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Suggested answers to Exercise and Reading to


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(Note: The overseas examination boards bear no responsibility for the suggested answers
contained in this publication. Answers for HKCEE and HKALE questions are not available
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Ch 11 Cell cycle and division


Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 11-25)

1 B 2 B 3 B
4 C 5 D 6 B

Short questions (p. 11-26)

7 a i 2 / two 1m
ii 8 / eight 1m
b 38 1m

8 i Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell 1m


ii Prophase 1m
iii Anaphase 1m
iv DNA replication / synthesis 1m
OR
Chromosomes copying / duplication 1m
v Telophase 1m

9 a 12 chromatids 1m
Chromatids separated from each other 1m
Labels: centromere, chromatids 1m x 2
b Any three from: 1m x 3
DNA molecules are replicated.
New organelles e.g. mitochondria are made.
Proteins are made.
Energy stores increase.

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10
Number of Mass of DNA /
Nucleus
chromosomes arbitrary units
A 8 600
B 8 600
C 8 300
D 4 150
0.5m x 4

Structured questions (p. 11-26)

11 a Add stain in a fixed root tip 1m


Tear the root tip into small pieces 1m
Gently press the cover slip 1m
Warm the slide over a hotplate / hot water bath 1m
b Telophase is the longest stage. 1m
Anaphase is the shortest stage. 1m
Correct manipulation of figures to compare any two stages 1m
c Use the equation to work out actual time of each stage 1m
Add up the total of four stages 1m
OR
Add up all 4 percentages 1m
Substitute into equation 1m

12 HKCEE Biology 1994 I Q3c

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13 a i B 1m
ii D / C and D 1m
iii A and B / A, B and C 1m
(C in ii or iii but not both)
b Any three from: 1m x 3
Synthesis / replication of DNA
Synthesis of proteins
Replication / synthesis / production of organelles
Storage of energy
c DNA content was halved 1m
because two separate cells have been formed. 1m
d No 1m
Diploid amount of DNA presents in both the cell undergoing mitosis and meiosis I
1m
OR
During meiosis, reduction of the amount of DNA does not occur until the second
division. 1m
e Chromosomes at the end of the meiosis I consist of chromatids still attached at
centromere. 1m
Chromosomes at the end of the meiosis I are a random assortment of parental and
maternal chromosomes. 1m

Essays (p. 11-27)

14 Each chromosome is replicated into two identical chromatids / strands / copies. 1m


Chromosomes shorten / thicken. 1m
Nuclear membrane disintegrates. 1m
Chromosomes / chromatids move to / line up in the middle of the cell. 1m
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. 1m
Each pole / end receives all genetic information / identical copies of each chromosome.
1m
New nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes. 1m
Communication 3m

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15 Process: Any six from: 1m x 6


Meiosis consists of two nuclear divisions.
During prophase I, chromosomes shorten / thicken and appear as two chromatids.
Homologous chromosomes pair up.
Nuclear membrane breaks down.
During metaphase I, the homologous pairs line up in the middle of the cell.
During anaphase I, chromosomes of each homologous pair are pulled apart / separate and
move to opposite poles.
At telophase I, a set of chromosomes arrives at each pole / new nuclear membranes form
around each set of chromosomes / at each pole.
During prophase II, chromosomes usually stay in their shortened form.
During metaphase II, chromosomes consisting of pairs of chromatids line up in the middle
of the cells.
During anaphase II, chromatids are pulled apart / separate and move to opposite poles.
At telophase II, the nuclear membranes reform / cytokinesis occurs, producing four
haploid cells.
Importance within life cycles and in genetic variation: Any four from: 1m x 4
Life cycles:
Meiosis produces haploid gametes.
It avoids doubling of chromosome number with each generation / preserves a constant
number of chromosomes.
Genetic variation:
The haploid cells produced, whether gametes or spores, are genetically variable since the
alignment of homologous pairs with respect to the poles in metaphase I is completely at
random.
Random fertilization of gametes promotes genetic variation.
Communication 2m

Reading to learn (p. 11-28)

1 Limited magnifying power of early microscopes 1m


Lack of cell staining techniques 1m
2 ‘Chromosome’ means ‘coloured body’ 1m
because chromosomes become coloured when stained with special dyes. 1m
3 Flemming was the first to stain and observe chromosomes in cells. 1m
The stained chromosomes allow scientists to observe their distribution during cell
division. 1m
This leads to further understanding of different stages of mitosis and the reduction of
chromosome number in meiosis. 1m

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 Ch 12 Reproduction in flowering plants


Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 12-25)

1 C 2 C 3 A
4 B 5 D

Short questions (p. 12-25)

6 a True 1m
b False
The number of seeds in a fruit depends on how many ovules are present in the ovary.
1m
c False
Sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation which may or may not
be better adapted to the environment. 1m

7 Seed
because only sexual reproduction / fusion of gametes / fertilization 1m
involves two sets of different chromosomes 1m
which causes variation in offspring / causes new variety. 1m

Structured questions (p. 12-26)

8 HKCEE Biology 2002 I Q1a

9 HKCEE Biology 2007 I Q8a

10 a i Anthers mature before stigma / pollens released before stigma mature,


thus stigma cannot pick up pollen of same plant. 1m
ii Pollens are more likely to be blown by wind and carried to distant plants. 1m
iii One flower does not have both pollen and stigma, so that insects cannot collect
pollens and pollinate the same flower. 1m
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b Any two from: 1m x 2


Cross pollination increases genetic variation among offspring.
Offspring may show some traits that help them to adapt to changes in new / change
environment.
Transmission of diseases from parents to offspring is less likely.
c Through stigma, style, micropyle 1m

Essay (p. 12-27)

11 Any seven from: 1m x 7


The ovary develops into the fruit after fertilization.
The ovules become the seeds.
Protection of embryo:
Fruits serve to protect the seeds
Seed coat protects embryo from damage.
Provide food reserve for germination:
Cotyledons provide food for the embryo during seed germination.
Help dispersal:
Dispersal of seeds and fruits depend on external agents such as wind, water and animals.
Some fruits with fleshy and edible fruit walls for animal dispersal / buoyant for water
dispersal.
Some seeds have ‘parachutes’ for wind dispersal / have hooks for animal dispersal.
Importance of dispersal of seeds and fruits:
Dispersal of fruits and seeds avoid overcrowding and competition among daughter plants
and parent plants;
to colonize new areas
and escape from pests and diseases associated with the parent plants.
Seeds and fruits are formed in sexual reproduction.
Advantages of sexual reproduction:
Genetic variations help offspring adapt to changes in the environment.
Communication 3m

Reading to learn (p. 12-28)

1 Wind and water 1m x 2

2 They help pollinate plants that are responsible for producing many of the food we eat,
such as grains and vegetables. 1m
Plants grown for fibres in clothes 1m
and chemicals in medicines also rely on these pollinating agents. 1m

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3 Reduce the use of paper to reduce the rate of deforestation which destroys the habitats of
pollinating agents. 1m
Travel by public transport to reduce air pollution. 1m
(or other correct answers)

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(Note: The overseas examination boards bear no responsibility for the suggested answers
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due to copyright restrictions.)

Ch 13 Reproduction in humans
Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 13-38)

1 D 2 A 3 B
4 C 5 B 6 D
7 A 8 C 9 A
10 A 11 B 12 D
13 A 14 D 15 D

Short questions (p. 13-40)

16 a
Part Number
Contains smooth muscle to move
4
sperm
Adds a liquid secretion to sperm
3
before they are released
1m x 2

b A — scrotum

It keeps testes cooler / at 35°C so sperm can be made / sperm live longer. 1m

C — erectile tissue

It can be filled with blood. 1m

B — penis

It becomes erect / stiff / rigid so it can reach high in vagina / the top of vagina / the
entrance of uterus.
Effective communication 1m

17 a i Acrosome releases enzymes / proteases which digest the protective layer of the
ovum. 2m
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ii The protective layer thickens / hardens / changes in structure. 2m


b Sperms are produced by meiotic cell division which involves independent assortment
of chromosomes.
Homologous / pairs of chromosomes separate independent of each other. 2m
18 a i umbilical cord 1m
ii carbon dioxide 1m
b i uterine 1m
ii abdominal 1m
c i mammary glands 1m
ii antibodies 1m

Structured questions (p. 13-41)

19 a 25.7 / 25.50–26.00 μm 1m
b These enzymes can break down protective layer and 1m
allow the entry of sperm nucleus / DNA into the ovum. 1m
c Mitochondria provide ATP / release energy / carry out respiration 1m
for the movement of sperm. 1m
d This increases the chance of reaching the ovum / egg / fertilization 1m
because sperms have to travel long distance / not all sperm viable / many sperm do
not survive. 1m

20 HKCEE Biology 1995 I Q1c

21 HKCEE Biology 2006 I Q7

22 HKCEE Human Biology 2005 I Q2b

23 HKCEE Biology 2002 I Q2a

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Essay (p. 13-43)


24 a Any four from: 1m x 4
Midpiece of sperm contains mitochondria
which supply ATP
to the tail for motility.
Acrosome contains digestive enzymes
released when membrane rupture
which digest the protective layer of the ovum.
Haploid nucleus of sperm can enter the ovum and fuse with nucleus.
b Breakdown of membranes 1m
decreases the diffusion distance. 1m
Presence of villi 1m
provides large surface area for exchange. 1m
Slow movement of blood at exchange surfaces 1m
allows more time for exchange of materials. 1m
Transport proteins present 1m
for active transport of ions 1m
Blood circulating in placenta 1m
maintains the concentration gradient. 1m
(3m for features, 3m for reasons)

Reading to learn (p. 13-44)

1 Condoms and vasectomy 1m x 2

2 Both vasectomy and IVD prevent the transfer of sperm to the female body. 1m
However, contraception achieved by IVD is reversible while vasectomy is permanent.
1m

3 Testes 1m
Testes are the organs which produce male sex hormone. 1m

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due to copyright restrictions.)

 Ch 14 Growth and development


Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 14-21)

1 B 2 B
3 C 4 C

Short questions (p. 14-22)

5 a The organism may just accumulating water or other substances. 1m


Growth means an irreversible increase in size and dry mass. 1m
b Development is the irreversible change in form and increase in complexity of an
organism. It involves changes in body organization. 2m
Development is brought about by the differentiation of the cells. Cells specialize into
different forms to perform different functions. 2m

6 a B
B shows steady growth. 1m
OR
It cannot be A because A grows bigger than adult size / above 100% then falls /
shrinks. 1m
b 70 / 68–72 1m
c The graph shows puberty around age 11–13 because reproductive organs show
sudden increase / big increase / develop / start to grow. 1m

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Structured questions (p. 14-22)


7 a i Any two from: 1m x 2
Each dish should have label
Same number of seeds per dish is drawn
Each dish with different percentage concentration of chemical
(i.e. 0.1%, 1%, 10%)
Indicate that they are all the same volume of chemical
ii Observe for the signs of germination, e.g. change in height / length / mass / root
growth 1m
Count the number of seeds germinated in a given time period 1m
iii Same number of seeds as part (i) of question in water 1m
b This can stop / reduce competition of other plants for nutrients. 1m
(or other correct example)
Black walnut trees have better chance of survival. 1m

8 HKCEE Biology 2006 I Q10a

9 HKCEE Human Biology 1999 I Q2a

Essay (p. 14-23)

10 Any seven from: 1m x 7


Meristemic cells are undifferentiated cells which are able to divide by mitotic cell
division.
The meristemic cell is situated at the region of cell division of the root tip.
It undergoes mitosis.
The cell is then pushed to the region of elongation of the root tip.
It takes in water by osmosis and elongates by forming many small vacuoles.
The elongated cell is then pushed to the region of differentiation of the root tip.
Small vacuoles in the cell fuse to form large vacuoles.
More cellulose fibres are made and added to the cell wall.
The cell wall becomes thicker and more rigid.
The cell finally differentiates into a root hair cell.
Communication 3m

Reading to learn (p. 14-24)

1 Lateral meristem 1m

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2 Water is readily available in spring, the newly formed secondary xylem cells take in more
water and swell. 1m
Therefore, they grow to a larger size. 1m
Water supply is scarce in autumn, the secondary xylem cells take in less water and thus
they are smaller in size. 1m

3 2 1m

4 We can better understand the past climatic conditions. 1m


This helps us predict possible environmental issues in the future. 1m

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(Note: The overseas examination boards bear no responsibility for the suggested answers
contained in this publication. Answers for HKCEE and HKALE questions are not available
due to copyright restrictions.)

Ch 15 Detecting the environment


Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 15-38)

1 D 2 A 3 C
4 B 5 C 6 A
7 A 8 C 9 D

Short questions (p. 15-40)

10 a Pupil: the central shaded circle


Iris: the unshaded circle around the pupil 1m
b i Shading to show constricted pupil 1m
ii Constricted pupil allows less light entering the eye, 1m
therefore prevents the retina from damaging by bright light. 1m

11 a No rod cells at blind spot 1m


Greater distribution of rod cells at the edge 1m
b More rod cells and no / fewer cone cells present on the retina. 1m
Their rod cells are not mainly at periphery. 1m
Their rods cells have high sensitivity. 1m

12 a Red 1m
because only red cone cells are stimulated by the light of 650 nm. 1m
b This is because both the red cone cells and green cone cells are stimulated by the
light of 550 nm. 1m

13 a Towards light 1m
b No growth 1m
c Towards light 1m
d Towards light 1m
e Grows straight 1m

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14 a When the lift travels upward to 60th floor, the air pressure decreases. The pressure
inside the middle ear is now greater than that of the outside. 1m
The ear drum bulges outward. 1m
The ear drum cannot vibrate freely in response to sound waves, so the person cannot
hear clearly. 1m
b The middle ear is connected to the pharynx by the Eustachian tube. 1m
Bacteria in the throat can easily go to the middle ear and cause infection. 1m

Structured questions (p. 15-41)

15 HKCEE Human Biology 2003 I Q3a

16 HKCEE Biology 2007 I Q7a

17 HKCEE Biology 1998 I Q4a

18 HKCEE Biology 1999 I Q3b

19 HKCEE Biology 2002 I Q4a

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Essay (p. 15-43)


20 Humans: Any three from: 1m x 3
Light is detected by photoreceptors on the retina.
Cone cells are responsible for colour vision and rod cells are responsible for black and
white vision.
Once they are stimulated by light, they send nerve impulses along the optic nerve
to the visual centre at the cerebral cortex of the brain for interpretation.
Plants: Any three from: 1m x 3
Plants respond to light by means of plant hormone, auxin, produced at the tips of shoots
and roots.
Unilateral light makes auxin diffuse from the illuminated side to the shaded side.
Auxin promotes shoot growth, the shoot bends towards the illuminated side, i.e. positively
phototropic.
Auxin inhibits root growth, the root bends towards the shaded side, i.e. negatively
phototropic.
Significance: Any two from 1m x 2
Humans are able to see under light condition and dark condition
which enables them to escape from danger.
Plant shoots grow towards the light can obtain maximum amount of light for
photosynthesis.
Plant roots grow away from the light into the soil can increase the chance to obtain good
supply of water and minerals and to have better anchorage.

Communication 3m

Reading to learn (p. 15-44)

1 Rod cells and cone cells are differentiated cells 1m


that cannot undergo mitotic cell division. 1m

2 Electrodes in the implanted chip 1m


because they generate electrical impulses upon stimulation. 1m

3 More electrodes can generate more electrical impulses 1m


to carry more information of the image to the brain for interpretation. 1m

4 Any one from: 1m


It can only restore vision partially.
It requires surgical operation which may not suitable for all patients especially the elderly.
It may not be functional for the whole life of the patient.
(or other correct answer)

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Ch 16 Coordination in humans
Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 16-29)

1 A 2 A 3 D
4 A 5 C 6 B

Short questions (p. 16-30)

7 a Cerebral hemisphere / cerebrum / cerebral cortex / left hemisphere 1m


b i 1 SSA helps select or identify correct words from past experience or
memory / understand the language / process written words.
1m
2 It sends nerve impulses to muscles of the mouth and face to form words.
1m
3 It receives impulses from the eyes / optic nerve 1m

and passes impulse to visual association area. 1m


ii B  Speech association area  A 1m

8 Endocrine glands produce hormones which diffuse directly into the blood. 1m
Exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts. 1m
For example, salivary glands secrete saliva through salivary ducts into the mouth 1m
while pancreas secretes insulin directly into the blood. 1m

Structured questions (p. 16-30)

9 HKCEE Biology 2006 I Q3

10 HKCEE Biology 2004 I Q2c

11 HKCEE Human Biology 2004 I Q2c

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Essays (p. 16-31)


12 Nerve impulses are electrical messages transmitted along nerve fibres at high speed. 1m
When a nerve impulse arrives the ending of an axon, it stimulates the ending to release
neurotransmitters. 1m
The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse 1m
and stimulate the dendron of the next neurone to generate a nerve impulse to continue the
transmission. 1m
Importance:
This ensures nerve impulses travel in one direction only. 1m
Most neurones have more than one synapse, so neurones can communicate with many
other neurones. 1m
Complex network of neurones enables nervous system to achieve coordination that
involves many receptors and effectors. 1m
Communication 1m

13 HKALE Biology 2004 II Q5a

Reading to learn (p. 16-32)

1 The cerebral cortex lacks receptors that detect pain. 1m


No nerve impulses can be generated to give the sensation of pain. 1m

2 Doctors stimulate specific areas in the cerebral cortex 1m


and observe the effects of the stimulation on the patient. 1m

3 Left cerebral hemisphere 1m

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 Ch 17 Movement in humans
Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 17-22)

1 B 2 D 3 A
4 B 5 A 6 C
7 C 8 B 9 C
10 B

Short questions (p. 17-24)

11 a Acid dissolves the minerals, mainly calcium phosphate, in the bone, making it soft.
1m
b Heating removes water from the bone, making it brittle. 1m

12 a iii 1m
b v 1m
c ii 1m
d i 1m
e iv 1m

13 a Contraction of muscle A causes the thumb to move towards fingers. 1m


Contraction of muscle B causes the thumb to move away from the fingers. 1m
b Contraction of muscles cannot pull on the bone. 1m

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14 A — biceps
B — triceps
C — tendon
D — radius and ulna
E — humerus
F — shoulder bone
G — elbow joint
H — shoulder joint 0.5m x 8
Parts of the model which do not illustrate the actual situation well:
 The string tying balloon A to D should not be attached to the left side of D. It should
be attached to D at a point much nearer to G, more or less on its immediate left. 1m
 There should be a string (representing a tendon) attaching balloons B to D. 1m

15 a Stimulus causes an increase in tension. 1m


Tension fluctuates but overall shows an increase. 1m
b Toxin causes the muscles to remain in a state of constant contraction / tension. 1m
Any two from: 1m x 2
The cardiac muscle of the heart cannot contract rhythmically, the heart beat stops
and
the patient will die.
The toxins causes fixation of the jaw muscles, the patient has difficulty in ingestion.
The toxin causes the rib / intercostal muscles remain contracted which leads to
difficulty in lung ventilation / breathing.

16 HKALE Biology 2007 I Q5

17 HKALE Biology 2004 I Q6

Structured questions (p. 17-25)

18 HKCEE Human Biology 2004 I Q3b

19 HKCEE Human Biology 2002 I Q4b

20 HKCEE Biology 2002 I Q1b

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21 a P — myelin sheath 1m
R — vacuole containing neurotransmitters 1m
S — neuromuscular junction 1m
b When a nerve impulse arrives at Q,
it stimulates the ending of the axon to release neurotransmitters. 1m
The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse. 1m
They stimulate the muscle fibres to generate an electrical impulse. 1m
The electrical impulse spreads along the muscle fibre and the muscle contracts. 1m
c The drug blocks the receptors of neurotransmitters on the cell membrane of muscle
cells, no electrical impulses are generated. 1m

Essay (p. 17-27)

22 HKALE Biology 1998 II Q1

Reading to learn (p. 17-28)

1 No 1m
It is because the surgery replaces only the worn cartilage of the leg bones but cannot treat
the torn ligaments. 1m

2 Stainless steel is strong and highly resistant to corrosion. 1m


The artificial joint will not wear away easily or rust in the body. 1m

3 Exercise helps muscles regain strength. 1m

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due to copyright restrictions.)

Ch 18 Homeostasis
Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 18-14)

1 C
2 B

Short questions (p. 18-14)

3 a negative feedback 1m
b opposite 1m
c restore 1m
d lowers 1m

4 On graph:
Mark ‘X’ between 1 hour and 2 hour 1m
Mark ‘Y’ between 0.25 hour and 1 hour 1m

Structured questions (p. 18-14)

5 a Any three from: 1m x 3


Blood glucose level of both man rise in the first half hour.
Blood glucose level of diabetic men shows a greater / faster increase in first half
hour.
Between 30 to 60 minutes, blood glucose level of non-diabetic men decreases while
blood glucose level of diabetic men increases.
After one hour the blood glucose level of non-diabetic men is lower than original
while the blood glucose level of diabetic men is higher than original.
b i Insulin causes a fall in blood glucose level. 1m
Blood glucose level does not decrease in diabetic men / decrease only seen in
non-diabetic men. 1m

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ii Any two from: 1m x 2


Body cells need glucose for respiration, which is obtained from the blood.
Too high concentration in blood lowers the water potential of blood,
osmosis occurs which causes water to leave the cells.
Water from the cells enters the blood by osmosis, causing a change in blood
pressure / pH
which would cause coma / death / fainting / nausea / kidney damage.
c Any three from: 1m x 3
Low blood glucose level detected by the pancreas.
Glucagon secreted
by pancreas
which stimulates the liver cells to convert more glycogen to glucose.
More glucose released into the blood / from the liver.

6 HKCEE Human Biology 2001 I Q2b

Essay (p. 18-15)

7 Principle of negative feedback: Any two from: 1m x 2


Negative feedback mechanism maintains constant internal conditions in the body.
A change from the normal level / set point is detected.
A corrective mechanism is switched on / activated.
When condition returns to its normal level / set point, the corrective mechanism will be
switched off.
Maintenance of blood glucose levels: Any six from: 1m x 6
The change in blood glucose / sugar level is detected by the pancreas.
If the blood glucose / sugar level increases, more insulin is secreted.
Insulin increases uptake of glucose by the body cells.
Liver converts more glucose to glycogen / more glucose is converted to glycogen and
stored in liver.
until the blood glucose / sugar level returns to normal / set point.
If blood glucose / sugar level decreases, more glucagon is secreted.
Glucagon increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
Glucose is then released into blood
until the blood glucose / sugar level returns to normal / set point.

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Reading to learn (p. 18-16)

1 Bernard discovered that the liver acts as a reserve of carbohydrates for the body by
converting glucose to glycogen or vice versa. 1m
From this, he recognized the role of the liver in regulating blood glucose level which led
him to further investigate homeostasis.
His ideas were also further developed by other scientists. 1m

2 ‘Homeostasis’ means ‘to stay the same’ in Greek. 1m


This word does not accurately describe the condition of the internal environment because
the internal environment is kept within narrow ranges instead of staying the same. 1m

3 Water content / oxygen content / carbon dioxide content in blood / body temperature
(or other correct answer) 1m

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