plan 11: A specification from the American Petroleum Institute used in
single seal or in the primary seal of unpressurized dual seals. The purpose of
a mechanical seal flushing is to lubricate and cool a pump’s mechanical seal.
Plan 11 refers to the specifications to be used in a pump whose impeller has
back wear rings.
API Plan 13: A specification from the American Petroleum Institute used in
single seal or in the primary seal of unpressurized dual seals. The purpose of
a mechanical seal flushing is to lubricate and cool a pump’s mechanical seal.
Plan 13 refers to the specifications to be used in a pump whose impeller has
NO back wear rings.
Application: The set of conditions that describe the pumping operation. The
description of the process of the particular pumping function. Includes the fluid
and the operating conditions.
AVS Standard: An old, obsolete standard that has been replaced by the
A.N.S.I.standard. The American Voluntary Standard (AVS), was first proposed
in the 1950s.
Axial split casing: A casing for a pump that is manufactured in two halves
and joined. The join runs along the axis of the pump.
Axial Thrust: The forces acting along the axis, usually generated by the
pump impeller.
Absorbed Power: This is the sum of the hydraulic power (work done by
achieving the flowrate and head) and the frictional losses.
Accumulator: A device used to prevent the pump cycling on and off each
time a tap is opened in a system. It acts to stabilize the pressure by providing
excess water storage in conjunction with a flexible bladder that is air
pressurized. As water flows out of the system, it is first pulled from the
accumulator tank, and as this tank empties, the pressurized bladder expands
to prevent the entire system from a pressure drop. Once the tank is empty, the
pressure of the system drops, the pump switches on and refills the tank.
Acoustic resonance: Can occur in any closed or open pipe system due to
pump excitation pulsation frequency. This happens when the return of the
reflected pressure wave coincides with the generation of the next pulse of
pressure. In this case a standing wave is formed inside the fluid filled
chamber. This can cause catastrophic failure of systems.
Active metal: Prior to passivation, the formation of a thin oxide on the surface
of metals to protect them from corrosion, the metal is known as “active”.
Adapter: A coupling that connects the pump to the rest of the system. Allows
the pump to integrate with the downstream parts of the system.
Affinity laws: They are a set of laws that relate the variables of performance,
(impeller shaft speed, head, flow rate) to power. They are useful to compare
the performance of different pumps.
A-gap: The gap between the tips of the blades on an impeller and the inner
diameter of the case bore. If the A-gap is too small, this can be a factor in high
pump vibration whereas, if the A-gap is too large, recirculation may occur,
leading to pump inefficiency.
Air ingestion: Air leaks into the pump, causing cavitation and pump
performance degradation. Air ingestion can be due to leaking flanges, valves
located above the fluid line, porous intake lines, faulty shaft seals among
others.
Alpha sintered: One form of Silicon Carbide. To bond SiC powder into
ceramics, the powder is sintered. At temperatures above 1700°C, the alpha
form of SiC is formed.
Angular contact ball bearing: These ball bearings have races that are
displaced with respect to each other along the bearing axis. This allows the
bearing to accommodate both radial and axial loads.
Anti-rotation device:A device that prevents one rotating piece from rotating
with respect to a second adjacent part. Usually designed as a pin or key.
Anti Vortex Plate: An anti vortex plate does just what it says. It prevents the
formation of a vortex at intake suction points by increasing the path length.
Vortexes can cause disturbances at vertical intakes by allowing air to enter
the system along with the fluid being pumped.
API Plan 11: A specification from the American Petroleum Institute used in
single seal or in the primary seal of unpressurized dual seals. The purpose of
a mechanical seal flushing is to lubricate and cool a pump’s mechanical seal.
Plan 11 refers to the specifications to be used in a pump whose impeller has
back wear rings.
API Plan 13: A specification from the American Petroleum Institute used in
single seal or in the primary seal of unpressurized dual seals. The purpose of
a mechanical seal flushing is to lubricate and cool a pump’s mechanical seal.
Plan 13 refers to the specifications to be used in a pump whose impeller has
NO back wear rings.
Application: The set of conditions that describe the pumping operation. The
description of the process of the particular pumping function. Includes the fluid
and the operating conditions.
AVS Standard: An old, obsolete standard that has been replaced by the
A.N.S.I. standard. The American Voluntary Standard (AVS), was first
proposed in the 1950s.
Axial split casing: A casing for a pump that is manufactured in two halves
and joined. The join runs along the axis of the pump.
Axial Thrust: The forces acting along the axis, usually generated by the
pump impeller.
C frame adapter: Alignment of the pump shaft with the driver shaft is critical
for efficient pumping. The C frame adapter is one method to help accomplish
this.
Calculation software: Calculating fluid mechanics solutions manually, to
determine pump ratings and sizes as well as piping run lengths, diameters
and flow rates can be a tedious process with many points where errors can be
introduced. There are several software packages that can resolve complicated
systems with many components, and perform all the necessary calculations,
allowing the end user to focus on choosing the appropriate pump according to
the calculated parameters.
Canned pump: A pump in which the armature, and shaft of the motor are in a
can, used for pumping clean lubricating fluids.
Cantilevered pump:Centrifugal pumps often used in sump pump applications
where it’s not desirable to have the bearings/motor under water. The impeller
is at the end of a shaft which is cantilevered from the bearing housing
assembly. Also known as an overhung pump.
Capacity: The amount of liquid pumped per unit time. Measured in
gallons/min, cubic meters per sec, etc.
Carbide:A series of compounds formed when carbon combines with an
element. Very hard and often used in seals and as cutting tools for metals. For
example, Silicon Carbide.
Carbon bushing: A bushing made of carbon. Often used as a thermal barrier
in high temperature application. Can also be used as a disaster bushing and
to support a deflecting shaft in many mechanical seal applications.
Carbon/graphite: An element commonly used as in mechanical seals as part
of the face, as carbon is chemically inert when it comes into contact with most
other fluids.
Carbonizing: Production of carbons at seals. Can interfere with proper
movement of the seal and cause leakage.
Carcinogen : Any chemical that has the propensity to cause cancer.
Cartridge seal: An assembly containing the seal, gland sleeve and the
rotating seal faces. Because it is self contained in can be installed without any
measurement. Used in API seals.
Case: The part of the pump that is the volute chamber, encloses the
impeller(s). The case can be split radially or axially.
Case crowning: In a horizontal split centrifugal pump this is a method of
transferring a higher amount of the bolt load towards the case bore to better
seal the case gasket and prevent washout. It’s recommended when working
above 2150 psi.
Case retiring thickness: As cases wear, the wall thickness diminishes due to
erosion or corrosion. The thickness of the case at which it will be retired is
known as the case retiring thickness.
Catalyst: A chemical that is added to a reaction to speed the reaction up. It is
not consumed by the reaction.
Cavitate: Formation of cavities (bubbles) in fluid flow applications in areas of
low pressure, causing a collapse in the high pressure area of the pump and
loss of capacity, excessive noise and possibly damage.
Center line design: A pump design where the pump is attached to feet that
are attached to the sides of the volute instead of the bottom. Commonly used
in high temperature pumping applications.
Centipoise: A unit of dynamic viscosity. Equivalent to 1 mPa second.
Centistoke: A unit of kinematic viscosity. Also sometimes referred to as
diffusivity of momentum. The kinematic viscosity in centistokes is equal to the
dynamic viscosity in cP divided by the liquid density.
Centrifugal force: This is the apparent force that causes a rotating body to
move away from the centre of rotation. Not to be confused with centripetal
force. Caused by inertia of the rotating body as it’s path is continuously
redirected.
Centrifugal pump: A pump that transports fluids by conversion of rotational
kinetic energy into hydrodynamic energy of fluid flow. Typically fluid enters the
pump near to the rotating axis, and is accelerated by an impeller, flowing
radially outward to a volute chamber where it exits the pump.
Centrifugalseparator: Uses centripetal force to separate solids from liquids.
Ceramic: In general, ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic solids. They may be
crystalline or amorphous. They are produced by heating followed by
subsequent cooling.
Change of state: When a substance changes from one state to another. For
example, solid to liquid, liquid to gas, or solid to gas.
Check valve: A mechanical device that allows flow of a liquid in one direction
only. A one-way valve that prevents fluid from flowing backwards in a pump.
Chemraz®: An elastomer used to produce seals with high chemical
resistance, retaining efficient elastic qualities. Registered trademark by Green,
Tweed.
Chloride stress corrosion: Stress corrosion refers to the growth of cracks in
a corrosive environment. Certain stainless steels and aluminium alloys are
subject to stress corrosion in the presence of chloride.
Chopper pump: A pump in which the impeller also acts as a cutting blade.
Used with solid containing fluid applications to prevent pump blockage.
Chromecarbide: Produced when stainless steel is welded. Forms in the heat
affected zone when chrome combines with carbon.
Chrome Oxide: The protective layer (passivated layer) that forms on
stainless steel to prevent further oxidation.
Circular casing: A type of casing used in centrifugal pumps when the pump
is used for circulation rather than building pressure/head.
Clam Shell: Used to set the distance between convolutions during the
production of a metal bellows.
Close coupled: The situation when the pump impeller is mounted directly on
the rotating drive shaft. There are no separate bearings.
Close-coupled pump: A pump in which the impeller is mounted on the drive
shaft. Close-coupled pumps have the advantage of being compact, but are
limited in size.
Closed or open impeller: In a closed impeller, the impeller vanes are
contained within a shroud, causing the fluid to always be in contact with the
impeller. An open impeller lacks this shroud. Closed impellers are more
efficient, but can also clog easier if the process fluid contains solids.
Closed impeller: An impeller whose vanes are completely enclosed by two
shrouds, one on the front and one on the back.
Coated Face: When the face of a seal is plated or welded onto the base of
the seal, made of a softer material.This design can present problems if the
two metals in question have different thermal expansion rates.
Coke: A fuel produced by heating or“cracking” petroleum products. It can
interfere with seals of pumps.
Colebrook equation: In fluid mechanics, it’s important to understand the
friction caused by interaction of the fluid with the internal surface of the pipe.
The Colebrook (a.k.a. Colebrook andWhite) equation is one equation that can
be used to calculate the friction factor of a fluid flowing in a pipe.
Composite: In the context of mechanical seals, it refers to either a non-
metallic material or a combination of a non-metallic face inserted into a
metallic base material.
Compression set: Rubber seals become “compression set” when they are
overheated. Elastomeric material loses its shape and takes on a new shape.
Can cause leaks in seals.
Concentric dual seal: A dual seal where one seal is situated concentrically
within another seal. Used when radial dimensions are not limiting.
Concentricity: When rotating parts each share the same axis of rotation, they
are said to be concentric with each other.
Condensate: The fluid formed after a vapour has condensed. For example,
water is a condensate of steam.
Constant Level Oiler: A means to maintain the correct oil level in a bearing
housing. Automatically replenishes oil as it is used.
Convection: Fluid movement caused by local differences in density. Areas of
hot fluid (less dense) will naturally rise, while colder fluid (denser) will sink.
Convection tank: A container used to hold the fluid between two mechanical
seals. Integrated heater/coolers are used to control the temperature of the
barrier fluid.
Convolution : During construction of metal bellows plates, when they are
welded together, they form a convolution.
Cooling jacket: An extra casing surrounding the stuffing box to control the
temperature of the process fluid within the stuffing box.
Corebox: Metal parts that are cast have an outer“pattern” – the pattern that is
found on the outer surface of the casting, and an inner “corebox” – the pattern
that is found on the inside of the casting.
Corrosion resistant: Corrosion resistant material must corrode at less than
the the following rates: less than 0.002 inches (0.05 mm) per year.
Coupling: A connection between the pump shaft and the motor shaft. Can
compensate for axial movement, but not radial misalignment.
Cover: In a radial split pumps, it’s the part of the pump that completes the
case.
Critical speed: Objects that are elastic (e.g. Orings) will have natural
resonant frequencies. When a pump/shaft rotates at this frequency, minor
imbalances will be magnified. The speed where these natural frequencies
occur are called critical speeds.
Cryogenic: Very low temperatures.
Cutwater: DA device that directs the process fluid to the pump discharge
pipe.
Cutwater diameter: The cutwater diameter is an important measurement in a
centrifugal pump. It is used to determine the appropriate B-gap and limit
pressure pulsations and forces to reasonable levels.
CV coefficient: The flow coefficient of a mechanical device that is an
indicator of its efficiency at allowing fluid flow. It describes the relationship
between the pressure drop across an opening and the flow rate.
Cyclone separator: A device that separates solids from liquids by using
centrifugal force.
Galling: A situation where two moving parts that are in close
contact, seize and are bonded together.
Galvanic corrosion: Corrosion due to electrolysis of the anodic
metal when two metals in the galvanic series are connected with
electrolyte. For example, different stainless steel composites will
undergo galvanic corrosion if used to manufacture different
components in a pump.
Galvanic series: A way to order metals such that those at the
beginning of the series will attack any metal further down the list.
The further apart the two metals are in the series, the faster the
attack will occur.
Garter spring:A long coiled spring with its ends fused together. It
exerts radial force (can be either inward or outward) and is used
in shaft seals.
Gasket: A seal between static components in mechanics. Made
of deformable material.
Gauge pressure: The pressure exhibited on a dial gauge or on a
digital read out from a pressure gauge. This reading indicates the
pressure above atmospheric pressure and is usually measured in
PSIG (pounds per square inch guage).
Gland: A component of a mechanical seal that attaches to the
stuffing box.
Gland follower: In a mechanical seal, it is a part of the stuffing
box that is forced against the packing rings to increase radial
sealing force
Gland plate (or gland): The plate that connects the mechanical
seal to the seal chamber/stuffing box.
Grease seal: A bearing seal that is spring loaded and made of an
elastomer, also known as a lip seal. Face seals or labyrinth seals
are better choices for pumps.
Halogen: A group in the periodic table consisting of five
chemically related elements. Fluorine, bromine, chlorine,
astatine and iodine.
Hard face: The face of a mechanical seal (rotating or
stationary). Usually made from hard materials, e.g. silicon
carbide, tungsten carbide, etc.
Harmonic vibration: Oscillations that are periodically
sinusoidal.
Hastelloy "C": An alloy chiefly composed of nickel,
molybdenum and chromium. Used in mechanical seals due
to its corrosion resistance and insensitivity to halide stress
corrosion.
Hazen-Williams equation: Is an equation that relates the
flow of water in a pipe to the properties of the pipe, and
pressure differential caused by friction. Has been
superseded by the Darcy-Weisbach and Colebrook
equations.
Head: A term in fluid mechanics to represent the energy
stored in a fluid due to the pressure exerted on its container.
Measured as a length of fluid where a standard of 10m is
equal to one atmosphere, or 14.7 psi.
Helium Light Band: When using interferometric methods to
measure seal face flatness, the helium light band is used as
a measure. It’s length equals 0.0000116 inches or 0.3 µm.
Seals are usually manufactured to a tolerance of 3 helium
light bands in flatness.
Horizontal pump: A pump where the rotating shaft is
horizontal, as opposed to vertical.
Horse power: A measure of power, the rate at which work
is done. One horsepower = 746 Watts. Initially adopted to
compare the output of steam engines to the power of draft
horses.
Hot oil pump: A pump that pumps hot oil. Hot oil is typically
between 350 and 800 degrees fareheit.
Hot work: Any type of work that produces an arc, spark, or
open flame. For example, cutting, grinding, welding of
metal, or similar activity. This work requires a permit and
trained personnel.
Hydraulic balance: A means of reducing heat generation in
the stuffing box by reducing the seal face area subjected to
the closing force.
Hydraulic drawings: Drawings that pertain to the hydraulic
systems of the instrument, rather than the mechanical
components. In a centrifugal pump, this would include the
impeller, the volute, any liquid passageways, suction valves,
etc.
Hydraulic force: Depends on Pascal’s principle that the
pressure in a closed system is constant. Used to produce
larger force in one area of a system by applying a smaller
force to a second area of the system.
Hydraulic gradient: All the energy terms of the system (for
example velocity head and piping and fitting friction loss)
are converted to head and graphed above an elevation
drawing of the installation. It helps to visualize where all the
energy terms are located and ensure that nothing is missed.
Hydraulic power recovery turbine (HPRT): A turbine that
recovers energy from a flowing liquid. It recovers energy by
reducing the higher pressure to a lower pressure.
Hydraulic re-rate: Re-rating of a pump by modifying its
hydraulic parts. The conditions that are re-rated could
include operating capacity, speed, differential head, liquid
type, temperature, pressure andsuction among others.
Hydrocarbon: An organic material composed only of
hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrodynamic bearings: Ball bearings that use the
principle of hydrodynamic lubrication, for example, sleeve
bearings and tilting-pad bearings.
Hydrodynamicforce: Force imposed on an object by fluid
flowing over or around it.
Hydrodynamic seal: Uses a rotor with grooves to act as a
pump and create an air cushion that the opposing sealing
face will ride on. Better performance than a hydrostatic seal.
Hydrogen embrittlement: The process by which metals
become brittle after exposure to hydrogen.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S): A highly toxic component of
hydrocarbons. Released upon combustion. Pumps that are
in use for hydrocarbons containing hydrogen sulfide require
special construction.
Hydronium ion: A water with an extra proton,
H3O+.Formed by the transfer of an H+from one water
molecule to another in extremely acidic conditions.
Hydrostatic seal: This is a type of mechanical seal that
balances the opening and closing forces of the seal to
maintain a controlled gap between seal faces.
Hysteresis: The dependence of a system not only on its
current conditions but also on its past conditions. For
example magnetic fields generated by applying an
increasing electric current to a ferroelectric material
changes the response of the material to the future decrease
of that same current.
Kalrez®: Perfluoroelastomer material used in the manufacture of
seals and O-rings. Manufactured by E.I. Dupont, resistant to many
different aggressive chemicals.
Kerosene: Combustible hydrocarbon. Also kerosine. Used as a low
specific gravity testing fluid after a pump has been shown to not leak
water.
Ketone: A chemical group of organic compounds with one
carbonyl attached to any of a variety of alkyl groups.
Key: A small square piece of metal that is used to secure a
rotating part onto a shaft, preventing the part from rotating
independently of the shaft.
Keyway: A slot in the shaft that will accommodate the key.
K factor: A coefficient that provides the friction loss from fittings
in a system. Tables exist that list the fittings and their K factors.
It is used with the following equation
Kiln: A furnace for drying or baking among other functions.
Produces “kiln dried wood” that has dimensional stability used
for making patterns.
Kilowatt: One thousand watts. A watt is the SI unit of power,
defined as one joule per second.
Kinematics: A branch of mechanics that describes motion of a
set of points or bodies, without reference to the force that
caused the motion.
Kinetic Energy: The energy an object has due to its motion. In
pumps, the impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid, which is
then harnessed by the resistance created by the volute.
KPa: An SI unit of measurement for pressure. Defined as one
Newton per m2. 100 kPa ~ one atmosphere.
KV: Kilovolt or one thousand volts. SI unit of electrical potential
difference. The difference that will impart one joule per coulomb
of charge that passes through it.
Labyrinth seal: A mechanical seal that forces the sealed fluid through
a labyrinth like path to slow its leakage.
Laminar: A situation when fluid particles flow in parallel layers
and these layers don’t mix.
Lantern Ring: A perforated ring in the middle of a ring set that
is used to provide lubricant to packing. Commonly found in the
middle of a packing ring set.
Lapping: A method of finishing machined parts that results in
extremely flat, smooth surfaces.
Lateral critical speed: The speed at which the lateral deflection
of the rotor is in resonance. The critical speed refers to the
same property, but it is the speed at which the angular torsional
velocity excites resonance in the rotating object.
L10 bearing life: A bearing specification that gives the lifetime
of a population of bearings such that after this time, 10% of
bearings will have failed due to fatigue failure.
L3 / D4: A metric used to predict how well a pump will perform. L
is the length of the shaft measured from the center of the
impeller to the center of the radial or inboard bearing and D is
the the outside diameter of the solid shaft measured beneath
the sleeve. For best performance, this number should be below
60 in imperial units and 2.0 in metric units.
Leakage concentration: How much of the process fluid leaks
into the environment. Measured in parts per million.
Leakage rate: A rate (volume/time, e.g. litres/minute) of a fluid
that passes through a particular part of the pump, for example a
sleeve, seal, etc.
Life Cycle Cost (LCC): Life cycle cost is the total cost of the
machinery including purchase, installation, operation,
maintenance, repair and dispose of the machinery. Calculated
when trying to decide whether to upgrade.
Linear pressure drop: In reference to a mechanical seal, refers
to a pressure drop across all lapped faces. Unusual.
Line bearings: Bearings in a pump that position the rotor
radially.
Line bored: A method of machining that causes the drilled
(bored) holes to all line up.
Liner: A replaceable “liner” that fits into a pump casing to
protect it. Often used when the pump processes abrasive
material.
Lip Seal: Also known as a radial shaft seal. They are used to
seal rotary elements such as a shaft or rotary bore.
LoadE: The total load on a bearing, including both radial, as
well as axial loads.
Lobe pump: Similar to gear pumps in operation, except that the
lobes do not make contact. Positive displacement pumps that
are popular where the sanitary quality is important.
Low flow: Must be taken into account when selecting a pump.
Low flow can cause excessive heat build up in the volute.
Low NPSH pump: A pump which has been designed to deal
with a low Net Positive Suction Head. Prevents cavitation in the
pump.
Lubricant: An introduced substance that reduces friction
between moving parts. Usually a fluid.
Negative pressure: In reference to one atmosphere. Anything less
than this number is negative.
Newton: The SI derived unit of force. Because Force equals mass
times acceleration, the Newton is equal to 1 kg *m/s2.
Newtonian fluid: A fluid that behaves without changing its viscosity
as a function the rate of flow.
Non-Destructive Examinations (NDE): A process which pumps or
pump components are examined for defects without resulting in the
destruction of the component being examined. A.k.a. Non-destructive
testing (NDT).
Non lubricant: In contrast to a lubricant, this type of fluid does not act
to reduce friction of moving parts against each other.
Non-Newtonian liquid: In contrast to a Newtonian fluid, this type of
fluid has a viscosity that changes as a function of flow rate, or shear
stress.
Normal operating point: This is the set of conditions at which the
pump normally operates. It could be the same or different than the
best efficiency point or the rated operating point.
Nozzle head: The part of a pump where the fluid is discharged.
Commonly reduced diameter causes the fluid to exit the system faster
than its flow through the system.
N.P.S.H.A: The net positive suction head available that can be used to
prevent cavitation within the pump. It is defined as static head plus
surface pressure head minus the vapour pressure of the process fluid
minus the friction loss due to the piping, valves and fittings.
N.P.S.H.R.: Net positive suction head required to keep a pump from
cavitating. A characteristic of the pump. Calculated by the
manufacturer with cold water.
Packing: A manner in which to stepwise reduce the pressure from the
pump so that by the time the fluid gets to the last step, the amount of
leaking is acceptable. Usually implemented as a set of rings to
produce the pressure gradient.
Packing ring: A seal composed of a set of rings that prevents
leakage of the fluid into the atmosphere.
Parallel operation: As opposed to Series operation. Two pumps are
connected to the same head and thereby provide twice the flow rate
as a single pump.
Partial emission pump: Also known as a vane pump. A pump
designed to handle corrosive chemicals at low flow rates. Developed
in WWII to pump fuel into German Ram jet engines.
Pascal: The SI derived unit of pressure. Equivalent to one
Newton/m2. 1 atmosphere of pressure is equal to a little over 100KPa.
Passivated: A metal surface is said to be passivated when it has a
protective oxide layer formed on its surface.
Pattern: Usually a wooden pattern to make a mold used for metal
castings.
P.D. Pump: Positive displacement pump. Pumps up to very high
pressure, but low flow rates.
Performance curve: A graph depicting the plot of total head vs flow
rate for a specific pump, with a specific impeller and set of
characterisitics.
Peripheral (regenerative) pump: Also known as regenerative or
regenerative turbine pump. An alternative design to a centrifugal
pump. In these pumps, fluid passes through the vanes many times
(instead of once, in a centrifugal pump). The impeller has short vanes
at the periphery and these vanes pass through a ring shaped channel.
The fluid enters between two impeller vanes and is set into a circular
motion, this adds energy to the fluid particles which travel in a spiral
like path from the inlet to the outlet. Each set of vanes continuously
adds energy to the fluid particle.
Peripheral speed: The velocity, or speed, at the periphery of some
diameter (see peripheral velocity).
Peripheral velocity: Same as peripheral speed.
pH: The measure of how many H+ ions or OH- ions are in solution.
The scale is logarithmic and ranges from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very
basic).
Pickling: A process that cleans metals by immersion in a bath of nitric
and hydrofluoric acids. The acids remove any impurities on the
surface.
Pipe friction loss: The loss in head due to the friction between the
process fluid and the walls of the pipes and joints.
Pipe roughness: A measurement of how rough the inside surface of
a pipe system is. Many measurements are taken and averaged. It is
the average size of peaks that are on the internal surface of the pipes
producing friction.
Pipe strain: Pipe strain is the strain on the colute of a pump due to
the piping attached. It can cause mechanical seal failure.
Piping pressure (maximum): Pipe systems have a maximum
pressure rating to which they may be subjected. Otherwise they may
burst due to excessive pressure. This also includes joins and flanges.
The ASME pressure piping code B31.3 provides the maximum stress
for pipes of various materials.
Pitot pump: A pump that contains a rotating casing that causes the
fluid to rotate. At one point within the rotating cyclinder of fluid, there is
a pitot tube, or pick up tube that captures a small amount of the
rotating fluid and sends it to the discharge under high pressure.
Pitting: Erosion at the surface of a material as pits due to corrosion,
erosion or cavitation.
Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN): A characteristic
given to a material that indicates how resistant the material is to pitting
corrosion. Higher numbers indicate a greater resistance to pitting
corrosion.
Plan 11: A mechanical seal single seal piping plan referenced by API
682, ISO 21049, and ASME B73.1& B73.2, for single seal
arrangement using the pump liquid as medium. Plan 11 flush line
originates at the pump discharge, or at a point on the pump casing
where the pressure is higher than that at the seal chamber, and is
piped through a flow control orifice to the flush port on the seal flange
or seal chamber tap. The liquid flushes the seal face, flows around the
seal, exists through a pressure reducing throttle bushing, and flows
back into the impeller suction area.
Plastic range: Metals have an elastic range, where they “remember”
what shape they were before you moved them, and a plastic range,
where they won’t remember their prior shape.
Positive displacement pump: A type of pump that causes a fluid to
move by trapping a fixed amount of the fluid and moving it into the
discharge pipe.
Pour point: The temperature at which liquids cease to flow.
Power end: The section of a pump that attaches to the power source.
Bearings are found here.
Power factor: In an AC circuit, the relationship between the real
power flowing to the load and the apparent power in the circuit.
Precision bearing: Ball bearings and roller bearings are precision
bearings, while sleeve bearings are not.
Press fit: Graphite, because of its softness, can be pressed into any
irregular shaped holder and it will shear to fit the holder.
Pressure: Is the ratio of a force over an area over which the force is
applied.
Pressure drop: The difference in pressure between two areas of a
pump, or between the inside and outside of a container.
Pressure gradient: The pressure drop, when referring to mechanical
seals, across the mechanical seal faces.
Pressure head: The pressure at the pump experted by atmospheric
and other additional pressure that might be in the vessel.
Prime: In a centrifugal pump, if the source is lower than the pump, a
small amount of process fluid is infused into the pump to start the
suction process.
Progressive cavity pump: A positive displacement pump. Ideal for
fluids with high viscosity (e.g. grease, pastes, etc.) They are also
known as eccentric screw pumps.
Propeller pump: A.k.a. axial flow pump. A pump in which the impeller
imparts lift to the fluid propelling it along due the impeller’s shape.
Pseudoplastic: Any fluid whose viscosity increases slowly with the
rate of shear is said to be pseudoplastic.
PT factor: A factor given to gaskets consisting of the operating
pressure multiplied by the operating temperature at which the gasket
can be safely used.
Pump curve: A graph supplied by the pump manufacturer depicting
the relationship between the head and the capacity of a particular
pump. Usually contains different curves for different sized impellers.
Pumping ring: In a mechanical seal to provide circulation between
two mechanical seals. Required if oil is the barrier fluid, due to the oil’s
poor specific heat.
Pump out vane: A feature of some impeller designs that lowers the
stuffing box pressure.
Pumps as turbines (PAT): A pump running in reverse. That is, the
fluid inside the pump moves and causes the pump to rotate.
Pure oil mist lubrication: A lubrication system for bearing that uses
an oil mist, rather than a liquid in a sump.
Purge oil mist lubrication: A lubrication system where an oil mist
purges only the bearing housing.
Pusher seal: A low quality design that uses a spring-loaded dynamic
elastomer.
Radial: Arranged like radii. Arranged along the radius of a circle, in
this case, the circle refers to the circular shaft.
Radial bearing: Most bearings are meant to support radial loads.
Whether they can support axial loads depends on the type of bearing.
Radial flow pump: A centrifugal pump designed so that the pump
has medium head and medium flow, or high head and low flow.
Radial split pump: A pump that has its case split along a line that is
perpendicular to the centerline of the shaft.
Radial vane pump: Also known as partial emission pump. A pump
designed to handle corrosive chemicals at high head, with low flow
rates. Developed in WWII to pump fuel into German Ram jet engines.
Rated operating point: The point on the pump efficiency curve at
which the pump vendor guarantees the pump’s performance.
Reaction bonded: A method of manufacturing silicon carbide by a
reaction between porous carbon (graphite) and molten silicon.
Recessed impeller pump: Sometimes known as vortex pump. A
pump design which reduces contact between the impeller and the
process fluid by recessing the impeller. Ideal for slurries containing
solids or fibres.
Recirculation: Refers to the fact that at both high and low flow (as
compared to the BEP on efficiency graph), the process fluid will tend
to recirculate at the suction and discharge.
Relative density: Ratio of a liquids density to that of water measured
at 4°C. Also known as specific gravity.
Renkin scale: A temperature scale with the same size units as
farenheit, but starting at 0° defined as absolute 0.
Repeller: An additional impeller used to lower the stuffing box
pressure.
Residual unbalance: The amount of unbalance (in terms of mass)
remaining after a rotor, or shaft, has been balanced on a balancing
machine. Expressed as ounce inches. This will cause the rotor to
vibrate during operation. The magnitude depends on the amount of
unbalance and the rotor speed.
Reynolds number: A dimensionless number that relates the ratio of
inertial forces (velocity) to viscous forces.
Rheopectic: A fluid whose vicosity increases with time.
Rigid rotor: A rotor that operates at less than or equal to 70% of its
first critical speed. Does not vibrate.
Rigid shaft: A pump shaft that operates below its critical speed..
RMS: Root mean square. A statistical measure of the magnitude of
variation in some quantity.
Rockwell "C": A scale used to measure hardness of materials.
Rotating seal: In mechanical seals, if the moveable portion of a seal
rotates with the shaft, then the seal is said to be a rotating seal.
Rotor: The compilation of all the rotating elements in a pump.
Includes the shaft, the impeller, wear rings, bearings, etc.
Run out: If the rotating shaft doesn’t rotate exactly on its centerline,
then the run out is a measure of the deviation from true rotation.
Expressed as twice this distance.
Runner: Historical term for the impeller, rarely used.
Tandem seals: Two mechanical seals facing the same direction with low
pressure barrier fluid in between them.
T.D.H.: Total Discharge Head. The sum of the static (differential) head and
friction loss.
Tensile strength: The tensile strength is the force required to break
something as it is being pulled apart axially.
Test baseplate: A specially designed support used during performance
testing of a pump in a test well.
Test curve: A graph depicting the results of a performance test.
Thermal conductivity: A property of a material that designates how well
the material can conduct heat.
Thermal imaging: Using an infrared (heat) sensitive camera to image
machinery to find where the hotspots are.
Thermoplastic: A plastic material that can be melted over and over again
without changing its properties. Used in injection molded plastics.
Thermosetting: Unlike a thermoplastic, this material can only be melted
once. After it has cooled and set, it cannot be re-melted without losing its
properties.
Thixotrophic fluid: A fluid whose viscosity decreases with agitation. E.g
non-drip paint.
Thrust: Refers to the axial movement of the rotor. At start up the thrust can
be axially in either direction depending on the balance of the rotor/impeller
assembly.
Thrust bearing: A bearing that takes an axial load and locates the rotor
axially.
T.I.R.: Total Indicator Runout (see below).
Torque: The tendency of a force to rotate an object around an axis.
Torr: A traditional unit of pressure. Historically equivalent to one “millimeter
of mercury” in a barometer.
Torsional critical speed: The resonant frequency associated with the
torsional deflection of a rotor. Different than later critical speed.
Total Dynamic Head: This term has been replaced by and is equivalent to
“Total Head”.
Total head: The sum of the head produced by the pump. It can be
calculated by subtracting the suction head from the discharge head.
Total Indicator Runout (T.I.R.): The runout (a non-true shaft is said to have
“runout”) measured manually on a dial indicator.
Total Static Head: The discharge pressure minus the suction static head –
including the difference between the surface pressures of the two (discharge
& suction) tanks, if they are pressurized.
Transducer: A device that turns a mechanical (e.g. vibration) movement
into an electrical signal that can be read or saved.
TransferringTo move a substance, usually a liquid, from one place to
another.
Trip speed: A speed that “trips” an automatic shutdown of a pump to
prevent damage by being overloaded.
Tungsten carbide: An inorganic compound made of equal parts tungsten
and carbon. Roughly three times harder than steel. Used as a common hard
face seal material due to it’s durability.
Turbulence: In fluid dynamics, this is non-laminar flow.
Turbulent: In fluid dynamics, this is a characteristic of fluid particles that are
not undergoing laminar flow, but are generally flowing in one direction, but
may go in any direction.
Two plane balancing: Removing residual unbalance in a rotor/impeller
system by balancing in two planes rather than one.
Two-stage pump:A pump design containing two impellers operating in
series. The discharge of the first stage is the input of the second stage
Two way balance: A method for balancing seals in two directions.
Vacuum: A pressure of less than one atmosphere.
Vane passing syndrome: Cavitation caused by the clearance
between the impeller and the cutwater being too small.
Vane pump (hydraulic): A positive displacement pump that consists
of vanes mounted on a circular rotor. The rotor sits inside a circular
cavity. These two circles are offset, to create eccentricity.
Vaporize: Fluid changes state from liquid to gas.
Vapor pressure: If a liquid is in a chamber that is below the vapor
pressure, then the liquid will vaporize.
Variable speed motor: Can be used to control flow in the system by
varying the impeller speed.
V.D.M.A.: The German Engineering Federation. It’s the trade
association for the German mechanical engineering industry.
Velocity: Typically used to mean speed, but also includes
directionality.
Velocity head: The energy contained in a flowing fluid. Its kinetic
energy. Calculated by the term (velocity)2 /2 (acceleration of gravity).
Vent: To remove air or gas from a mechanical system.
Venturi (Bernoulli's law): A pipe that has a section in its middle of
smaller diameter than either end. The pressure in this area will be less
than the pressure in the area of piping with the larger diameter.
Vertical canned pump: A vertical pump that has a double casing
composed of an inner bowl and an outer barrel. The outer barrel,
under full discharge pressure, compresses the liquid in the inner bowl.
Vertical pump: Any pump where the shaft is mounted vertically.
Vibration Damping: Important in mechanical seal design to prevent
seal faces from opening and leakage occurring.
Vibration spectrum: A plot of amplitude of vibration vs frequency.
Sometimes this is referred to as a vibration signature and it can be
used to identify the source, or cause, of high vibration levels in
turbomachinery.
Viscosity: Resistance to gradual deformation of a fluid by shear or
tensile stress.
Viscous drag pump: A pump design that uses a flat impeller
containing no vanes. The fluid is moved by interacting with the flat
disk of the impeller through its viscosity.
Viton®: An elastomer brand name manufactured by E.I. Dupont Dow.
Generically known as a fluorocarbon.
Volute: A spiral shaped container that houses the impeller. Its
function is to collect and direct the flow of liquid coming out of the
impeller.
Volute casing: Converts energy from the velocity of a fluid into
pressure by using the venture effect.
Volute insert: An insert welded at the volute lip to change the pump
performance. It’s a new technology used to effect reductions in
capacity of re-rated pumps.
Volute pump: A pump design where the casing is shaped like a
volute (spiral). Can contain either a single lip or two lips.
Vortex: A mass of liquid in rotary motion around an imaginary axis.
The flow is referred to as vertical flow.
Vortexing liquid: Refers to the inlet where a liquid that is vortexing,
may draw air into the intake.
Vortex Pump: A pump used in applications where a very large
percentage of solids are contained within the fluid. Operates by having
a recessed impeller that is out of the flow path.
Z: A symbol used in pumping to indicate a pump’s hydrodynamic size.
Zero percent head loss NPSHR (NPSH0): The lowest NPSHR by a
pump that results in zero head loss from the performance curve when
tested with enough NPSHA.
Zymaxx: The trade name for a composite material containing carbon
fibers. Used to make pump components such as bearings, wear ring
inserts, bushings, etc.