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OBSTETRICS
Severe placental abruption: clinical definition and
associations with maternal complications
Cande V. Ananth, PhD, MPH; Jessica A. Lavery, MS; Anthony M. Vintzileos, MD; Daniel W. Skupski, MD; Michael Varner, MD;
George Saade, MD; Joseph Biggio, MD; Michelle A. Williams, ScD; Ronald J. Wapner, MD; Jason D. Wright, MD
BACKGROUND: Placental abruption traditionally is defined as the (6.5 per 1000). Serious maternal complications occurred in 15.4,
premature separation of the implanted placenta before the delivery of the 33.3, and 141.7 per 10,000 among nonabruption cases and mild
fetus. The existing clinical criteria of severity rely exclusively on fetal (fetal and severe abruption cases, respectively. In comparison with no
distress or fetal death) and maternal complications without consideration abruption, the rate ratio for serious maternal complications were 1.52
of neonatal or preterm delivery-related complications. However, two-thirds (95% confidence interval, 1.35e1.72) and 4.29 (95% confidence
of abruption cases are accompanied by fetal or neonatal complications, interval, 4.11e4.47) in women with mild and severe placental
including preterm delivery. A clinically meaningful classification for abruption, respectively. Rate ratios for the individual complications
abruption therefore should include not only maternal complications but were 2- to 7-fold higher among severe abruption cases. Furthermore,
also adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes that include intrauterine growth the rate ratios for serious maternal complications among severe
restriction and preterm delivery. abruption cases compared with mild abruption cases was 3.47 (95%
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to define severe placental confidence interval, 3.05e3.95). This association was considerably
abruption and to compare serious maternal morbidity profiles of such stronger for virtually all maternal complications among cases with
cases with all other cases of abruption (ie, mild abruption) and non- severe abruption compared with mild abruption. Annual rates of mild
abruption cases. and severe abruption were fairly constant during the study period.
STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis using Although the maternal complication rate among non-abruption births
the Premier database of hospitalizations that resulted in singleton births in was stable from 2006-2012, the rate of complications among mild
the United States between 2006 and 2012 (n ¼ 27,796,465). Severe abruption cases dropped from 2006-2008 and then leveled off
abruption was defined as abruption accompanied by at least 1 of the thereafter. In contrast, the rate of serious complications among severe
following events: maternal (disseminated intravascular coagulation, abruption cases remained fairly stable from 2006-2010 and increased
hypovolemic shock, blood transfusion, hysterectomy, renal failure, or in- sharply thereafter.
hospital death), fetal (nonreassuring fetal status, intrauterine growth re- CONCLUSIONS: Severe abruption was associated with a distinctively
striction, or fetal death), or neonatal (neonatal death, preterm delivery or higher morbidity risk profile compared with the other 2 groups. The clinical
small for gestational age) complications. Abruption cases that did not characteristics and morbidity profile of mild abruption were more similar to
qualify as being severe were classified as mild abruption cases. The those of women without an abruption. These findings suggest that the
morbidity profile included amniotic fluid embolism, pulmonary edema, definition of severe placental abruption based on the proposed specific
acute respiratory or heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, cardiomy- criteria is clinically relevant and may facilitate epidemiologic and genetic
opathy, puerperal cerebrovascular disorders, or coma. Associations were research.
expressed as rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals that were derived
from fitting log-linear Poisson regression models. Key words: blood transfusion, disseminated intravascular coagulation,
RESULTS: The overall prevalence rate of abruption was 9.6 per fetal death, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal complication,
1000, of which two-thirds of cases were classified as being severe placental abruption, preterm delivery
with women with mild abruption or no conditions are not the typical compli- vs mild (reference) abruptions. For
abruption. We tested this hypothesis in a cations after abruption; therefore, we do evaluating risk factors for mild and se-
large cohort of almost 28 million not consider these variables in the defi- vere abruptions, we first estimated the
singleton pregnancies in the United nition of severe abruption.2-4 Abruption unadjusted rate ratio (RR) and 95%
States. cases that did not qualify as being severe confidence interval (CI). From this
were classified as mild abruptions. analysis, we chose risk factors that had
Methods RRs either >1.2 or <0.8 for mild and
Premier data Maternal morbidity profile severe abruption; risk factors that met
We performed a retrospective cohort The primary endpoint was a composite this criterion were entered in the final
analysis of data from the Premier data- morbidity outcome comprised of multivariable log linear Poisson regres-
base (www.premierinc.com; Premier, serious maternal complications that sion models from which we evaluated
Inc, Charlotte, NC) to obtain all included pulmonary edema, acute res- the associations.
maternal hospital records for deliveries piratory failure, acute heart failure, acute RRs and 95% CIs were calculated for
that occurred from 2006-2012. The data myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, the composite serious maternal
include hospitalizations from in-patient, puerperal cerebrovascular disorder, morbidity profile and for each severe
ambulatory, and emergency admissions coma, and amniotic fluid embolism. In maternal outcome individually. In this
in approximately 500 hospitals each year addition, we also examined the associa- analysis, we adjusted for all maternal
in the United States. These hospitals are tions between abruption and each of characteristics as potential confounding
chosen to provide a representation of these serious maternal complications. factors. All analyses were weighted based
hospitalizations across the United States. on the weights provided in Premier to
The Premier data can be purchased from Clinical characteristics generate national estimates.
Premier, Inc. All diagnosis and proce- We examined the rates of mild and se-
dure codes in the Premier data were vere abruption across patient character- Cohort composition
coded based on the International Clas- istics. Maternal sociodemographic and From 28,504,661 (weighted) singleton
sification of Disease, 9th version; the behavioral characteristics included year deliveries that were identified in the
codes used for conditions in this study of delivery (2006-2012), maternal age, Perspectives database, records identified
are listed in the Supplemental Table. We single marital status, insurance status, as male (n ¼ 1308; unweighted, 236),
sought and obtained approval from the and tobacco, drug, or alcohol use. twins and higher-order multiple births
Institutional Review Board as an exempt Maternal comorbidities included hy- (n ¼ 530,065; unweighted, 79,594) and
protocol from Columbia University pertensive diseases (chronic hyperten- women <15 or >59 years old were
Medical Center, NY. sion, gestational hypertension, or sequentially excluded (n ¼ 32,688; un-
preeclampsia/eclampsia), chronic renal weighted, 5187). We additionally
Placental abruption disease, asthma, and congenital cardiac excluded women who received a diag-
A diagnosis of placental abruption was disease. Intrapartum and labor charac- nosis of placenta previa (n ¼ 144,135;
based on clinical symptoms that include teristics included premature rupture of unweighted, 21,241). After all exclu-
vaginal bleeding accompanied with se- membranes (at preterm or term gesta- sions, the analysis cohort was composed
vere abdominal pain, uterine tenderness, tions), anemia, intrapartum fever, poly- of 27,796,465 (3,961,031 unweighted)
or tetanic contractions. Severe placental hydramnios, oligohydramnios, and women.
abruption was defined as a delivery with chorioamnionitis. SGA was used as
an abruption accompanied by 1 of the a proxy for intrauterine growth Results
following maternal, fetal, or neonatal restriction. In this cohort of 27,796,465 singleton
complications. Maternal complications births, the prevalence rates of mild and
included disseminated intravascular Statistical analysis severe abruption were 3.1 and 6.5 per
coagulation, hypovolemic shock, blood Two sets of log-linear regression models 1000, respectively (overall prevalence
transfusion, hysterectomy, renal failure, (with a Poisson distribution and a log- rate, 9.6 per 1000). The distribution of
and in-hospital death. Fetal complica- link function) were fit: the first model clinical characteristics among the 3
tions included nonreassuring fetal status, was to evaluate the maternal character- groups of nonabruption, mild abrup-
intrauterine growth restriction, or fetal istics that are associated with mild and tion, and severe abruption is shown in
death. Neonatal complications included severe placental abruption; the second Table 1. Maternal age 35 years old,
neonatal death, preterm delivery, and model was to estimate the association of black race, cigarette smoking status, and
small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births. serious maternal complications the use of drugs or alcohol were associ-
Although the risk of some of the severe (morbidity profile) that are associated ated with increased rates of abruption.
maternal morbidities, such as pulmo- with births with mild and severe Compared with nonabruption births,
nary edema or cardiomyopathy, are ex- abruptions compared with births with the prevalence rates of hypertensive
pected to be higher among pregnancies no abruption and to compare serious disorders were increased among
that are complicated by abruption, these maternal complications between severe women with mild abruption but were
TABLE 3
Ratea and rate ratio of serious maternal complications in relation to mild and severe placental abruptionb
Severe placental
Nonabruption Mild placental abruption abruption Severe vs mild
(n ¼ 27,528,415) (n ¼ 86,917) (n ¼ 181,133) abruption
Adjusted rate ratio Adjusted rate ratio Adjusted rate ratio
(95% confidence (95% confidence (95% confidence
Variable Rate Rate interval) Rate interval) interval)
Composite maternal 15.4 33.3 1.52 (1.35e1.72) 141.7 4.29 (4.11e4.47) 3.47 (3.05e3.95)
outcome
Pulmonary edema 2.8 7.2 1.60 (1.24e2.08) 23.4 2.97 (2.68e3.29) 2.40 (1.82e3.17)
Puerperal cerebrovascular 2.9 9.8 2.46 (1.97e3.08) 16.5 2.72 (2.41e3.07) 1.20 (0.92e1.55)
disorders
Acute heart failure 4.1 5.7 0.93 (0.69e1.25) 27.5 3.05 (2.78e3.36) 4.20 (3.08e5.74)
Acute myocardial infarction 0.2 — — 2.7 7.56 (5.51e10.38) —
Cardiomyopathy 3.4 7.4 1.48 (1.13e1.92) 15.2 2.12 (1.87e2.41) 1.68 (1.26e2.26)
Acute respiratory failure 5.7 13.0 1.62 (1.33e1.96) 88.9 7.00 (6.62e7.39) 5.47 (4.48e6.68)
Amniotic fluid embolism 0.4 — — 5.1 10.56 (8.42e13.24) —
Coma 0.1 — — 1.9 7.04 (4.83e10.25) —
a
Rates are expressed per 10,000; b Associations were adjusted for the factors listed in Table 1 with the use of the log-linear Poisson regression model.
Ananth et al. Severe placental abruption. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016.
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dramnios: risk factors for placental abruption. cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Acta Corresponding author: Cande V. Ananth, PhD, MPH.
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SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE
International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, clinical modification codes for variables in this study
Condition International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, clinical modification code
Delivery V27.0-V27.9
Singleton birth Multiple births (V272-V277, 654.x) excluded
Placental abruption 641.2
Infant outcomes
Stillbirth 656.4x, V27.1x
Neonatal death 768.x, 798.x
Preterm delivery 644.2x
Fetal growth restriction 656.5x, 764x
Nonreassuring fetal status 656.3x, 659.7x
Covariates
Hypertensive disorders
Chronic hypertension 642.00-642.24
Gestational hypertension 642.30-642.34
Mild preeclampsia 642.40-642.49
Severe preeclampsia 642.50-642.54
Superimposed preeclampsia 642.70-642.74
Tobacco use 305.1.x, 649.0x
Alcohol use 291.xx, 303.xx, 305.0x
Drug abuse 304.x, 305.2x-305.9x, 648.3x
Chronic renal disease 646.2x, 581.x, 582.x, 583.x, 585.x, 587, 588.x
Asthma 493, 493.0, 493.00, 493.02, 493.1, 493.10, 493.12, 493.2, 493.20, 493.22, 493.81,
493.82, 493.9, 493.90, 493.92
Outcomes/procedures
Maternal death 761.6
Puerperal cerebrovascular disorders 671.5, 671.50, 671.51, 671.52, 671.53, 671.54, 674.0, 674.00, 674.01, 674.02, 674.03,
674.04, 430, 431, 432, 432.0, 432.1, 432.9, 436, 997.01, 997.02, 433.01, 433.11, 433.21,
433.31, 433.81, 433.91, 434.01, 434.11, 434.91, 325, 348.1, 348.3, 348.30, 348.31,
348.39, 348.5, 437.1, 437.2, 437.6, 346.6, 346.60, 346.61, 346.62, 346.63
Pulmonary edema 514, 518.4, 428.1
Amniotic fluid embolism 673.1x
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 666.3x, 286.6, 286.7, 286.9, 287.4, 287.41, 287.49
Acute renal failure 584, 584.5, 584.6, 584.7, 584.8, 584.9, 669.3, 669.30, 669.32, 669.34
Acute heart failure 415, 415.0, 427.5, 428.0, 428.1, 428.21, 428.31, 428.41, 997.1, 428.23, 428.33,
428.43, 428.9
Acute myocardial infarction 410.x
Cardiomyopathy 674.5x, 425x
Acute liver failure 570, 646.7, 646.70, 646.71, 646.73
Acute respiratory failure 518.81, 518.82, 518.84, 518.5, 518.51, 518.52, 518.53, 799.1, 518.7
Blood transfusion V58.2, 99.0, 99.01-99.07
Hysterectomy 68.3, 68.31, 68.39, 68.4, 68.41, 68.49, 68.6, 68.69, 68.9
Coma 780.01, 780.03, 572.2, 250.2x, 250.3x, 251.0x
Shock 669.1x, 785.5x, 998.0x, 995.4, 995.0, 995.94, 99.4x
Ananth et al. Severe placental abruption. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016.