Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend
access to Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
'»9
J.H. Humphries
Throughout the survey numerous stone built cairns were observed, part-
icularly on the ridges and higher elevations. Since the primary pur-
pose of the survey was to locate settlement sites, it was decided to
bypass the cairns on this occasion. One small group of cairns near
Izki, on the inland end of the main pass through the mountains to Muscat,
was briefly reconnoitred. The use of stone lintel slabs above neatly
built doorways in some of these cairns is similar to those cairns exam-
ined by Major Mockler at Dambah Koh in Baluchistan across the Gulf of
Oman(l). However, all the cairns at Izki had been opened in times
past and no identifiable artifacts or pottery were recovered from them.
Dr. Karen Frifelt and the Danish Archaeological Expedition to Qnan have
investigated the cairns and graves of Oman in great detail. Dr.
Frifelt1 s report will be a definitive study of this widespread feat-
ure of the Qmani landscape.
In the Wadi Bahla drainage area (fig. 2) five sites and possibly a
sixth have been attributed to the third millennium B.C. on the basis of
ceramic parallels with the excavated sites of Tepe Yahya and Bampur in
South-eastern Iran. The Wadi Bahla as may be seen in fig. 2 flows
southwest from its source on the flanks of the Jebel Akhdar until it is
absorbed in the edges of the south-eastern Arabian desert. At present,
there are pools of standing water at various points in the wadi, in
particular near the town of Bahla itself. There are also several
afala.j around Bahla and Bisyah. It seems likely that the modern
conditions of adequate soil and water for agriculture have prevailed
since at least the later prehistoric periods.
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
50
Just below the modern town of Bisyah the Wadi Bahla is joined by the
Wadi Sayfam, which has descended from the same mountain range a little
farther northwest than the Wadi Bahla. In effect f the two wadis
occupy the opposite sides of the same plain. The Wadi Bahla flows
more or less level with the plain with, in most places, only low banks.
However, the Wadi Sayfam is comparatively deeply incised, up to two or
more metres in places. At the time of writing all the prehistoric
sites known are located along the Wadi Eahla. None are known from the
Wadi Sayfam.
BB-6 is a small settlement lying on the east bank of the Wadi Bahla
proper, approximately two kilometres north of the town of Bahla (fig. 2).
The settlement appears to have been some 500 metres in diameter and
rises less than one metre, at its highest point above the present level
of the plain. There is some evidence for the use of stone foundations
under whatever buildings may once have existed. To the northeast there
are the foundations of a stone wall which may once have encircled the
site.
BB-19r another settlement site, lies further down the west bank of the
Wadi Bahla, below Bahla and nearer to Bisyah (fig. 2). The remains
are grouped on three low hillocks approximately 800 metres to the west
of the wadi proper. At this site the use of stone walls and found-
ations is very much in evidence. On top of the highest hillock was
built an enclosure, with stone walls some two metres thick and composed
of roughly hewn stone blocks up to two metres by three-quarters of a
metre by half a metre in size. Remnants of houses appear to lie around
this massive enclosure and to spread over onto the second hillock. The
third hillock supports a number of stone cairns (fig. 3)»
BB-20, farther south down the wadi, and again on the v^ side, is a
small hill around which a heavy stone wall, reminiscent of the enclosure
at BB-19, has been built (fig. 2).
BB-21 lies three hundred metres south of BB-20, and is a raised circular
platform some one and a half metres high, contained by a stone wall.
On top of the platform are the remains of a complex series of stone
walls which appear to form the remains of a small building. Without
excavation it is difficult to delineate the walls and doorways. Fig.
k represents the evidence remaining on the surface at present.
BB-16 is another heavy stone enclosure of the same massive, roughly cut
blocks as BB-19, only this time containing a certain amount of earthen
deposit, rather like BB-21. This site lies two kilometres to the west
of BB-21 but still within easy walking distance of the Wadi Bahla proper
and still within the area deemed suitable for cultivation at present (fig. 2).
Sizable pottery collections were possible only at BB-6 and BB-19 and the
pottery from the two sr.t^s is identical. A few sherds of the same nature
werP ^red from BB-21, whereas BB-20 and BB-l6 produced no surface
potct are associated with the other sites on the basis of building
technique and design. A representative sample of the pottery f
and BB-19 is illustrated in fig. 5.
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
51
The principal parallels to the pottery of BB-6 and BB-19 are with Rampur
III-IV, and Tepe Yahya IV В (fig. 5). It should be noted that the
pottery of BB-6 and BB-19 is, without exception, a very fine ware with
little or no visible temper and in most cases a very smooth exterior
surface. These features suggest that the collection may well fall into
the end of Yahya IVC beginning of Yahya IVB, rather than entirely within
Yahya IVB. The distinction between the fine wares of IVC and the coar-
ser wares of IVB has long been an important difference between the two
periods at Tepe Yahya(2). The Omani sites BB-6 and BB-19, and by assoc-
iation BB-I6, BB-20, and BB-21, may therefore be dated to the first half
of the third millennium B.C. and probably to the early part of that per-
iod, given the above link with Yahya IVC.
It is likely that there are also parallels between the BB-6 and BB-19
pottery collection, and the pottery from Umm an Nar island off Abu
Dhabi(3), particularly the less well known settlement pottery(^f). If
this is so then possibly these sites (BB-6, etc.) represent settle-
ments of some of the builders of the spectacular Umm an Nar tombs, now
known from the Buraimi area, and Oman, as well as Umm an Nar.
The site, BB-I5, described below as having two major occupations, one
in the latter half of the first millennium B.C. and one in the 13th-l^fth
centuries A.D., also produced two sherds decorated with appliquéed
snakes (fig. 10a, b). The best parallel for these snakes, even to the
impressed circle decoration on them, is Tepe Yahya IVB(5) where both
at Tepe Yahya and other contemporary sites the snake motif is one of the
hallmarks of the period. It is possible therefore that still another
early third millennium site lies below BB-I5.
One may conclude, then, that in the Wadi Bahla has been located the
nucleus of a settled community dated to the early third millennium B.C.
and associated with the Tepe Yahya IVB, Bampur, and Umm an Nar manifest-
ations of this period. The location of the sites along the banks of
the Wadi Bahla suggests an agricultural community, possibly using simple
techniques of artificial irrigation, or, possibly relying solely on nat-
ural runoff and precipitation. Although the sites are small the var-
iation in form between BB-6 and BB-19, settlements; and BB-I6 and BB-21,
circular platforms, with, in the case of BB-21, a building on top;
suggests a social organisation of sufficiently advanced state to reflect
itself in the construction of different types of structures for pres-
umably different social functions. One of these purposes may have been
defensive as suggested by the external circumferential wall at BB-6, and
the central massive stone enclosure at BB-19.
If, therefore, to quote J.C. Wilkinson, the Trucial coast was a water-
less, featureless desert fronting the impenetrable Rub al Khali(6), and
the Heartland ď Oman stretching along the foot of the AI Haj jar mountains
from Ibri to the Sharquiah was comparatively well watered, with adequate
soil for cultivation, and possessed of a settled population, then Oman
may well have been a centre of population and cultural influence for the
less hospitable areas round about. At the same time, the interior of
Oman is not isolated but is obviously connected with the larger inter-
action area of The Gulf and South-eastern Iran(7). Although no evidence
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
52
of prehistoric mining has yet been recovered, the rich copper ores struck
by Prospections Ltd. and the known massive slag heaps from Islamic times
cannot but reinforce previous tentative identifications of Oman with
Magan(8).
Apart from the above sites, three other prehistoric sites have been
dated to the first millennium B.C. BB-4, the smaller of the three
later settlements, is located two kilometres south of the town of Bahla
on thp edge of the wadi bed (fig. 2). The remains of the stone found-
ations of a number of small rectangular buildings are visible on the sur-
face, and extend some four hundred metres along the edge of the wadi.
It is likely that the combined forces of wind and water have eroded the
remains of the upper walls of these structures since there is little
evidence of the accumulation of debris into the usual tell formation.
A sample of the pottery is illustrated in figs. 6 and 7«
On the other side of the Western Haj jar mountains a few kilometres south
of Sohar lies the third mid- first millennium site, SH-11. Tne site
takes the form of a low tell rising some 3*5 metres above plain surface
and extending l60 metres in diameter. SH-11 lies four hundred metres
inland from the landward edge of the present-day date palm gardens
which stretch along the Batinah coast of Oman, and 1.4 kilometres from
the present-day water's edge of the Gulf of Oman. A selection of the
pottery is illustrated in figs. 11 and 12.
The major occupations at the sites BB-4, BB-15 and SH-11, probably began
in the seventh century B.C. on the basis of the ceramic parallels to T.
Baba Jan and to T. Yahya and continue throughout the latter part of the
first millennium (see figs. 6-10). In addition to the parallels to
Baba Jan and Yahya there are also strong similiarities to the pottery
from Quarn Bint Saud in the Buraimi(lO). Further evidence of the first
millennium occupation in the Buraimi area comes from the Jebel Hafit
where one of the cairns excavated by the Danish Archaeological Expedition
(Cairn 20, Jebel Hafit) produced a stone bowl with distinctive carving(ll).
An almost exactly similiar bowl (now in the Musée Iran Bastan, Tehran) was
excavated on the floor of a Period III house at Tepe Yahya(l2). The pro-
bable contemporaneity of the Dibba culture with that of Quarn Bint Saud
has already been published(l3). It also seems likely that one should
include in this first millennium stratum of occupations the sites located
by Miss De Cardi at Al Khatt(l4), although these might be a little later
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
53
and equivalent with Tepe Yahya IIA in time. Other parallels, which may
illustrate what begins to appear as a widespread occupation around the
Gulf area, are the stone bowls from the AI Haj jar I graves on Bahrein (15)
The carved bowls in fig. 15 of the Bahrein publication (first three,
upper left) are very similar to the Yahya bowl and to the Jebel Haf it
bowl; while the tall stone vase with knobbed lid and vertically pierced
lugs in fig. 16 of. the Bahrein report is not unlike a vase from Nippur
(16) dated to the late Assyrian period at that site. One should also
mention the lowest levels of Tell Sa'ad on Failaika Island as having
been said to be of this periodi 17 )i and of course the relevant levels in
the Danish excavations at Qalat al Bahrein(l8).
It is not unlikely that this seventh century B.C. occupation is the found-
ation for the later settlements of the fifth to fourth centuries B.C.
As may be seen on fig. 1 there are a number of archaeological sites of
this time period known around the Gulf, although not all are excavated:
Borazjan, near Bushire(l9); a site somewhere on Failaika Island(20);
Bahrein; Murwab in Qatar(2l); sites inland from Minab through Rudan
to the Jiroft in South-eastern Irani 22); T. Yahya IIA; and now in Oman.
A particularly interesting parallel from SH-11 is that of fig. 12J with
the Prickett-Williamson sites in the Minab-Jiroft area, T. Yahya II-IIA,
and Dahan-i-Ghulaman and Qal-i-Nau in Seistan. This very specific
vessel shape and surface treatment along with other parallels suggests
that the coast of Oman at least, was in frequent communication with South-
eastern Iran at this time.
In the following period, the third to second centuries B.C., there are
also a number of sites around the Gulf. Some of these sites are already
well known: Qalat al Bahrein; the Failaika temple and settlement;
Pasargadae; etc. It is difficult at the moment to establish conclus-
ively the right of some of the other sites to be included. However, pre-
liminary evidence can be stated at this time. A number of ring-based,
flange rim bowls from T. Yahya II (23) are very similar to bowls from the
definitely Hellenistic site of Ai КЬапит(2*+). A small number of sherds
of a fine polished buffware with red painted designs are known both from
the Hellenistic site on Failaika Island and from T. Yahya, II. Although
most of the Hellenistic pottery from Failaika is glazed, perhaps a Meso-
potamian characteristic, certain of the vessel shapes are reminiscent of
T. Yahya 11(25). As may be seen in the pottery descriptions there are a
number of cross connections between the SH-11 Sohar site, Yahya II and
later sites around the Gulf as well as a few late parallels with the in-
land Oman sites BB-*f and BB-I5.
Although there are too few parallels to provide concrete evidence, one
cannot dismiss the possibility that the three Omani sites in question con-
tinue still later, post second century B.C. bringing them down into the
Parthian period in Mesopotamia and Iran(27)*
The three sites, BB-*f, BB-I5, and SH-11, indicate an era of continuous
Qnani development from the eighth-seventh centuries B.C. through to the
end of the millennium. As in the third millennium, Oman appears to be a
part of the Gulf community and not aloof in isolation. Further, although
it is not possible to speak with any certainity at this time, the evidence
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
5h
NOTES
(8) "Oman", Middle East Economic Digest, 197^, l8, no. 12, p. 338.
(9) I am grateful to my colleague Mr. Andrew Williamson (presently
Director of Antiquities in the Sultanate of Oman) for discussing
the Islamic occupation with me.
(10) I am grateful to Dr. Klindt Jensen, Mr. Geoffrey Bibby, and Dr.
Karen Frifelt for allowing me to examine the Quarn Bint Saud
material in the Moesgaard Museum, and particularly Dr. Frifelt,
the excavator, for discussing the pottery with me.
(11) K. Frifelt, "Jamdat Nasr Fund Fra Oman", Kuml, 1970, p. 36^, fig. 9
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
55
(22) These sites were located on survey carried out by Miss Martha
Prickett of Harvard University and Mr. Andrew Williamson of
Oxford University.
(27) e.g. S.B. Miles, The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf, 1919, p. 7-10 •
(28) I wish to thank Mr. Andrew Williamson, Mrs. Judith Humphries née
Pullar and Mrs. Anne Hastings for their invaluable help with the
Survey, without which it would not have been possible; Mr. Claus
Breede for the drawings in fig. 10; and all who were so much
help to us in Oman. The responsibility for the conclusions of
this report are my own.
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
56
ABBREVIATIONS
BABA JAN 1968 Clare Goff Meade, "Luristan in the First Half of the
First Millennium B.C.11, Iran, VI, I968, p. IO5.
BABA JAN 197O Clare Goff, "Excavations at Baba Jan, I968: Preliminary
Report", Iran, VIII, 1970.
FITZ I97I W. Fitz, Cairns, Cave Graves, Rock Art, and Dakmeh from
South-eastern Iran, Honour B.A. thesis, Department of
Anthropology, Harvard University,' 1971-
GODIN 1969 T.C. Young Jr., Excavations at Godin Tepe: First Progress
Report, Royal Ontario Museum, Art and Archaeology,
Occasionai Paper 17, I969.
GODIN 197^ T.C. Young, Jr., L.D. Levine, Excavations of the Godin
Project: Second Progress Report, Royal Ontario Museum,
Art and Archaeology, Occasional Paper 26, 197*+ •
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
57
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
58
S/ o* i»
WUb^ l62 o™
4 ^>, ♦
'jf V ,
' *.( J -
/4 4 7-4^ V$OHAR -
sZ-Third-SecondCentunesBC (^^ ^ ^ ± Ш$2 -
■ -Fifth- FourthCentur.es ВС ^W==^>r^~N-^ž^^^ ^ 3<P '^v4^yU$CAt ^^
à - Eighth -Sixth Centuries В С ^^ ^-«K^ _
Э -Second Millennium B.C. ! q J V -
► -ThirdMihennium ВС о ЮР 2OO LÍÍ X^.
KILOMETIFS f
23 Bampur
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
59
Т^гШ ШЛ ' ■ i ï i
4 РтаУа ť==] Flood "*
4 T /ЫФ
JjMr"'"' - WadiBed
Pl LV»K^L LLLJjEtevatedLand
ШГгш 11
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
, t t д _л
KILOMETRES
Fig: 2
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
6o
BB-19
SKETCH PLAN
1/Enclosure
0
fi METRES
Fig: 3
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
6i
BB-21
I '
metres
Fig: 4
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
62
Fig. 5
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
63
Fig. 5 (continued)
Л I /
ï
d' - f=Tsf i f
« ^ I i I '
h 'ш^ШШШ/шА
^^n/ ^^== ir
I I 1" {
w 1 ^ ^ m ■ cms.
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
bh
b 1 /WWV? i Г I 1
( I - )
^^ о о и о о )
СПИ) m
^^^ m О
»
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
6>
l'iC. 6
(ВВ-'i)
j fine buffware
к fine redware YAHYA I97O fig. 9E Yahya III
BABA JAN I97O
fig. 7: 5, 6 Baba Jan II
NUSH-I JAN 1969
fig. 6: if, 5 Nush-i Jan I
DIIMUN I969 p. I63: 28 Assyrian 700 B.C.
NIPPUR PI. 100: 11 Assyrian-Neo-
Babylonian
1 medium redware, traces of YAHYA 1972 fig. IL Yahya IIA?
red wash all over BURAIMI fig. ¿fa 8th-6th Cent. B.C.
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
66
Ь
7 с
rrv "i
я^ I
'"Т7 т-
о
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
67
Fig. 7
(ВВ-Л)
a medium coarse redware YAHYA 1970 fig. 5C 100 B.C. -100 A.D.
g medium grey-redware
h medium redware, red brown Yahya IIA-II
paint all over YAHYA 1972 fig. IE 6th-¿fth Cent. B.C.
i medium redware
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
68
Fig. 8
(BB-15)
d medium buffware, red brown similar to Quarn Bint 1st half 1st
paint all over Saud, Buraimi mill. B.C.
к coarse redware, red brown wash possibly Parthian ca. 100 B.C.-
on interior and possibly also south Mesopotamia 100 A.D.
on exterior (personal communication
Dr. E. Keall)
1 fine reddish buffware, red YAHYA 1970 figs. 8C,
brown paint all over 9E, 11B Yahya III
BABA JAN 1970
fig. 7: 2, 3 Baba Jan II
DIIMJN I969 p. I63:Assyrian
28 7OO B.C.
8th-7th
BURAIMI fig. ¿fb, p. I63 Cent. B.C.
m fine reddish buffware, red YAHYA I97O fig. 9B Yahya III
paint all over BABA JAN fig. 7: 2, 3 Baba Jan II
8th-7th Cent. B.C.
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
69
Fig. 8 (continued)
(BB-15)
p fine buff ware, light red DI1MUN 1956 fig. 2, 8th-7th Cent. B.C.
wash all over p. 165 similar to Quarn
Bint Saud, Buraimi
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
70
Fig. 9
(BB-15)
d fine reddish buffware, red similar to Quarn Bint 8th-7th Cent. B.C.
brown paint all over Saud, Buraimi
e medium redware, traces of
dark paint all over
f medium redware NIPPUR PI. 102: 7 7th-4th-Cent. B.C.
g medium coarse redware, remains possibly Parthian ca. 100 B.C.-
of red brown paint on interior south Mesopotamia 100 A.D.
(personal communication
Dr. E. Keall)
h fine redware, lightly burnished
red-purple paint all over
exterior and wide band on
interior rim
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
71
Fig. 9 (continued)
(BB-15)
q medium reddish buff ware, red similar to Quarn Bint 8th-7th Cent.
brown paint all over Saud, Buraimi B.C.
ГГ7 ГП
«
g
1 I ? ИШ
1 °н=кл1:> cms
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
72
Fig. 10
(BB-15)
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
73
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
7^
Fig- 11
(SH-11)
a medium buff ware, red brown YAHYA 1972 fig. IF Yahya IIA
paint all over 6th-4th Cent. B.C.
e coarse reddish buffware similar to. Quarn , Bint 7th Cent. B.C.
Saud, Buraimi
f medium buffware NIPPUR PI. 102: 3 Assyrian and
later
HOS s. ВВ-Л-38ап
YAHYA 1970 fig. 5M
m medium buffware PW s. K108
n medium buffware PW s. P5
о medium buffware
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
75
Fig. 11 (continued)
(SH-11)
ЛТ'7 v i /,
• ^7 Y4~7.
■ тп j - | - -(
' 5
i
ГП:гп' 0м Fig:11 Pottery from SH-11
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
76
">#
k7щщ ооооооооооооооооооол
UZ ооооооооооооооооооол - I
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
77
Fig. 12
(SH-11)
с medium brownware
g fine buffware
h fine buffware NIPPUR PI. 10¿+: 22 post ¿fth Cent.
possibly Parthian A.D. possibly
south Mesopotamian Parthian
(personal communication
Dr. E. Keall)
к medium buffware
This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Tue, 27 Nov 2018 09:25:28 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms