Quantitative Analysis For Business

CIX 1004
Glossary Assignment
Topic 12 and topic 13
2017/2018
Semester 1

Lecturer : Dr. Phoong Seuk Wai

Tutorial : Wednesday 9 a.m. – 10 a.m.
Topic : Integration and Application of Integration
Group Member : Md Nur Alif Narbawi Bin Che Yahaya
( CIA170070 )
: Nor Safanah Bt Nasirudeen ( CIA170087 )
: Nur Hidayu Bt Haris ( CIA170098 )
: Ainul Jariah Bt Ali Asgar ( CIA170006 )
Topic 12 : Integration
12.1 DIFFERENTIALS
- If y = f(x), then dy/dx = f ‘ (x). Thus, the differential of y is dy = f ‘(x) dx.
-Example 1: y = 3x2 + 6x + 9. Find the differential dy, when x =1 and dx = 0.5
-Solution: dy/dx = 6x + 6
dy = 6x + 6 (dx)
dy = 6(1)+6(0.5)
=9

12.2 THE INEFINITE INTEGRAL

Given a function, 𝑓(𝑥), an anti-derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) is any function 𝑓(𝑥) such that

𝐹 ′(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥)
If 𝐹 (𝑥)is any anti-derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) then the most general anti-derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) is called
an indefinite integral and denoted,

∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶 , 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

In this definition the is called the integral symbol, 𝑓(𝑥) is called the integrand, x is called
the integration variable and the “c” is called the constant of integration.

12.3 INTEGRATION WITH INITIAL CONDITIONS

- Initial conditions is used to find the constant C
- Example 2: If y is a function of x such that y’= 6x – 3 and y(3) = 6, find y?
- Solution: y = ƪ (6x -3) dx
= 3x2 – 3x + c
To find c, substitute x = 3
6 = 3(3)2 – 3(3) + c
c = -12
Therefore y = 3x2 – 3x – 12
12.4 MORE INTEGRATION FORMULA

1. ∫ k du = ku + C 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

n
u n+1
2. ∫ u du = +C n ≠ −1
𝑛+1
1
3. ∫ du = ln u + C 𝑢≠0
𝑢

4. ∫ eu du = eu + C

5. ∫ k f(x) dx = k ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) dx + C 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

6. ∫⌈ 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) ⌉ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

12.5 TECHIQUES OF INTEGRATION

- Formula for integrating bu = ƪ bu du = 1
bu + c
In b

12.6 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Let f(x) be a continuous function on the closed interval [ a ,b ] ; then the definite integral of f exist on this
interval and

Where F is any function such that F’(x) = f (x) for all x in [a , b]

12.7 CONSUMER’S SURPLUS AND PRODUCER’ S SURPLUS

-Consumer surplus is the difference between the price of good or service in the market and the
price that the consumers willing to pay for a good or service
- Producer surplus is the difference between the price of a good in the market and the price that
the producer willing to accept for a supplying the good or service.
- Formulae to calculate producer surplus and consumer surplus:
𝑞0
Consumer Surplus : ∫0 [ 𝑓(𝑞 ) − 𝑝0 ]𝑑𝑞
𝑞0
Producer Surplus : ∫0 [ 𝑝0 − 𝑔(𝑞 )]𝑑𝑞
Example 1
Given 𝑦 = −0.08𝑥 2 − 0.64𝑥 + 6.72 and 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 3 are demand and supply function, in RM
of a certain commodity respectively where 𝑥 is quantity and y is price per unit. Determine the
consumer’s surplus and producer’s surplus under market equilibrium.

At market equilibrium point, D(X) = S(X)

−0.08𝑥 2 − 0.64𝑥 + 6.72 = 3𝑥 + 3
0.08𝑥 2 + 3.64𝑥 − 3.72 = 0
2𝑥 2 + 91𝑥 − 93 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 93) = 0
93
𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = − 2
93
𝑥=− is rejected because quantity cannot be negative
2

When 𝑥 = 1, y = 3𝑥 + 3
y = 3(1) + 3
y= 6

 The market equilibrium point is (1,6)

𝑥
Consumer’s surplus = ∫0 𝐷(𝑋) 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥𝑦)
1
= ∫0 −0.08𝑥 2 − 0.64𝑥 + 6.72 𝑑𝑥 − (1𝑋6)
0.08𝑥 2
= [− − 0.32𝑥 2 + 6.72 ] 10 − 6
3

478
= ( 75 − 0) − 6

= RM 0.37
 1
Producer’s surplus = ( xy ) − ∫0 𝑆(𝑋) dx
1
= (1𝑋6) − ∫0 3𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2
=6−[ + 3𝑥] 10
2
9
= 6 − (2 − 0)

= RM 1.50
Example 2
Given the marginal cost function for production of a motorbike in Kawasaki Company is given
by
𝑑𝑐
= 4𝑞 2 + 2𝑞
𝑑𝑞

Where c is the total cost (in RM) while q are the units produced.

a) What is the total cost function if fixed cost is RM 20000?

𝑇(𝐶) = ∫ 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑇(𝐶) = ∫ 4𝑞 2 + 2𝑞 𝑑𝑞
4𝑞 3
𝑇(𝐶) = + 𝑞2 + 𝑐
3

When q = 0, T(c) = 20000, C = 20000

4𝑞 3
 𝑇(𝐶) = + 𝑞 2 + 20000
3

b) Determine the cost of producing 150 motorbike ?

4𝑞 3
𝑇(𝐶) = + 𝑞 2 + 20000
3

4(150)3
When q = 150, 𝑇(𝐶) = + (150)2 + 20000
3

T(C) = RM 4 542 500

Example 3
𝑑𝐵
The rate of change of a building that cost RM 750 000 to build can be modeled by = 20𝑒 0.10𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Where t is the time in years since the house was built, and B is the value of the building (in
thousand’s ringgit).
a) Find B(t)
𝐵(𝑡) = ∫ 20𝑒 0.10𝑡 𝑑𝑡 let u = 0.10 t
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐵(𝑡) = ∫ 20𝑒 𝑢 = 0.1
0.1 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
𝐵(𝑡) = 200𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑡 = 0.1

𝐵(𝑡) = 200𝑒 0.10𝑡 + 𝐶

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0, 𝐵 = 750
𝐵(0) = 750
200𝑒 0.10𝑡 + 𝐶 = 750
𝐶 = 550
𝐵(𝑡) = 200𝑒 0.10𝑡 + 550

b) Find the value of building in the 5th year.

𝐵(5) = 200𝑒 0.10𝑥5 + 550
𝐵(5) = 829.744 (thousand ringgit)
Therefore, the value of the building in 5th year is RM 829 744
Example 4
Ericsson is a company that produce wireless telephone. Given the marginal cost function and
marginal revenue function is as below.
𝐶 ′ (𝑥) = 250 − 0.3𝑥
𝑅′(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 500
a) The fixed cost is RM 36 000. Find the average cost in RM when 100 units of wireless
telephone is produced.

𝐶(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑥

𝐶(𝑥) = ∫ 250 − 0.3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

0.3𝑥 2
𝐶(𝑥) = 250𝑥 − +𝐷
2

When 𝑥 = 0 , 𝐶(0) = 36 000, D =36 000

0.3𝑥 2
𝑇(𝐶) = 250𝑥 − + 36 000
2

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥

0.3𝑥 2
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = { 250𝑥 − + 36 000 } ÷ 𝑥
2
0.3𝑥 36 000
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 250 − +
2 𝑥

0.3(100) 36 000
When 𝑥 = 100, 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 250 − +
2 100

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑅𝑀 595

b) Find the profit function and state whether Ericson obtain profit or loss ( by how much) when
produce 1000 units of wireless telephone

𝑅(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑥

𝑅(𝑥) = ∫ 4𝑥 − 500 𝑑𝑥
𝑅(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 500𝑥 + E

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑅(0) = 0 , 𝐸 = 0
𝑅(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 500𝑥

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 − 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

2
0.3𝑥 2
𝜋(𝑥) = { 2𝑥 − 500𝑥} − { 250𝑥 − + 36 000 }
2
0.3(10002 )
𝜋(1000) = {2(1000)2 − 500(1000)} − {250(1000) − + 36 000 }
2
𝜋(1000) = 3 500 000 − 136 000
= RM 3 364 000
 Ericson obtain profit by RM 3 364 000 when produce 1000 units of wireless telephone
Example 5
A manufacturer’s marginal revenue function is
𝑑𝑟
= −6𝑞 2 + 100𝑞 + 150
𝑑𝑞
If r is in RM, find the change in the manufacturer’s total revenue if production is increased from
8 units to 15 units.

𝑇(𝑅) = ∫ −6𝑞 2 + 100𝑞 + 150 𝑑𝑞

𝑇(𝑅) = −2𝑞 3 + 50𝑞 2 + 150𝑞 + 𝑐
When q = 0 then TR = 0, c = 0
𝑇(𝑅) = −2𝑞 3 + 50𝑞 2 + 150𝑞

𝑞 = 15 , 𝑇(𝑅) = −2(15)3 + 50(15)2 + 150(15)

𝑇(𝑅) = 𝑅𝑀 6750

q = 8, 𝑇(𝑅) = −2(8)3 + 50(8)2 + 150(8)

𝑇(𝑅) = 𝑅𝑀 3376

Change in total revenue = RM 6750 – RM 3376

= RM 3374
Example 6
The demand function for a pizza in the market is given by p = d(q) = 200-0.4q where p is the
price per unit (in RM) for q units. The supply for the pizza is given by the function p = s(q) = 20
+ 0.2q. Determine the consumer surplus and producer surplus under market equilibrium.
Equilibrium point (q0, p0):
Demand function = Supply function
200 – 0.04q = 20 + 0.2q
0.24q = 180
q = 750 units of pizza
p = 200 – 0.04(750)
= RM 170
Equilibrium Point = ( 750 , 170)

𝑞0
Consumer Surplus = ∫0 [𝑑(𝑞) − 𝑝0] 𝑑𝑞
𝑞0
= ∫0 [200 − 0.04𝑞 − 170] 𝑑𝑞
0.04𝑞^2
= 30q - 2

= 30(750) – 0.02(750)2
= RM 11250

𝑞0
Producer Surplus = ∫0 [𝑝0 − 𝑠(𝑞)] 𝑑𝑞
𝑞0
= ∫0 [170 − 20 − 0.2𝑞] 𝑑𝑞
0.2𝑞^2
= 150q -
2

= 150(750) – 0.1(750)2
= RM 56250
Example 7
Given the marginal cost function for shoes in a monopolistic competition industry is given by
MC = 0.8q + 20

(a) If the fixed cost is given by RM500, find the total cost of producing 50 units of shoes.
TC = ƪ MC dq
= ƪ 0.8 q +20
0.8 𝑞^2
= + 20q + c
2

= 0.4 q2 + 20q + c
When q = 0, TC = 500
500 = 0.4(0)2 + 20(0) +C
C = 500
TC = 0.4q2 + 20q + 500
TC(50) = 0.4(50)2 + 20(50) + 500
= RM 2500

(b) How many units of shoe can be produced by the monopolist if the fixed cost increases by RM
950 and the monopolist wants to maintain the previous cost which is when 50 units are produced.
TC = 0.4q2 + 20q + 1450
2500 = 0.4q2 + 20q + 1450
0.4q2 + 20q – 1050 = 0

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑞=
2𝑎

q = 32 or q = -82( rejected since quantity cannot be negative)

Therefore, the monopolist should reduce his or her production to 32 units in order to maintain the
cost .
Example 8
Given the marginal cost function for a chair in furniture industry is given by :
𝑑𝑐
= 0.006p2 + 0.02p + 10
𝑑𝑝

where c is the total cost (in RM) when p units are produced

a) Find the marginal cost when 60 units of chairs are produced

𝑑𝑐
𝑝 = 60 = 0.006(60)2 + 0.02(60) +10
𝑑𝑝

= RM 32.80

b) What is the total cost function if fixed cost is RM 1000?

TC = ƪ MC
= ƪ (0.006p2 + 0.02p + 10) dp
0.006𝑝^3 0.02𝑝^2
= + +10p + c
3 2

When p = 0, TC = 1000
1000 = 0.002(0)3 + 0.01(0)2 + 10(0) + c
c = 1000
TC = 0.002p3 + 0.01p2 + 10p + 1000

c) Determine the changes in the total cost if the production of chairs increases from 50 chair to
150 chairs
TC(150) = 0.002(150)3 + 0.01(150)2 + 10(150) + 1000
= RM 9475
TC(50) = 0.002(50) + 0.01(50) + 10(50) + 1000
= RM 1775
The changes in cost is RM 7700 ( RM 9475- RM 1775) when production increases from 50 to
150 chairs.
Example 9
Herriot Watt company is currently producing plastic water bottle which fulfils the demand of
many customers. Due to competition, Herriot Watt wants to make some innovation in his bottle
production and decided to produce water bottles made up by glass. The marginal revenue
function and marginal cost function is given as below :
Let x = units of glass bottles produced
R’(x) = 600 – 2x
C’(x) = 6 + 4x

a) Is Herriot Watt realizing economic profit by selling 180 units of glass bottles per month given
the fixed cost RM 400. Should Herriot Watt continue his glass bottle production?
TC = ƪ C’(x) dx
= ƪ 6 + 4x
= 6x + 2x2 + c
When x = 0, TC = 400
400 = 6(0) + 2(0)2 + c
c = 400
TC = 2x2 + 6x + 400
TC(180) = 2(180)2 + 6(180) + 400
= RM 66280
TR = ƪ R’(x) dx
=( 600 – 2x) dx
2𝑥^2
= 600x - +c
2

= 600x – x2 + c
When x = 0 , TR = 0
0 = 600(0) – (0)2 + c
c=0
TR( 180) = 600(180) – (180)2
= RM 75600
Profit = TR - TC
= RM 75600- RM 66280
= RM 9320
Herriot Watt should continue his glass bottle production since he earns an economic profit of
RM 9320.
Example 10
The marginal revenue for a weekly demand of Pears Furniture of x units of cupboard is given by
− 6𝑥
R’(x) = ƪ (3𝑥 2 +70)^2

(a) Find the price function of the cupboard ?

− 6𝑥
R(x) = ƪ (3𝑥 2 +70)^2 dx

Let u = (3x2 + 70)

𝑑𝑢
= 6x
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
dx = 6𝑥
−6𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= ƪ 𝑢^2 × 6𝑥
1
= - ƪ 𝑢^2 du
1
=𝑢+c
1
= (3𝑥 2 +70) + c

When x = 0, TR = 0
1
0 = [3(0)2 +70] + c

c=0
1
TR = 3𝑥 2 +70
1 1
Price = 3𝑥 2 +70 × 𝑥
1
= 3𝑥 3 +70𝑥
 Topic 13 :Methods and
Application of Integration
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Definition:

Integration by parts is a technique for performing indefinite integration or definite

integration by expanding the differential of a product of functions and expressing the
original integral in terms of a known integral .

Formula:

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 1

 Question 1 :

ln(𝑥)
What is ∫ dx
𝑥2

 Solution 1 :
1
u = ln (x) u’ =
𝑥
1 1
v=
𝑥2
∫ 𝑥 2 dx = ∫ 𝑥 −2 dx
= −𝑥 −1
1
=-
𝑥

ln(𝑥) 1 1 1
∴∫ dx = ln (x) (− ) - ∫ (− ) dx
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
ln(𝑥) 1
= − − ∫ − 2 dx
𝑥 𝑥
ln(𝑥) 1
= − − +c
𝑥 𝑥
[ ln(𝑥)+1]
=− +c
𝑥
Example 2
Question 2
Find ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution 2

1
𝑢=𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥
2
𝑢′ = 1 𝑣 ′ = 𝑒 2𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥. 𝑒 2𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥 1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2 4

AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION

Definition:
The average value of a continuous function y = f(x) over the interval [ a, b ]
Let f(x) be a function that is continuous on the interval a ≤ x ≤ b , Then the average value V of f(x) over a
≤ x ≤ b is given by the definite integral
1 𝑏
V= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏−𝑎 𝑎

Example 3
 Question 3 :
Suppose the cost (in RM) of producing q units of a product is given by
C = 3500 + 7q + 0.4𝑞 2
Find the average cost on the interval from q = 200 to q = 600

 Solution 3 :
1 600
𝑐̅ = 600−200 ∫200 ( 3500 + 7𝑞 + 0.4𝑞 2 ) dq
1 7 0.4
= [( 3500𝑞 + 2 𝑞 2 + 𝑞 3 )] 600
400 3 200
1 7 0.4 1 7
= [( 3500(600) + 2 (600)2 + (600)3 )] - [( 3500(200) + 2 (200)2 +
400 3 400
0.4
(200)3 )]
3

= RM 75 633. 33
Example 4
Question 4 :

Find The average value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 on the interval [1,2].

Solution 4 :
1 2
Average value = ∫ 6𝑥(1 +
2−1 1
𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
2
= ∫1 6𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥
2
𝑑𝑢
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = ∫ 6𝑥(𝑢)2
1 2𝑥
2
= ∫ 3𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
1

2
= [𝑢3 ]
1
2
= [(1 + 𝑥 2 )3 ]
1
= 117
LOGISTIC FUNCTION
Definition:
Logistic functions combine, in one neat package, two characteristic kinds of exponential growth.

Formula:

𝑀 𝑀
N = @ N =
1+𝑏𝑒 −𝑐𝑡 1+𝑏𝐶 𝑡

Example 5
 Question 5 :

A boutique performed a marketing study and concluded that there is a potential of 150 000
customers for its product. At the beginning of the observed, there were 50 000 customers that
used the product, and one year later there were 60 000 customers. Assuming logistic growth,
determine the number of customers 3 years after the beginning of the study.

 Solution 5 :

Let N be the numbe of customers in t years,

When M = 150 000 , t = 0 and N = 50 000
𝑀 150 000 150 000
N= → 50 000 = → b=2 →N=
1+ 𝑏𝑒 −𝑐𝑡 1+𝑏(1) 1+ 2𝑒 −𝑐𝑡
When t = 1 and N = 60 000,
150 000
60 000 = → 𝑒 −𝑐 = 0.75
1+ 2𝑒 −𝑐
Therefore, when t = 4,
150 000
N= ≈ 91 866 customers
1+ 2(0.75)4
Example 6
 Question 6 :
Suppose tht membership in a new country club is to be a maximum of 1000 persons, due to
liitations of the physical plant. Two years ago, the initial was 200 persons, and now there are 400
person. Provided that enrolment follows a logistic function, how many members will there be
five years form now?

 Solution 6 :
Let N be the number of members enrolled in t years,
Here M = 1000, and when t = 0 , N = 200
𝑀 1 000 1 000
N= → 200 = → b = 4 → N =
1+𝑏𝑒 −𝑐𝑡 1+𝑏(1) 1+4𝑒 −𝑐𝑡
When t = 2, and N = 400,
3
1 000 ln
8
400 =
1+4𝑒 −2𝑐
→ c= −
2
Thus, when t = 6
1 000
N= 3 ≈ 947 members
1+4 ( − ln /2)6
8
Example 7

Question 7 :
Suppose the membership in a new country club is to be a maximum of 800 persons, due to
limitations of the physical plant. One year ago, the initial membership was 50 persons, and now
there are 200. Provided that enrollment follows a logistic function, how many members will
there are be three years from now?

Solution 7 :
Let N be the number of members enrolled in t years, here M = 800, and when t = 0, N = 50,
𝑀 800 800
N=
1+𝑏𝑒 −𝑐𝑡
→ 50 = 1+𝑏(1) → b = 15 → N =
1+15𝑒 −𝑐𝑡

When t = 1 and N = 200,

800 1
200 = → c = -In = In 5
1+15𝑒 −𝑐 5

Thus,
800
N= 1 ≈ 781
1+15( )4
5

NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

Definition:
Newton's Law of Cooling states that the rate of change of the temperature of an object is
proportional to the difference between its own temperature and the ambient temperature.

Formula:
𝑑𝑇
=k(T–a)
𝑑𝑡

T(t) = the temperature of the body at time t

a = the ambient temperature
k = the constant of proportionality
Example 8
 Question 8 :
A teacher was found murdered in her room. Police reached on her place at 10.08 p.m. the
temperature of the body at that time was 32°C, and one hour later it was 30°C. The temperature
of the room in which the dead body was found was 21°C. Estimate the time at which the murder
happened.

 Solution 8 :
Let t = no. of hours after the body was discovered
T(t) = temperature of the body at time t
By Newton’s law of cooling,

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
= k(T–a)→ = k ( T – 21 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

ln ( T – 21 ) = kt + C
when T = 32 and t = 0

ln ( 32 – 21 ) = k (0) + C → C = ln 11
𝑇−21
hence, ln ( T – 21 ) = kt + ln 11 → ln kt
11

when T = 30 and t = 1,
( 30−21) 9 𝑇−21 9
ln = k (1) → k = ln → ln = t ( ln )
11 11 11 11

when T = 37 ( normal body temperature ),

16
( 37−21) 9 ln( )
11
ln = t ( ln ) → t = 9 ≈ - 1.87
11 11 ln( )
11

∴ The murder happened about 1.87 hours before the time of discovery of the body ( 10.00 p.m). The teacher
was killed around 8.08 p.m.
Example 9

Question 9 :
Barrack Osama body was found killed in his office. New York Police arrived on the scene at 1
a.m. the temperature of the body at that time was 31°C, and one hour later it was 30°C. the
temperature of the room in which the body was found was 22°C. estimate the time at which the
murder occurred.

Solution 9 :
Let t = no of hours after the body was discovered and T(t) = the temperature of the body time, t.
by the Newton’s law of cooling,
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑡 − 𝑎) → = 𝑘(𝑇 − 22)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
∫ = 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑎)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑇
∫ = 𝑘(𝑑𝑡)
(𝑇 − 𝑎)

In | T – a | = Kt + c
When t=0, T=31
In |31 – 22 | = k(0) + c
c = In 9
when t=1, t=30
in |30 – 22| = k(1) + In 9
8
k = In 9
8
In |T – 22| = In 9 + In 9
8
In |37 – 22| = In 9 t+ In 9

t = -4.34
Accordingly, the murder occurred about 4.34 hours before the time of the discovery of the body
(1.00 a.m.) Barack Osama was killed at about 8:40 p.m.
Net Change

If Q’(x) is continuous on the interval a ≤ x ≤ b , then the net change in Q(x) as x varies from x=a to x =b
is given by

𝑏
Q(b) - Q(a) = ∫𝑎 𝑄 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Example 10

Question 10 :
At a certain factory, the marginal cost is 3(𝑞 − 4)2 dollars per unit when the level of production is q
units. The fixed cost is RM 100. By how much will the total manufacturing cost increase if the level of
production is raised from 6 units to 10 units?

Solution 10 :

10
Cost function = ∫6 3(𝑞 − 4)2 𝑑𝑞

10
= 3 ∫6 (𝑞 − 4)2 𝑑𝑞

Let u = q – 4
10
Cost function = 3 ∫6 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢

𝑢2+1
= 3 [ 2+1 ]

(𝑞−4)2+1
=3[ ]
2+1

= (𝑞 − 4)3 + c

When q = 0 cost function = RM 100

Cost function= (𝑞 − 4)3 + 100

When q = 10 then cost is RM 316

When q = 6 then cost is RM108

Change in total cost = 316 - 108

= RM 208
References

1. Azmin Azlina Aziz, P. S. W. Quantitative Analysis For Business.

2. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/IntegrationbyParts.html

3. http://www.ugrad.math.ubc.ca/coursedoc/math100/notes/diffeqs/cool.html

4. http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Consumer_and_producer_surpl

us.html