14.

485 CAPSTONE DESIGN

Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

OVERVIEW
REVIEW OF 14.431 FOUNDATIONS & SOILS ENG.
• Soil Borings.
• Geotechnical Report (not covered).
• Bearing Pressure Calculations.
• Settlement Calculations.
• Lateral Earth Pressure Calculations.
• Retaining Wall Design Review.
Revised 02/2013 Slide 1 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

OVERVIEW: BORINGS

Revised 02/2013 Slide 2 of 43

 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) (ASTM D1586-11)

• Very common test worldwide
• 1902 - Colonel Gow of Raymond Pile
Co.
• Split-barrel sample driven in borehole.
• Conducted on 2½ to 5 ft depth intervals
• ASTM D1586 guidelines
• Drop Hammer (140 lbs falling 30 inches)
• 3 or 4 increments of 6 inches each
– Three (3) Increments: Sum of last two
increments = “SPT N value" (blows/ft)
– Four (4) Increments: Sum of last two
increments = “SPT N value" (blows/ft)
• Correlations available with all types of
Marking of 6 inch Increments for SPT Test soil engineering properties
Photograph courtesy of physics.uwstout.edu
• Disturbed Soil Samples Collected

Text modified from FHWA NHI Course 132031 Subsurface Investigations

Revised 02/2013 Slide 3 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) (ASTM D1586-11)

Split Spoon Dimensions (after ASTM D1586)

Typical Setup

Revised 02/2013 Figures courtesy of J. David Rogers, Ph.D., P.E., University of Missouri-Rolla & FHWA NHI Course 132031 Slide 4 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) (ASTM D1586-11)

Revised 02/2013 Figure courtesy of FHWA NHI Course 132031 Subsurface Investigations Slide 5 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) (ASTM D1586-11)

Revised 02/2013 Figure courtesy of http://www.civil.ubc.ca Slide 6 of 43

 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT)

Factors Affecting SPT (after Kulhawy & Mayne, 1990 & Table 8. FHWA IF-02-034 )

Influence
Cause Effects
on N Value
SPT not made in insitu soil, soil
Inadequate Cleaning of Borehole Increases
trapped, recovery reduced

Failure to Maintain Adequate Head in Borehole Bottom of borehole may become quick Decreases

Careless Measure of Drop Hammer Energy varies Increases

Hammer Weight Inaccurate Hammer Energy varies Inc. or Dec.

Hammer Strikes Drill Rod Collar Eccentrically Hammer Energy reduced Increases
Lack of Hammer Free (ungreased sleeves, stiff rope, more
Hammer Energy reduced Increases
than 2 turns on cathead, incomplete release of drop, etc.)
Sampler Driven Above Bottom of Casing Sampler driven in disturbed soil Inc. Greatly

Careless Blow Count Recording Inaccurate Results Inc. or Dec.

Use of Non-Standard Sampler Correlations with Std. Sampler Invalid Inc. or Dec.

Coarse Gravel or Cobbles in soil Sampler becomes clogged or impeded Increases

Use of Bent Drill Rods Inhibited transfer of energy to sampler Increases
Revised 02/2013 Slide 7 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

CARE & PRESERVATION OF SOIL SAMPLES

• Mark and Log samples upon
retrieval (ID, type, number, depth,
recovery, soil, moisture).
• Place jar samples in wood or
cardboard box.
• Should be protected from
extreme conditions (heat,
freezing, drying).
• Sealed to minimize moisture loss.
• Packed and protected against
excessive vibrations and shock.

Revised 02/2013 Text and Figures courtesy of FHWA NHI Course 132031 Subsurface Investigations Slide 8 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT)

cu = undrained strength DR = relative density
T = unit weight T = unit weight
IR = rigidity index LI = liquefaction index
' = friction angle ' = friction angle
OCR = overconsolidation c' = cohesion intercept
K0 = lateral stress state eo = void ratio
eo = void ratio qa = bearing capacity
Vs = shear wave p' = preconsolidation
E' = Young's modulus Vs = shear wave
Cc = compression index E' = Young's modulus
qb = pile end bearing  = dilatancy angle
fs = pile skin friction
N
qb = pile end bearing
k = permeability
CLAY SAND fs = pile skin friction
qa = bearing stress
What Do We Need? How Do We Get It?

Revised 02/2013 Courtesy of FHWA NHI Course 132031 Subsurface Investigations Slide 9 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

CORRECTIONS TO SPT N VALUE

Nmeasured = Raw SPT Value from Field Test (ASTM D1586-11)
N60 = Corrected N values corresponding to 60% Energy Efficiency
(i.e. The Energy Ratio (ER) = 60% (ASTM D4633-10)
Note: 30% < ER < 100% with average ER = 60% in the U.S.

N60 = CECBCSCRNmeasured
Factor Term Equipment Variable Correction
Donut Hammer 0.5 to 1.0
Energy Ratio CE = ER/60 Safety Hammer 0.7 to 1.2
Automatic Hammer 0.8 to 1.5
SPT Corrections 65 – 155 mm 1.00
(From Table 9, Borehole Diameter CB 150 mm 1.05
200 mm 1.15
FHWA IF-02-034)
Standard Sampler 1.0
Sampling Method CS
Non-Standard Sampler 1.1 to 1.3
3–4m 0.75
4–6m 0.85
Rod Length CR
6 – 10 m 0.95
> 10 m 1.00
Revised 02/2013 For Guidance Only. Actual ER values should be measured per ASTM D4633 Slide 10 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

CORRECTIONS TO SPT N VALUE

TWO BORINGS/ONE SITE EXAMPLE:
Measured N-values Corrected N60
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
4 4

Donut
ER = 34 (energy ratio)
6 6 Safety
55 45
60 Trend
40 8

Depth (meters)
8
Depth (meters)

56 41
63
41 10
10
63
39

12 63 12
47

Donut 64 56
14 Safety 14
69
Sequence
16 16
Data from Robertson, et al. (1983), Courtesy of FHWA NHI Course 132031 Subsurface Investigations
Revised 02/2013 Slide 11 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

NORMALIZED SPT N VALUE (N1)60

(N1)60 = N60 values normalized to 1 atmosphere overburden
stress.

(N1)60 = CNN60
Where:
CN = (Pa/'vo)n
Pa = Atmospheric Pressure (1 atm = 14.7 psi = 2116 psf)
'vo = Insitu Vertical Effective Stress
n = 1 (clays) and 0.5 to 0.6 (sands)

Revised 02/2013 Slide 12 of 43

 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

EFFECTIVE FRICTION ANGLE (') FOR SANDS - SPT

Triaxial Database from Frozen Sand Samples
55
Friction Angle, ' (deg)

0.5
50 ' = [15.4(N1)60] +20
45

40

35
Sand (SP and SP-SM)

30 Sand Fill (SP to SM)

SM (Piedmont)
25 H&T (1996)

20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Normalized (N1)60
Revised 02/2013 Figure 9-12. FHWA NHI Course 132031 Subsurface Investigations Slide 13 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH CORRELATIONS

FROM IN-SITU TESTING
Shear Insitu Testing Method
Strength
Parameter SPT CPT DMT

See Slide 15 arctan[0.1+0.38log(qt/′vo)] 28°+14.6°log(KD)-2.1°log2KD

Effective Soil
Friction
Angle (′) Robertson and Campanella Marchetti et al. (2001)
See Slide 15
(1983) ISSMGE TC 16 Report

(qt-vo)/Nkt
Undrained 0.22′vo(0.5KD)1.25
(Nkt = 15 for CHS)
NO ACCEPTABLE
Shear
CORRELATIONS
Strength (Su) Marchetti et al. (2001)
Aas et al. (1986)
ISSMGE TC 16 Report
NOTES:
1. (N1)60 = N60(Pa/′vo)0.5 for sands. Pa = Atmospheric Pressure = 1 bar ≈ 1 tsf.
2. ′vo = Insitu Effective Overburden Pressure = Insitu Vertical Effective Stress.
Revised 02/2013 3. vo = Total Overburden Pressure = Insitu Vertical Total Stress. Slide 14 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering
SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH CORRELATIONS
FROM IN-SITU TESTING
Effective Soil Friction Angle (′) Summary from NCHRP Report 651 (2010)
Equation Reference

Peck, Hanson, &

' = 54° - 27.6034*exp(- Thorton (1974)
0.014(N1)60) from Kulhawy &
Mayne (1990)

' = [20*(N1)60]0.5 + 20° Hatanaka &

for 3.5  (N1)60  30 Uchida (1996)

Peck, Hanson, &

' = 27.1° +0.3*(N1)60 – Thorton (1974)
0.00054(N1)260 from Wolff (1989)
Mayne et a. (2001)
based on
' = [15.4(N1)60]0.5 + 20° Hatanaka &
Uchida (1996)

' = [15(N1)60]0.5 + 15° JRA (1996)

for (N1)60 > 5 and   45°
Revised 02/2013 Slide 15 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

SOIL ENGINEERING PROPERTY CORRELATIONS FROM

IN-SITU TESTING (TABLE 1)
qt t ′
Soil Density/Consistency N
(MPa) (pcf) (°)
V. Loose 0-4 0-2 90-105 <30
Loose 5-10 2-5 95-110 30-35
SANDS Medium Dense 11-30 5-15 105-120 35-38
Dense 31-50 15-25 115-130 38-41
Very Dense >50 >25 125-140 41-44
Very Soft 0-2 0-0.5 90-100
Firm 2-8 0.5-1.5 90-110
COHESIVE
Stiff 9-15 1.5-3 105-125 NA
SOILS
Very Stiff 15-30 3-6 115-135
Hard >30 >6 120-140
after Fang et al. (1991) and EM 1110-1-1905.
Revised 02/2013 NOTE: 1 MPa = 10.44 tsf Slide 16 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

NORMALIZED SPT N VALUE N160

(AASHTO 2010)
N160 = CNN60 Table 10.4.6.2.4-1. N160 vs. f
(after Bowles, 1977).

Where: N160 f (°)

CN = [0.77log10(40/'vo)] <4 25-30
(CN < 2.0)
4 27-32
'vo = Insitu Vertical
Effective Stress (ksf) 10 30-35
N60 = SPT Blow Count 30 35-40
corrected for hammer eff. 50 38-43
Revised 02/2013 * Assume ER = 60% (Cathead) & 80% (Automatic) Slide 17 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010) 10.6 – SPREAD FOOTINGS

10.6.1.3 – Effective Footing Dimensions

B’ = B – 2eb
L’ = L – 2eL
Where:
eb = Eccentricity parallel to
Dimension B.
eL = Eccentricity parallel to
Dimension L.

Figure C10.6.1.3.1. – Reduced Footing Dimensions.

Revised 02/2013 Slide 18 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010) 10.6 – SPREAD FOOTINGS

10.6.3.1 – Bearing Resistance of Soil

q R = φb q n
Where:
qR = Factored Resistance
φb = Resistance Factor
(see Article 10.5.5.2.2)
qn = Nominal Bearing Resistance
= qult in 14.431
Revised 02/2013 Slide 19 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

REVIEW – BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION

(after Meyerhof, 1963)
qu = c'NcFcsFcdFci + qNqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5BNFsFdFi
Soil Component
Cohesion Soil Below
Component Footing
Surcharge Component
Soil Above Footing
Where:
c' = Soil Cohesion Nc = Bearing Capacity Factor - Cohesion
q = Surcharge = Df Nq = Bearing Capacity Factor - Surcharge
 = Soil Unit Weight N = Bearing Capacity Factor – Soil B = Footing Width
Fcs, Fqs, Fs = Shape Factors
Fcd, Fqd, Fd = Depth Factors
Fci, Fqi, Fi = Inclination Factors

Revised 02/2013 Slide 20 of 43

 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

BEARING CAPACITY 100

80
100
80

FACTORS 60 60

Bearing Capacity Factor (N c, N q, N )

(Dimensionless, based on ')
40 40

2     tan   20 20
N q  tan  45  e
 2 Nc
10 10

 
8 8

N c  N q  1 cot   6 6

4 4

 
Nc

N   2 N q  1 tan   2
Nq Nq
2
N
N
1 1
Also see Table 12.1, Das FGE (2006) for
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Tabular Data
Effective Friction Angle (') (°)
Revised 02/2013 Slide 21 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS (Table 12.1 Das FGE 2006)

Revised 02/2013 Slide 22 of 43

 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS

Factor Cohesion Surcharge Unit Weight

Shape B  Nq  B B
Fcs  1    Fqs  1  tan   Fs  1  0.4 
(De Beer, 1970) L  Nc  L L
Depth  Df 
(Df/B ≤1) Fcd  1  0.4  Fqd  1  2 tan  1  sin  2
Df
Fd  1
 B  B
(Hanson, 1970)
Depth
 Df 
(Df/B >1) Fcd  1  0.4 tan 1    Df
Fqd  1  2 tan  1  sin  2 tan 1 

 Fd  1
 B   B 
(Hanson, 1970)
Inclination   
2
  
2
 
 
Hanna & Fci  1    Fqi  1    Fi  1  
Meyerhof (1981)  90   90    
= Inclination of Load with respect to vertical
Revised 02/2013 The factor tan-1(Df/B) is in radians Slide 23 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION

(AASHTO LRFD Design Specifications, 5th Ed., 2010)
qn = cNcm + DfNqmCwq + 0.5BNmCw
Cohesion
Component
Where:
c = Undrained Shear Strength
Ncm = Ncscic
Nc = Cohesion BCF for
undrained loading (see
Table 10.6.3.1.2a-1)
sc = Footing Shape Correction
Factor (see Table
10.6.3.1.2a-3)
ic = Load Inclination Factor
(Eq. 10.6.3.1.2a-5 or 6)
This is Munfakh et al. (2001)
for determining φb
Revised 02/2013
Surcharge Soil Component
Component Soil Below
Soil Above Footing Footing
 = Moist Unit Weight of soil  = Moist Unit Weight of soil
above footing below footing
Df = Footing Embedment B = Footing Width
Depth Nm = Nsi
Nqm = Nqsqdqiq N = Unit Weight BCF (see
Nq = Surcharge BCF (see Table 10.6.3.1.2a-1)
Table 10.6.3.1.2a-1) s = Footing Shape Correction
sq = Footing Shape Correction Factor (see Table
Factor (see Table 10.6.3.1.2a-3)
10.6.3.1.2a-3) i = Load Inclination Factor
dq = Depth Correction Factor (Eq. 10.6.3.1.2a-8)
(see Table 10.6.3.1.2a-4) Cw = Groundwater CF (Table
iq = Load Inclination Factor 10.6.3.1.2a-2)
(Eq. 10.6.3.1.2a-7)
Cwq = Groundwater CF (Table
10.6.3.1.2a-2) Slide 24 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering
PRESUMPTIVE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURES
(from Table 1804.2, IBC 2006)
Material USCS qall (ksf)

Crystalline Bedrock 12

Sedimentary and Foliated Rock 4

Sandy Gravel and/or Gravel GW & GP 3

Sand, Silty Sand, Clayey Sand, Silty Gravel, SW, SP, SM, SC,
2
& Clayey Gravel GM, GC
Clay, Sandy Clay, Silty Clay, Clayey Silt, Silt,
CL, CH, ML, MH 1.5
and Sandy Silt
Mud, Organic Silt, Organic Clays, Peat, and
TBD
Unprepared Fill
See also Table 1 NAVFAC DM7.02 (p. 142) and
Revised 02/2013 Table C10.6.2.6.1-1 AASHTO (2010). Slide 25 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010) 10.6 – SPREAD FOOTINGS

Other Bearing Capacity Considerations

Figure C10.6.1.3.2b-1. Figure C10.6.1.3.2e-2.

Punching Failure Figure C10.6.1.3.2c-1 (& c-2). Footing on Two Layer Soil
(Reduction in Shear Strength) Footing on Slopes Systems (Dependent).
(Reduction in Bearing Factors)
Revised 02/2013 Slide 26 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010) 10.6 – SPREAD FOOTINGS

10.6.2.4.2 – Settlement Analysis

St  Se  Sc  S s
Where:
St = Total Settlement
Se = Elastic Settlement
Sp = Primary Consolidation Settlement
Ss = Secondary Consolidation Settlement

Revised 02/2013 Slide 27 of 43

 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010) 10.6 – SPREAD FOOTINGS

10.6.2.4.2 – Settlement (Cohesionless Soils)
Elastic Half-Space qo (1  ) A 2
Method: Se 
Where:
144Es  z
Se = Elastic Settlement  = Soil Poisson’s Ratio
qo = Applied Vertical Stress (ksf) (See Article 10.4.6.3 if direct
A’ = Effective Area of Footing (ft2) measurements are not available)
Es = Young’s Modulus of Soil (ksi) z = Shape Factor (dimensionless)
(See Article 10.4.6.3 if direct (As specified in Table 10.6.2.4.2-1)
measurements are not available)

Unless Es varies significantly with depth, Es should be

determined at a depth of about ½ to 2/3 of B below the
footing. If the soil modulus varies significantly with
depth, a weighted average value of Es should be used.
Revised 02/2013 Slide 28 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF SOIL (DMT)

Uses Direct
Measurement
of Soil to
Calculate
Settlement

Figure courtesy of Marchetti (1999) - The Flat Dilatometer (DMT) and

It's Applications to Geotechnical Design
Revised 02/2013 Slide 29 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF SOIL (DMT)


Se   M DMT
Z

Stress Distribution Where:

Se = Elastic Settlement
 = Change in Stress
MDMT = Constrained Modulus
Z = Depth

Figure courtesy of Marchetti (1999) - The Flat Dilatometer

(DMT) and It's Applications to Geotechnical Design

Revised 02/2013 Slide 30 of 43

 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES

COULOMB OR RANKINE REVIEW
Coulomb “Wedge”
Theory:
• Accounts for wall friction.
• Unique failure angle for each design.
• Used by National Masonry Concrete
Association (NCMA) & USACE.
• Inaccurate passive earth pressures
w/large wall angles or friction angle
(particularly for ' > ' /2) .
• Decreased accuracy w/ depth.
• Calculates lower active earth
pressure than Rankine for level
backslope.
Revised 02/2013
Rankine “State of Stress”
Theory:
• Does not account for wall friction.
• Requires vertical wall.
• Conservative relative to other
methods.
• Fixed plane of failure.
• Favored by the transportation
agencies (AASHTO and FHWA) .
See AASHTO Standard
Specifications for Highway
Bridges.
Slide 31 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES

COULOMB OR RANKINE REVIEW
Coulomb Rankine
1  sin  
Ka 
1  sin  
K a  tan 2 (45    / 2)
1  sin  
Kp 
1  sin  
K p  tan 2 (45    / 2)
1
Kp 
Ka
Revised 02/2013 Slide 32 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

LATERAL EARTH
PRESSURES
COULOMB OR
RANKINE?
Figure C3.11.5.3-1 –
Application of (a) Rankine
and (b) Coulumb Earth
Pressure Theories in
Retaining Wall Design
(AASHTO 2012).

Revised 02/2013 Slide 33 of 43

 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

REVIEW: RETAINING WALL DESIGN ANALYSES

Overturning Sliding
(Strength)

Bearing
Capacity
(Strength)

Overall Stability
(Service)
Revised 02/2013 Figure 13.4. Das FGE (2005) and Figure C11.6.2.3-1 (AASHTO 2012). Slide 34 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010) SECTION 11 – ABUTMENTS

11.5.2 – Service Limit States
Abutments, piers, and wall shall be investigated for:
• Excessive vertical and lateral displacements
• Vertical: Dependent on wall
• Lateral: < 1.5 inches (C11.5.2)
• Overall Stability
• Can use Modified Bishop, Simplified Janbu, and Spencer
Analysis Methods (11.6.2.3)

Revised 02/2013 Slide 35 of 43

 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010) SECTION 11 – ABUTMENTS

11.5.3 – Strength Limit States
Abutments and walls shall be investigated at the
strength limit states using Eq. 1.3.2.1-1 for:
• Bearing Resistance Failure (i.e. bearing capacity)
• Lateral Sliding
• Excessive Loss of Base Contact
• Pullout Failure of anchors and soils
reinforcements
• Structural Failure

Revised 02/2013 Slide 36 of 43

 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010) SECTION 11 – ABUTMENTS

11.5.5 – Load Combinations & Load Factors
Where:
DC = Dead Load of Structural
Components
DW = Dead Load of Wearing
Surfaces and Utilities
EH = Horizontal Earth Pressure
Load
ES = Earth Surcharge Load
EV = Vertical Pressure from Dead
Load of Earth Fill
WA = Water Load and Stream
Pressure

Figure C11.5.5-2 – Typical Application of Load Factors

Revised 02/2013 for Sliding and Eccentricity. Slide 37 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010) SECTION 11 – ABUTMENTS

11.5.5 – Load Combinations & Load Factors
Where:
DC = Dead Load of Structural
Components
DW = Dead Load of Wearing
Surfaces and Utilities
EH = Horizontal Earth Pressure
Load
ES = Earth Surcharge Load
EV = Vertical Pressure from Dead
Load of Earth Fill
WA = Water Load and Stream
Pressure

Figure C11.5.5-2 – Typical Application of Load Factors

Revised 02/2013 for Sliding and Eccentricity. Slide 38 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010) 11 – ABUTMENTS

11.5.5 – Load Combinations & Load Factors

Where:
LS = Live Load Surcharge

Figure C11.5.5-3 – Typical Application of Live Load Surcharge.

Revised 02/2013 Slide 39 of 43
 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010)
SECTION 11 –
ABUTMENTS
11.6.3.2 – BEARING
RESISTANCE (SOIL)
V
v 
B  2e
Where:
V = Sum of Vertical Forces
B = Footing Width
e = Eccentricity
Figure 11.6.3.2.-1 – Bearing Stress Criteria for Conventional
Wall Foundations on Soil.
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 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010) SECTION 11 – ABUTMENTS

11.6.3.6 – Sliding (refer to 10.6.3.4 – Failure by Sliding)

RR = φRn = φR + φepRep

Where:
RR = Factored Resistance against Failure by Sliding
Rn = Nominal Sliding Resistance
φ = Shear Resistance Factor (see Table 10.5.5.2.2-1)
R = Nominal Shear Resistance (=V*tan)
φep = Passive Resistance Factor (see Table 10.5.5.2.2-1)
Rep = Nominal Passive Resistance
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 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

AASHTO (2010) SECTION 11 – ABUTMENTS

11.6.3.5 – Passive Resistance

• Neglected in Stability Calculations

• Unless base of the wall extends below the depth of
maximum scour, freeze-thaw, or other disturbances
• Neglected is soil providing passive resistance is,
or is likely to become, soft, loose, or disturbed, or
if contact between the soil and ground is not tight.

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 14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
Module 4 – Geotechnical Engineering

INTERFACIAL
FRICTION ANGLES
(NAVFAC DM7.02)

NOTE:
⅓' ' < ⅔'

Section 10.6.3.4:
Concrete Cast against Soil:
tan  = tan f
Precast Concrete Footing:
tan  = 0.8*tan f

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