CREATION THEORIES/MYTHS • Tree-Ring dating (Dendrichronology): age of

1. Biblical Theory trees

− God made the world in 6 days (7th day: rest) • Radio-Carbon dating: age of carbonaceous
• Day 1: Light and darkness materials
• Day 2: Water above and water below • Potassium-Argon dating: age of minerals
• Day 3: Land Divisions of Prehistory
• Day 4: Sun, moon and stars 1. Stone Age
• Day 5: Fish and birds − Paleolithic
• Day 6: Animals and man • Paleos: old
• Day 7: Rest • Lithos: stone
2. Nebular Theory • Homonids, Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus and
− Immanuel Kant, 18th century some Homo Sapiens
− Gaseous clouds (nebulae) slowly rotate, gradually collapse • Nomadic
and flatten due to gravity − Neolithic
• Eventually form stars and planets • Neo: new
3. Solar Disruption Theory • Lithos: stone
− Collision of the sun with other stars cause debris to be • Farming and domestication of animals
ejected from its mass 2. Metal Age
• Formation of planets − Copper Age
4. Chinese Creation Myth • Used copper for everything – weapons, utensils,
− There was a black egg (universe) named Pangu, where plates, etc
heaven and earth were mixed together − Bronze Age
− He cracked the egg with a broadax, separating heaven and • Copper + Tin
earth • Made stronger weapons
− He grew 10 feet daily until he became 9 million li − Iron Age
− When he died Government: to control
• Breath: wind and clouds Nomads Farming the people
• Voice: thunder Fora- Domesti- Permanent Settlements
ngers cation of System of Writing:
• Eyes: sun and moon
Hunters Animals Leaders needed to keep
• Sweat: rain records of harvest
• Hair: stars Agricultural Revolution
• Skin: flowers and trees − Agricultural Centers during the Neolithic Period
• Bones: jade and pearls • West Asia: Mesopotamia
5. Mesopotamian Creation Myth: “Epic of Creation” ! Tigris River
− Manduk was created to save the other gods from Tiamat ! Euphrates River
(sea goddess) • China
• Appointed supreme and unquestionable leader ! Huang Ho
− Halved Tiamat in to 2: earth and sky ! Yang Tze
− Marduk created the calendar and rearranged planets and • India (Indus Valley)
stars ! Indus River
− Marduk killed Kingsu (Tiamat’s husband) and uses his ! Ganges River
blood to create mankind to do the work of the gods • Egypt
! Nile River
PREHISTORY • Established near rivers because of fertile soil
− Period before history was written − Advantages
− Basis: fossils and artifacts • Food supply
− Dating of fossils and artifacts • Permanent Settlement
• System of irrigation
 • Government WEST ASIA
• System of writing Mesopotamia
− Disadvantages − Geography
• Social classes • Modern day Iraq
! Slavery • Meso: in between
• Patriarchal society • Potamos: rivers
• Changed the landscape of the world • In between Euphrates and Tigris rivers
− Agriculture: Greatest contribution of prehistoric man to • Significance of Tigris and Euphrates to Turkey,
modern civilization Syria and Iraq: source of water for everything
• Causes of problem faced by Iraq: Syria and
CIVILIZATION Turkey get water before them
− Systematic way of living with an advancement in culture, − Neolithic Age
intellect and materials • Utilized agriculture
− Emerged because of farming and domestication of animals • Villages found in Anatolia (Turkey):
Characteristics of Civilization ! Catal Huukyuk
1. System of Writing ! Hacilar
− Literature ! Villages found in Jericho: west bank
• Folk tales, stories about gods and goddesses of Israel
− Written laws
• How people should behave Empires in Mesopotamia
• To guide the people 1. Sumerians (3000-2340 BCE)
− Initially made to record crops − Political system: Theocracy
2. Organized Government • Political leader ! spiritual leader
− Written laws • Powers of king/lugal:
• Order in the society ! Executive
− Legal system ! Legislative
• Order in the society ! Judicial
− Public works ! Spiritual
• Public welfare − City states: had walls to protect from invaders
• Infrastructures − Social classes
− Architecture • Elites
• Theocracy: the political leader is also the ! Priests
spiritual leader › Communicate with the
− Arts gods
− Leaders collect taxes for public works, architecture and › Build ziggurats
arts • Commoners
3. Complex Religion ! Merchants
− Architecture ! Artisans (craftworkers)
• Religion affects architecture − Contributions
• Elevated temples • Cuneiform: system of writing
! Worship the sun, moon, stars, etc. ! Clay tablet
− Arts ! Reed pen to make wedge shape on
4. Job Specialization clay tablet
− Social classes • Ziggurat: for veneration
• Upper class: educated − Downfall: Akkadians
• Lower class: uneducated 2. Akkadians (2340-2100 BCE)
− Affected by the wants and needs of the people − Location: west bank of Euphrates River
− Way of life: agriculture
 − Leader: Sargon the Great
• United the kingdoms Other empires in West Asia
• Formed the first empire 1. Arameans
! Empire: two or more kingdoms under − Contribution: Arameic language
one government 2. Hebrews
− Language: Akkadian − Hebrew is an ethnicity
− Culture: adapted from the Sumerians • Common name for those in West Asia
− Downfall: Babylonians ! Israelite: people from Israel
3. Babylonians (1790-1595 BCE) ! Jew: people who believe in Judaism
− Leader: Hammurabi − Jacob: renamed Israel
• King of Babylonia • Sons: 12 tribes
• Rebuilt Babylon − Religion: Judaism
− Contribution: Code of Hammurabi • Belief in one god (Yahweh)
• Justice system − Hebrews ! Canaan ! occupied by Philistines ! became
• Compiled Sumerians’ and Akkadians’ laws Palestine ! Israel ! Torah (first 5 books of the Bible/OT)
• Aim: to unite the Babylonian empire − Contributions:
• To protect the people • Monotheism
− Downfall: Hittites • Torah
4. Hittites 3. Phoenicians
− From Anatolia (modern day Turkey) − Location: near Mediterranean Sea
− Used iron tools − Way of life
− Downfall: civil wars and internal struggles • Agriculture
5. Assyrians (1100-612 BCE) • Trade
− Most feared warriors in history − Contribution: Phoenician alphabet
− Contribution: Library of Nineveh (first library) 4. Lydians
− Downfall: weak leaders − Natives: from Anatolia
• Invasion by the Chaldeans − Contribution: coinage system
6. Chaldeans
− Neo Babylonians EGYPT
− Hanging Gardens of Babylon Geography
− Downfall: Persians − Continent of Africa
7. Persians − Boundaries
− Royal Road: system of communication • N: Mediterranean Sea
− Religion: Zoroastrianism • S: Sudan
− Leaders • E: Red Sea
• Cyrus the Great • W: Libya
! Appealed to Babylonians and Jews − Topography: desert land
and made them part of the Empire − More convenient location then Mesopotamia
! Helped the Hebrews rebuild their • Had natural barriers
temple • Hard to invade
• Darius − Nile River
! Satrapy (province) led by Satraps • “Gift of the Nile”
(governor) ! Flooding enriches the soil
! Greedy • Longest river (4000 miles)
• Xerxes • Floods annually every July because of heavy
! Son of Darius rains in Central Africa
! Wanted to invade Greece ! Current: upstream
− Downfall: Macedonians (Alexander the Great) • Passes 16 nations before Egypt
 ! Affected water flow and political and − Downfall: Hyksos
economical intentions • Invaded the Middle Kingdom using
• Civilization ! Bronze weapons
• Trade ! War chariots
• Irrigation
• River ! Agriculture ! Population New Kingdom (1570-1070 BCE)
− Regions − Defeated Hyksos and reclaimed Egypt by mastering bronze
• Upper Egypt (upstream) weapons and war chariots and using it against them
! Southern part − Leaders
• Lower Egypt (downstream) • Hatshepsut: first female pharaoh
! Northern part ! Took over her husband, Thutmose II,
after he died
Rosetta Stone › Dressed like a man
− Top: Hieroglyphics because people didn’t
− Middle: Demotic know he died
− Bottom: Greek › Thutmose II’s son was too
− Jean Francois Champellon young
• Translated Greek and Demotic to Hieroglyphics ! Contributions
− French discovered it in Rosetta during Napoleon’s time › Constructed temples and
− Contains the declaration of Ptolemy V obelisks
› Promoted mining, trade
Old Kingdom (3100-2181 BCE) and industry
− Pyramid Age • Tutankhamen/King Tut
− Political system: Theocracy ! Became a pharaoh at 9 years old
− Led by pharaohs ! Died at 19
• “Great house” or “palace” ! Famous because his tomb was
• Lead the government untouched when it was discovered
• God incarnate Pharo
• Direct the army ah
− Vizier: pharaoh’s right-hand man Vizier
− Nomarchs: lead nomes Nobles
− Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt
Scribes & Soldiers
− The three pyramids were built
− Downfall Artisans & Merchants
• Nomarchs started questioning the pharaoh’s Peasants
authority
Slaves
! Thought they were more influential
! Wanted to expand their territory
! Led to civil wars Economy
− Agriculture
− Trade
Middle Kingdom (2040-1788 BCE) − Mining
− Changes
• Pharaohs became “shepherds” to their people Religion
instead of gods − Polytheistic
• Clear boundaries for nomes − Gods
! Nomarchs couldn’t expand territory • Amon-Re: supreme god
− Reformed centralize government • Ra: sun god
 • Osiris: god of the underworld • Calendar
• Isis: god of fertility ! 365 days
! Wife of Osiris ! To record crops
! When the Nile floods, people say − Hieroglyphics
she’s flying over and looking for her − Use of make up
husband − Mummification
• Seth
! Brother of Osiris who killed him INDIA
! Sliced him into 14 parts and threw Geography
him in the Nile River − Location: South Asia
− Boundaries
Culture • N: Pakistan, Nepal China
− Pyramids ! Himalayas & Karakoram mountain
− Mummification range
− Polytheistic religion • S: Indian Ocean
− Patriarchal society • E: Bangladesh, Bay of Bengal
− Hieroglyphics • W: Arabian Sea
− Geographical feature: strategic location
Daily Life • Near water
− Polygamy ! Indus River
• 1 wife ! Ganges River
− Monogamy • Fertile soil
• Many wives ! Agriculture
• For pharaohs: one “ultimate” wife, which is the • Has natural boundaries
queen − Indus Valley: first civilization
− Marriage − Divided into two:
• Boys: 15 • North India
• Girls: 12 • South India
• You can get married later if you’re high class − Deccan Plateau
• Arranged marriage • Central India to majority of Southern India
! Can lead to divorce
• Adultery is prohibited and women are burned at Indus Civilization
stake − Started in the Indus River Valley
− Men are the master of the house and women teach and − Surrounding cities
take care of the children • Harappa
• Mohenjo-Daro
Contributions − Started as a farming community
− Politics − Villages made of mud bricks (from the river)
• Women rulers − Had a sewage system and public baths
− Architecture − Great Ganary: storage area for pounding grain (in
• Pyramids Harappa)
• Statues − Had roads
− Geometry − Economy: trade
• Mathematics • Some products were brought to Mesopotamia,
! Pyramids Egypt, Russia
− Medicine − Surrounded by high walls for security
• Medicine papyrus (paper) − Dependent on agriculture
− Astronomy − People:
 • Dravidians: Indian natives − Binbisara: peaceful ruler
! Dark-skinned − Most stable and prosperous
! Discriminated by Aryans − 2 great epics:
• Aryans: Indo-Europeans • Ramayana
! Settled along the Caspian and Black • Mahabharata
Sea − Downfall: internal conflict
! Pastoral/nomadic people • Invasion from Macedonia and Russia
! Defeated the Dravidians 2. Maurya Empire
! Trained in the art of war − Religions: Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism
! Inter action with the Dravidians − Chandragupta Maurya and Asoka
› Intermarriage • Strong army and central government
› Racism • Religious tolerance
• Caste System − Downfall: political struggle
− Downfall: people abandoned the city 3. Gupta Empire
• Natural phenomena − Golden age of the Indus civilization
• Drainage was blocked − Location: Northern India
• Dravidians and Aryans settled
Caste System − Rulers
1. Brahmin • Chandra Gupta I: United kingdoms through
− Priests intermarriage
− Aryans − Economy: agriculture (wheat, rice)
2. Kshatriya − Patriarchal society
− Rulers and warriors − Language: Sanskrit
− Aryans − Downfall: weak rulers, foreign invaders, civil wars
3. Vaisya Deccan Civilization
− Commoners 4. Tamil Empire
− Merchants, artisans, farmers − Location: Southern tip of India/Deccan Plateau
− Aryans • Dravidians settled
4. Sudras − Full of vegetables
− Servants of the upper class − Economy: trade with SEA, China, Egypt and Rome
− Aryans who married Dravidians (seafarers)
5. Outcaste − Women had high status and economic power
− Dalits/untouchables − Language: Tamil
− Dravidians − Wasn’t influenced by countries of the west
∗ Effects on religion Sultanates
− Emergence of other religions: 5. Delhi Sultanate
• Buddhism − Capital of India (Calcatta became Delhi after the British
• Jainism rule)
• Sikhism − Aybek created the sultanates because of repeated
− Effects on society invasions
• Discrimination − Was ruled by the Moguls
− Effects on politics − Muslim dynasties
• Lawmaking is bias to the upper class − Why Muslims wanted to rule India:
• Dominance of the Brahmins • Economic: geography is easier for trade
! More resources
Ganges Civilization • Political: Gold, God, Glory
1. Magadha Empire • Religion: spread of Islam
− Buddhism to eradicate division
 − Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Jainism, Sikhism, • Yang Tze
Zoroastrianism − Why is everything made in China?
− Downfall: revolts by the Hindus • Human labor
6. Mogul/Mughal Empire
− Building of the Taj Mahal for Mumtaz Mahal, by Shah Jahan Chinese civilization
− Had religious tolerance until Aurangzeb ! persecution of − Started because of Huang Ho and Yang Tze Rivers
Hindus − River valley civilization
− Downfall: Rajputs revolted
• Hindus were put out of their positions Why is China still great today?
• British civilization − Economy
− People
Contributions − Leaders
− Mathematics (number 0, pi, place value notation,
Pythagorean Theorem, calculus, Hindu-Arabic numerals, Chinese Philosophies
decimals, etc.) 1. Confucianism
− Entertainment − Founder: Confucius/Kung Fu Tzu/Master Kung (551-
• Snakes and Ladders 479BCE)
• Chess • Was not concerned with the soul, afterlife and
• Playing Cards worship of the gods
− Structures • China’s greatest philosopher and leader
• Taj Mahal − Beliefs/Teachings
• Drainage system • The best ruler would be a man of good morals
• Sewerage system • 5 cardinal relations
− Urban planning ! Father to son
− Literature ! Husband to wife
• Ayurveda (book of medicine) ! Emperor to subject
• Ramayana and Mahabharata ! Older brother to younger brother
− Music ! Friend to friend
− Religion • Golden Rule: Do not do unto others what you
• Hinduism don’t want others to do unto you
• Buddhism • Book: Analects of Confucius (collection of
• Sikhism sayings made by scholars)
• Jainism • A good leader should be educated
• Harmony: attained when people accept their
CHINA place in society
Geography • Virtues given importance by Confucius
− Boundaries ! Yi: righteousness (right conduct)
• N: Mongolia ! Li: propriety
• S: Vietnam, Laos, South China Sea, Myanmar ! Xin: trustworthiness
• E: Korea, Yellow Sea, China Sea ! Xiao: filial piety (respect for parents)
• W: Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Nepal, ! Thi: wisdom
Himalayas, India
− Geographical feature: strategic location 2. Daoism
• Surrounded by a lot of countries/foreign land − Founder: Lao Tzu
• Natural boundaries − Beliefs/Teachings
• Access to water • Wu-wei: action through inaction
− Rivers: ! Do everything by doing nothing
• Huang Ho (Yellow River) • Follow the Dao (the way)
3. Leagalism − Had proofs of their dynasty (oracle bone and bronze
− Founder: Han Fei Tzu plates)
− Beliefs/Teachings − Occupied the Yellow River Valley (North)
• Men were naturally sinful, lustful, greedy and • Huang Ho leaves yellow silt instead of black
depraved − System of writing: calligraphy
• Importance of law − Emperor doesn’t have lower leaders
∗ These emerged because of the warring states in Chin Dynasty − Downfall: weak leaders
3. Zhou/Chou Dynasty
Dynasties in Ancient China − Rise: overthrew the Shang dynasty
∗ Development of Ancient China − Occupied the Wei River (West)
− Oracle bone: predicts the future − 王: emperor
• Led to the invention of writing • 3 lines: heaven, emperor, people
• Priests throw a bone to the fire − 井: water well
− Leaders • Land: divided into 9
• Fu Xi: domestication of animals, hunting, fishing; − 貝: shell
nomadic • Money
• Shen Nong: techniques on agriculture, plows − More proofs of existence than Shang
• Huang Di: system of writing and first bow and − Bureaucracy
arrow • Emperor has lower leaders (bureaucrats)
− Characteristics of Chinese civilization helping him lead the empire
• Interaction between nomadic and agricultural − Age of Hundred Schools
people • When philosophies flourished
• Importance of family as the basic unit of Chinese • Classical Age: time when they gave importance
life to scholars
• Development of a unique system of writing • Time of warring states
1. Xia/Hsia Dynasty − Downfall: warring states
− Legendary dynasty • Disunited government
− Belief of the Mandate of Heaven • Rebellion of the Peasants
• Guiding principle on the rise and fall of 4. Chin Dynasty (221-207 BCE)
dynasties − Rise: Unified the East and West
• Approval of the gods for ruling − Shi Huang Di: Legalism
• ‘Son of Heaven’: emperor − Strengthened the power of the central government
• Rebel leader: bad leader − Great Wall of China
• Dynastic Cycle • Only man-made structure seen from the moon
! Rise of a new dynasty • Largest cemetery
! You will be a leader until you are − Officials burned books
punished for not being a great leader • Classical Age reached its downfall
! Factors affecting the passing on of • Didn’t allow people to own it
the Mandate of Heaven: − High taxes for peasants
› Natural catastrophe − Standard measurements for money
› Invasion − Downfall: death of Shi Huang Di
› Peasant revolts • Peasant revolts
! Leaders are blamed • No heirs
! Fall of the dynasty 5. Han Dynasty (207 BCE-220 CE)
− Downfall: Shang Dynasty − Rise: defeated Chin
2. Shang Dynasty (1600-1100 BCE) − Adopted Confucianism
− Rise: took over the North − Wu Di: golden age
− Silk Road
 • Trading route to Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, • Venetian merchant (from Venice)
Persia, India and Rome • Trusted by Kublai Khan because he’s a
− Downfall: rebellion foreigner
6. Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE) • Served as a consul
− Rise: unified the Han Dynasty • “The Travels of Marco Polo”
− Yang Di: Construction of the Grand Canal: Huang Ho and ! Proved Asia is rich
Yang Tze − Downfall: death of Kublai Khan
• Trade route • Led to rebellions led by a Buddhist monk
• Through human labor and high taxes • Couldn’t sustain the government
− Downfall: revolts led by General Li Yuan 10. Ming Dynasty
7. Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) − Rise: regained China from Kublai Khan
− Rise: overthrew the Sui Dynasty − Pacified small tribes so they won’t attack
− Wu Zhao: first empress − Trading ports in East Africa, West Asia, India, SEA and
− Religion: Buddhism Japan
− Contributions − Political structure: Bureaucracy
• Printing of books − Contributions
• Culture was copied by Japan, Korea and Tibet • Forbidden City
• Tang Code: code of laws for workers and • Restored the Great Wall for security
commoners • Restored the Civil Service Exam
• Civil Service Exam − Downfall: rebellions led by Li Ziching
! Proves your ability • Workers got fired from their jobs due to
! Women not allowed bankruptcy
! Based on the ideas of Confucius 11. Manchu/Qing Dynasty
− Downfall: internal conflict and invasions − Rise: seized parts of China including Beijing
• Invasions by Arabs − Opium Wars
8. Sung Dynasty (960-1279 CE) • Britain’s motive: get money from China
− Contributions • British sold Opium to Chinese
• Catapults • Chinese got high (lol)
• Magnetic compass • 1st Opium War (1839-1842)
! Led to the Age of Exploration ! Treaty of Nanking
• Foot binding › China gave Hong Kong
• Movable printing: Pi Sheng and money to England
! Invented before Johanne Gutenburg • Hong Kong
in Europe 400 years later regained
− Economy: grains from Vietnam sovereignty in
• Higher food supply 1997
• Trade › China opened 5 trading
− Downfall: government income decreased because of the ports
growth of population • Macau was the
• Invasion by the Mongols (led by Kublai Khan) only trading
9. Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 CE) port
− Rise: Invaded Sung • 2nd Opium War (1856)
− First foreigners to invade China (from Mongolia; Kublai ! Treaty of Tianjin
Khan) › China opened 11 more
− Mongols in military and high government positions trading ports
• Didn’t trust native Chinese › China vs. England and
• Didn’t change China’s culture to avoid rebellion France
− Marco Polo • China lost
 • Sino-Japanese War (1894) › Child: Tangun/Dangun
! Treaty of Shimonoseki • Discovered iron
› Some parts of China were − 3 tribal states:
given to Japan • Mahan ! Paekche
− Sphere of Influences (China was open for trade in 1910) • Chinhan ! Silla
• France • Pyouhan ! Kaya
• Britain ∗ North: Koguryo
• Germany
• Russia 3 Kingdoms
• Japan
− Boxer Rebellion
• Martial arts people rebelled against those who
controlled China’s economy
− Downfall: start of the Republic

Significant Contributions
− Silk
− Silk Road
− Paper, paper money 1. Koguryo (37 BCE-668 CE)
− Compass − 313 CE: Defeated China
− Movable printing − 612 CE: Sui dynasty came
− Great Wall • Koguryo won
− Civil Service Exam − 645 CE: Tang dynasty came
− Chinese philosophies − Downfall: Silla and Tang
− Peking Gazette: first newspaper 2. Paekche (18 BCE-660C CE)
− Leaders
KOREA • Kunchogo
Geography ! Golden age
− Boundaries: • Muryong
• N: China ! Attempted to stop Chinese influences
• S: Sea of Japan − Downfall: Silla and Tang
• E: N. Pacific Ocean 3. Silla (57 BCE-668 CE)
• W: Yellow Sea − Unified Korea
− Peninsula • They were isolated from Korea
− Mountainous − Koguryo vs. Paekche and Silla
• Silla and Paekche allied against Koguryo
Gojoseon (233-109 BCE) • Silla and Kaya attacked Paekche
− Legendary dynasty • Paekche allied with Koguryo against Silla
− Leader: Hwanung • Silla allied with the Tang dynasty against
• Established Korea Paekche and Koguryo
• Half god • Silla unified Korea
• 2 animals (bear and tiger) came to him and ! Controlled Kaya
wanted to be human − Hwarangdo: “Bushido Code” of Korea
! He advised them to eat mugwort • Hwarang: term given to a warrior
(herb) and 20 pieces of garlic for ! Aristocratic warriors
100 days and to avoid sunlight • Based on Confucian teachings
! Bear became a woman and married − Downfall: internal conflict
Hwanung
Arrival of religions • Slaves: war prisoners
− Buddhism − Culture
• 372 CE: Koguryo • “Copied” burial style of Egypt
• 6th Century: Paekche and Silla • Adapted Koguryo’s and Paekche’s culture
! Pagodas and Buddhist temples • Allies with China
− Confucianism ! Buddhism
• 1st Century: Koguryo › Adapted system of
• 4th Century: established schools that taught government of Tang and
Confucianism bureaucracy
− Effect: culture is affected ! Confuciansm
› Proof: Hwarangdo
Cultural migration from Korea to Japan • Based on the
− Korea: bridge ideas of
− Culture came from China Confucius
• Golden age of Buddhism
Unified Silla (668-935 CE) ! Temples and pagodas
− Rise: allied with Tang • Used large bronze bells
• Paekche-Silla alliance (against Koguryo) − Downfall: peasant revolts
• Paekche-Koguryo alliance (against Silla) • Power struggle between aristocrats
• Paekche-Japan Alliance (against Koguryo and • Aristocrats lived extravagantly
Silla) ! Exploited peasants ! peasant
• Silla-Tang alliance (against everyone) revolts
∗ Balhae • Prestige of the government rapidly deteriorated
! Refugees from Koguryo
! Not politically united Koryo (918-1392 CE)
! Small tribes − Political system: salaried bureaucracy
∗ Kicked Chinese out of Korea (might get the • Centralized government
land) • Kingdom was divided into provinces, districts
− Political structure: bureaucracy and smaller administrative units
• Centralized government • Chinese Civil Service Exam was adapted
• A truce was formed between Wang Kon and the ! Only for male aristocrats
last king of Silla • Power: passed through CSE
! Married each others’ daughters − Economy
• Power: passed down by blood • Agriculture
• Adapted Tang’s political system and merged it • Celadon
with the traditional system • Coinage
• Power of the monarch was strengthened − Society
− Economy • Aristocrats
• Agriculture • Yangmin (common people): peasants, artisans
• Handicrafts and industries developed and merchants
• Silk and other cloth • Slaves: bought and sold
• Gold and silver artifacts ∗ Righteous Granaries: storage of grain
• Iron − Culture
− Society • Confucianism
• Aristocrats: exempted from paying taxes • Buddhism: state religion
• Commoners: tilled land as tenants • Allies with China
• Low-born: engaged in various types of • Movable metal type for printing
productive work
 ! Sung dynasty (China): wood block ! Yangmin/Sangmin: middle people
movable printing (farmers)
! Chonmin: lower people (slaves,
Joseon (1392-1910) butchers, miners, kisaeng)
− Emergence − Downfall
• Yi Song Gye • Attacks by Japanese
! Alliance with Ming so they won’t • Weak rulers
attack • Economic depression
− Political system: bureaucracy ! Lack of jobs and resources
• Confucianism: guiding principle • Rebellion
• Power: passed by CSE • Coming of Western ideas
! Hope for higher status in society ! Treaty of Kanghwa (1876)
! Not only for aristocrats (rare) › Korea and Japan
! No women › Japan wanted neutral
• Divided into 8 provinces relations but Korea didn’t
! Headed by governor › Japan threatened with war
! Easier to handle if they won’t sign
− Printing of Confucian classics for CSE ! Treaty of Chemulpo (1862)
− Hangul: Korean phonetic alphabet › Treaty of friendship
− Turtle ships between Korea and USA
• Covered top part of ships to protect from flying • Sino-Japanese war
arrows ! Fought on Korean soil
− Invasions ! Led to the defeat of Manchu
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi
! Military commander of Japan who ∗ North and South Korea
invaded Korea − Separated during the Cold War after WW2 in 1945
• Manchu − Russia supported North ! communism
! Led to isolation − USA supported South ! democracy
› Korea closed their country − Different forms of government ! division of Korea
to everyone especially
China, Japan and Europe JAPAN
› No political affairs and Geography
trade − Boundaries
› Hermit Kingdom • N: Sea of Okhotsk
• Hermit: people • S: East China Sea
who don’t like • E: Pacific Ocean
interacting with • W: Sea of Japan
others − Archipelago
− Economy − Strategic location: natural boundaries
• Agriculture − Connects the 4 major islands
• Foreign trade • Hokkaido
− Society • Honshu (largest)
• 4 social classes • Kyushu
! Yangban: aristocratic class (civil and • Shikoku
military) − 45% mountains
! Chung-in: middle people (lower − 20% plain: soil is extremely fertile
officials, doctors and clerks)
Flag
 − Red circle: sun c. Kofun (250-538 CE)
• “Land of the Rising Sun” • Burial practices (religion)
! East: where the sun rises 2. Asuka period
! Belief in the sun goddess Amaterasu − Led by the Yamato clan
− Already had trade
Mythical origin of Japan − Leader: Empress Suiko
• Adapted Chinese culture because they were left
Izanagi Izanami
behind
• Sent Prince Shotoku to the Tang dynasty to
familiarize themselves with the political system
Japan Amaterasu Susanoo − Taika Reforms
• Grand council: 8 ministries
• Territory: divided into administrative districts
Emperor • Communication: adapted from the Chinese
Jimmu
written language
Tenno
• Taxes and Law Codes
− Izanagi and Izanami were 2 of the oldest known heavenly • Farmland belonged to the state
bodies of Japan’s myths ! People might fight over land
− Amaterasu: sun goddess ! Aristocrats might lessen the power of
− Susanoo: sea god the government
• Had conflicts with Amaterasu
• Amaterasu hid in a cave ∗ Social classes
• Susanoo lured her out using: − Figurehead
! Mirror • Emperor
! Jewels ! Head of the Japanese feudal society
! Sword ! Powerless
› These became the 3 − Warrior class
emblems of Japan • Shogun:
− Jimmu Tenno is the descendant of Amaterasu (Yamato ! Political leader
clan) who later founded the Japanese nation ! Supreme military commander
! Distributed lands to the daimyos
∗ Belief in the Mandate of Heaven • Daimyo
− Somehow different from China ! Nobles and aristocrats
− Belief that all leaders are descendants of Amaterasu ! Gets land from the shogun
• Samurai
Japanese Civilization ! Lesser warriors
1. Yamato Period ! Belief in the Bushido Code
a. Jomon (14000-300 BCE) ! Gets land from Daimyo
• Hunting − Commoners (90% of population)
• Fishing • Ronin
• Gathering ! Paid soldiers
b. Yayoi (300 BCE-250 CE) • Peasants
• Agricultural community ! Farmers and fishermen
• Pottery • Artisans
• Weaving ! Craftsmen
• Tribal society − Lowest class: merchants
• Social classes • Salespeople
• Iron and bronze tools
3. Nara Period (710-794 CE)
− Set capital in Nara
− After the death of Shotoku
− Land: distributed to officials
• No fights over land
• Forced to “congratulate” CSE passers
• Feudalism
− Emperor: “Son of Heaven”
• Mandate of Heaven ! Imperial house
− Yamato clan: lost power
• Intermarried with Fujiwara clan
! Fujiwara later dominated the
Japanese government
! Intermarriage: gain power and
influence
4. Heian Period
− Capital established in Kyoto (modern day Kyoto)
− Emperor: performed religious ceremonies
• Political leader ! spiritual leaders
• Dominated by Fujiwara clan: Feudalism
− Effects of Feudalism
• People will fight over land
• Aristocrats (daimyos) will have control
• There may have revolts against the government
• Emperor will lose power
• Daimyo: responsible for everything that
happens in their land
! Ex. Criminal events
− Similar to the Philippines’ hacienda system
Shogunates
1. Kamakura (1192-1333)
− Established by Minamoto Yoritomo
− Bakufu
• “Tent government”
• Shogunate
• All of them were under the shogun
− Mongol invasions led by Kublai Khan
• 1266
! 30,000 troops
! Defeated the Mongols by Kamikaze
(“Divine Wind”)
! Kami (spirits) sent the strong
typhoons to protect them against the
Mongols
• 1281
! 150,000 troops
! Second attempt by the Mongols
! Japan prepared
! Mongols didn’t succeed
› A stronger storm came
› Mongols were led to the
island of Kyushu
− 1331
• Emperor Go-Daigo took arms against Kamakura
! Defeated by Ashikaga Takauji
› He later sided with the
emperor
− 1333
• Imperial rule was restored
! Power went back to the emperor
− Downfall: rebellion of the emperor
∗ 1333-1338: emperor was ruling Japan
2. Ashikaga (1338-1578)
− Ashikaga Takauji
• Proclaimed himself as the new emperor
• Lacked support from most samurai
! Took sides with the emperor
− Onin War (1467-1477)
• Civil war of the daimyos against the aristocrats
• 100 years of warring states
! Anarchy: no form of government
• Led to the destruction of the city of Kyoto
• Disintegration or shogunate
− 1549
• St. Francis Xavier
! Propagated Christianity in Japan
− Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582)
• Began to unify Japan
• Powerful daimyo who conquered the rival
daimyos
• Supporter of Christianity
! Destroyed Buddhist monasteries
! Received help from Europeans
! Was provided with weapons
∗ Transition between Ashikaga and Tokugawa
− Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1582-1598)
• Tried to conquer Korea and China
• Tried to eliminate the power of the daimyo
• Ordered to prohibit Christians to propagate
Christianity
• “Land of the Gods”
! Foreigners were destroying their
shrines
! Religious conflict
• Military commander of Nobunaga
 • Failed to control the strong daimyo • Tozama daimyo went against the shogun
! Had to form alliances with some ! Imperial power was restored
daimyos to destroy other daimyos
∗ “Oda pounds the national rice cake, Hideyoshi kneads it and in the MESOAMERICA
end, Ieayasu sits down and eats it.” Geography
− Oda tried to unify Japan, Hideyoshi continued but Ieayusu − Meso: middle
is the one who really did it • Between North and South America
3. Tokugawa (1600-1868) • Central America
− Tokugawa Ieayasu − Boundaries
• Powerful daimyo of Edo (modern day Tokyo) • N: North America
• 1612: evicted Christian missionaries • S: South America
! Europe: 3Gs (Gold, God, Glory) • E: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico
• 1630: isolation • W: Pacific Ocean
! Prevent invasion − Countries
! Preserve culture • Mexico
! No threats on the leadership of the • Nicaragua
shoguns • Panama
− Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is • Costa Rica
forbidden • El Salvador
• St. Lorenzo Ruiz: one of the saints sent to Japan • Guatemala
− The government was centralized with all power in the • Honduras
hands of the shogun • Beize
− Avoided daimyos from gaining power − Crops: corn
• So the power will remain with the shogun and − “Rubber people”: Olmec
central government − Jaguar: symbol of kingship
− Domestic trade flourished − Similar to Korea
• The only foreigners allowed to trade with Japan: • Peninsula
Dutch/Netherlands • Mountainous
− Towns, especially castle towns, increase − Is it in a strategic location?
• High walls: security • Political
− Merchant class becomes rich because of domestic trade ! No: it is surrounded by other
− New art forms: haiku, poetry, kabuki theater and burraku countries
puppet theater ! Easier to invade
− Challenges: • Economic
• Ronins revolted against local lords ! Yes: trade
! Ronins: not employed ! Many resources
• 1853: Treaty of Kanagawa (Japan & US) − Disadvantage
! Commodore Matthew Perry sailed to • Located in the Pacific Ring of Fire
the Tokyo Bay and forced Japan to ! Can destroy crops and civilization
open its trading ports Mesoamerican Civilizations
! External pressure 1. Olmec (1400-500 BCE)
! Led to other Europeans to ask for − “Rubber people”
treaties − Rose during the pre-classical period
− Downfall: − Location: Mexico
• Peasant revolts: suffered heavy taxes − Political system: Theocracy
• Daimyo: suffered financial hardship • Political leader = spiritual leader
• Samurai: no longer fighters • Led by priests and aristocrats
• Merchants: political power
 • Powerful priests: only ones who could perdorm • Already ciphered
rituals and communicate with the gods − Downfall (theory)
− Culture: • Long drought
• Jaguar: symbol of kingship ∗ Theories involving Olmec and Maya
! Qualities of a jaguar: ones that a − Olmecs started everything and was the first civilization in
warrior should possess Mesoamerica
! Most feared animal − Olmec and Maya appeared/flourished at the same time and
• Polytheistic religion happened to have the same culture
! Based on resources and environment 3. Aztec
− Economy: agriculture and trade − Location: Mesoamerica
• Corn and maize − Society:
− Contributions: • Emperor: sole ruler
• Concept of 0 • Nobility: officials, judges, governors, tax
• Architecture collectors
! Temples, step-pyramids ! • Priests: performed many important duties
communicate with the gods and • Warriors
rituals • Commoners: 90% of society
• Calendar ! Merchants
• Pok-a-tok: ball game similar to basketball ! Artisans
! Punishments given to losing team ! Farmers
› Human sacrifice • Slaves: war prisoners
− System of writing: hieroglyphics ! Slavery: not inherited
• Not yet ciphered − Culture:
• Little is known about their civilization • Religious beliefs:
− Evidence that olmecs were the mother culture of ! Huitzilopochtli: god of war; symbol of
Mesoamerican civilization: the sun
• Influenced trade (largest trade empire) ! Quetzalcoatl: god of wind
• Products were found scattered in Mesoamerica ! Tlaloc: god of rain
− Downfall (theory) • Human sacrifice: for Aztecs to be feared
• Climate change ! To please Huitzilopochtli
• Revolts • Polygamy
2. Maya (300-900 AD) • Existence of 2 worlds: material and divine
− Rose during the classical period • Artworks have religious significance
− Location: Yucatan Peninsula − Economy:
− Influenced by Olmecs • Agriculture and trade
− Society: • Collected taxes
• Led by the chief: “halach nimic” • Chinampa: artificial island located on a dried-out
! Possessed absolute power lake
• Patriarchal society − System of writing: hieroglyphics
• Powerful priests − Downfall:
− Culture: • 1519: Herman Cortes
• Jaguar ! Mesoamericans thought he was
• Polytheistic religion Quetzalcoatl
− Economy: agriculture and trade › Welcomed Spaniards
− Contributions: • Small pox
• Architecture • Last ruler: Moctezuma II
• Mayan calendar 4. Inca
− System of writing: hieroglyphics − Location: South America and Andes
 • Divided in 4 districts − Land for farming and herding
− Political system: Theocracy − Home of Africa’s great herds of wild animals
− Society: • Gazelle, Cheetah, Zebra Giraffe, Elephant
• Sapa Inca: emperor, absolute power, chief − Tserse Fly
religious leader • >Affected the development of civilization
! Rulers: people related to the noble − Can experience drought
family 3. Desert
• Nobles: chieftains ! rule localities − Sahara Desert
• Officials: collect taxes and enforce laws • World’s largest
− Culture: − Kalanari and Namib
• Highly developed court theater • Southern part
• Supplies carried by llamas − Less job opportunities, less agriculture and less water
• Devoted to different forces of nature − Arid climate
• Temples of the sun − Oasis (small water source)
• Poetry 4. Mountains and Plateaus
− Economy: − Mostly in Central Africa
• Construction of roads/highways for delivery − Source of gold and job opportunities
• Machu Picchu: structures − Borders
• Irrigation system − Transportation
• Agriculture in high lands: terraces 5. Fertile Lands
• Best metal workers − Located in North Africa and Mediterranean Coast
− Language: − Surrounded by bodies of water
• Quechua (people)
• Incan language (government) Resources
− System of writing: Quipo − How does the geography in Africa affect the development
• Knotted strings of their civilization?
− Downfall: • No agriculture
• 1532: Francisco Pizzaro • Mountains served as borders and blocked
! Small pox epidemic brought by the • Wide: hard to communicate
Spaniards
! Killed Atahualpa (last ruler) Kingdoms
1. Kush (1070 BCE-350 CE)
AFRICA − Kingdom of Nubia
Geography − Egypt controlled Kush
− Boundaries: • Change in their culture/ religion
• N: Mediterranean Sea − Location: modern day Sudan
• S: Merging of Atlantic, Pacific and Antarctic • Northeast
Ocean • 1st capital: Napata
• E: Red Sea − Egypt and Nubia
• W: Atlantic Ocean • Nubia experienced frequent invasions from
Egypt
Climate Zones • Nubia gained indepenence
1. Tropical Rainforest • 750 BCE: Pianki conquered S. Egypt (New
− Cover less than 5 % of the land Kingdom) for 100 years
− Thick trees and roots make this region unsuitable for • Assyrians drove the Nubians/ Kushians away
farming ! Nubian armies couldn’t match the
2. Savannah weapons of Assyrians
− Largest and most populated climate zone (Mesopotamians)
 ! At this time, Egypt was experiencing • Products exported: ivory, gold, spices, silk,
invasions from all sides perfume (first used by the Egyptians) and
− Capital was moved to Meroe slaves
• Golden Age • Products imported: wine, iron and olive oil
• King Natakamani and Queen Amanitore (major product of Greece)
! Last rulers during their golden age − Downfall:
• Rich in iron ore • Trade routes declined
• Created iron tools and weapons ! Ethiopia was the only Christian
− Culture from Egypt: country
• Believe in Egyptian gods ! It was surrounded by Muslim nations
• Temples • Deterioration of environment
• Leader: pharaoh ! Over-exploitation of resources
• They were given freedom in terms of
architecture 3. Ghana (830-1235 CE)
− Had own identity: worshipped own God ! Apedemak − Location: V of the Niger and Senegal Rivers
• Supreme god • West
• 3-headed lion warrior − Political System
! Lion: brave and king of the jungle • Led by a king
• Had their own alphabet • Kingdom was divided into districts, led by the
! Still unknown district chief
− Downfall: Axum invaded ! Maintain order and peace
• Attacks by King Ezana ! Create laws
! Easily collect taxes
2. Axum (100-940 CE) − Economy
− Location: modern day Ethiopia • “The Land of Gold”
• Northeast ! They believed gold was from Ghana
− 2 major cities: but it’s from neighboring countries
• Adulis • Agriculture
• Axum • Gold-salt trade
! Salt: people from Mediterranean Sea
and N. Africa
− Culture
• Religion: traditional Islam
− Downfall: civil wars

4. Mali (1230-1600 CE)

− Took over Ghana
• Continued to trade gold
− Political System
− Later on conquered some parts of Sudan • Led by Mansa (king)
• They attacked Kush • Leader: Mansa Musa
− Trade ! King of Mali
• Adulis took control of the Red Sea ! Because of him, Mali became
• Created their own trading post prestigious
• Triangular network ! He brought gold with him when he
! Africa ! India ! Mediterranean went to the pilgrimage to the Mecca
› Egypt’s economy
weakened
 ! Bought places for the Mali people to ! Was recognized by the Caliph of Cairo
stay whenever they would go to as the Muslim ruler of the Niger River
Mecca Valley
− Economy • Strengthened the government
• Gold-salt trade • First Muslim ruler
• Trans-Sahara Trade route • Supported Islam
! Africa ! Sahara ! Mediterranean ! In a region dominated by Muslims
• Used camels from middle east/west Africa as − Downfall:
caravans • Internal rivalry
− Culture • Civil wars
• Religion: Islam based on the justice system of • Invaded by Moroccans
the Qur’an
− Downfall: Weak rulers 6. Benin (1440-1897 CE)
• Songhai emerged − Location: Modern day Nigeria
− Famous because of Bronze statues, Brass, Copper
∗ Similarities of Ghana and Mali • Created to honor notable leaders
− Led by a king − Oba Ewuare
− Gold-salt trade • Oba ! King
− Agriculture • Established Benin
− Resided over the same area • Built a powerful army
− Relied on the Nile and Senegal River • Went to war
− Trans-Saharan Trade Route − Oba Ezuola
∗ Differences of Ghana and Mali • Expanded the territory through warfare
− Religion: Islam − Oba Esigie
• Ghana: traditional • Welcomed the Portuguese
• Mali: based on the justice system Qur’an ! Start of the slave trade
− Ghana was divided into districts ! Spread Christianity
! Learned the language
5. Songhai (1464-1591) ! Why the Portuguese came to Benin:
− Used to be a small tribe to trade
• Became a kingdom
• Started as a small kingdom paying tribute to Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Ghana and Mali so they won’t be invaded
− Had contact with Muslim traders
• So that Islam will spread
− Traded along the Niger River
• Fish resources
• Agriculture
− Sunni Ali
• Did not follow Islam
• Led number of campaigns against neighboring
people to build empire
• Military success came from army of skilled
Calvary, navy of war canoes
− Askia Muhammad − More than 10 million slaves were transported
• Had his pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) − Europeans transported slaves to America and not Europe
• Europe: needs resources and land
 • 10-15% died on ships because ships weren’t in
good condition GREECE
! Led to the building of larger ships Geography
− Europeans made wars to have captives/slaves for trade − Boundaries:
− In America, • N: Macedonia
• Slaves were brought to pens and auctioned • S: Mediterranean Sea
! They were marked/stamped with hot • E: Turkey, Aegean Sea
metal • W: Ionian Sea
› To cause an imprint on the − Peninsula
skin • Balkan Peninsula
• Buyers preferred ages 14-35: wanted − Mountainous
productive people − Along the Mediterranean Sea
• 2/3 of slaves brought to America were men • Trade Route
• There would be promos (buy 1 take 1, 20% off, − 20 – 30 % of their land for farming
etc) to make sure slaves were sold − City states were isolated because of the mountains
− Francois Dominique Toussaint − Consists of islands
• Haiti: ruled by France • Has a diverse geography
• Led the rebellion against France to free slaves − Political:
in Haiti • Strategic location because each city state has a
− Olaudah Equiano different leader
• Was sold when he was 10 • Not strategic because a lot of conflict will occur
• Bought his own freedom using his own (saved) since it is surrounded by a lot of countries
money − Economic:
• Wrote “The Interesting Narrative of the Life of • Strategic because its location is good for
Olaudah Equiano” trading
! The book inspired people to abolish − Olive oil: greatest product
slave trade
− William Wilberforce Civilizations
• Proposed the abolition of slave trade in England 1. Minoan Civilization
− John Wesley − Discovered by Arthur Evans
• Founder of the Methodist Church − Located in Knossu
• Condemned slavery using his book, “Thoughts − Flourished in Island of Crete
Upon Slavery” − System of writing: Linear A
− Simon Bolivar − Legend of Minotaur
• Freed Latin America from Spaniards • Minotaur
! Lived in a labyrinth
∗ Effects of Slave Trade ! Son of King Minos
− Politics • King Minos
• Benin rulers used slave trade slaves for ! Son of Zeus
weapons from Europeans and expand their ! King of Minoan Civilization
territory • Theseus
− Apartheid: division of African society ! Prince from another kingdom
− Economics ! Wanted to kill Minotaur
• Population declined ! Fell in love with Ariadne
• Crops, farms and villages were destroyed • Ariadne
• Local industries did not develop ! Daughter of King Minos

∗ Lundbeck nations: poorest nations in Africa

 ! Gave a thread to Theseus so that he
will be able to find his way out of the
labyrinth after he kills Minotaur
− Downfall:
• Attacks from smaller kingdoms
• Earthquakes, Tsunamis
2. Mycenaen Civilization
− Located in Mycenae ∗ Polis
− Story of the golden apple:
• 3 goddesses (Aphrodite, Athena, and Hera)
were fighting for who was the most beautiful
• They picked Paris to choose 3.
! Each of the goddesses offered
something to him
› Aphrodite offered Helen of
Mycenae ! She won
• Helen was the
wife of
Menelaus
› King Agamemnon
• Brother of
Menelau
• Helen fell in love with Paris because of
Aphrodite’s power after meeting him
! Helen became Helen of Troy
• Started a war between Troy and Mycenae
! Start of Trojan War
− System of writing: Linear B
• Discovered by Arthur Evans
− Trojan Horse
• Supposed to be symbol of place to be offered to
Poseidon for the Mycenaens to return safely.
• Inside the Trojan Horse:
! Soldiers ! in order to penetrate the 4.
high walls of troy
− Mycenaens attacked the Trojans
− King Agamemnon
• Had alliances with small kingdoms
! Because of strength
! The defeated one will pay tribute to
the winner
− The strongest city state
− Downfall:
• Frequent warfare between city states
• After its decline, the dark ages started
∗ Dark Ages
− Led to:
• Decline in population
• Falling of food production
! People will starve ! chaos
• Forgot to continue their culture
! Their main focus was war and their
survival
− Small but autonomous political unit
− City state
Sparta
− Spartan life:
• 7 year old boys: taken away from their homes
and placed in military barracks
• 20 year old men: become soldiers and are sent
to frontier areas
• 30 year old men: expected to marry
• 60 year old men: allowed to retire from the
army
• 14 year old women: they are expected to marry
− Helots
• Conquered people and formed the majority of
the population
• They were farmers, laborers, personal servants
of the Spartan citizens
• Women can kill them
! They want order in the society
− Spartan warfare
• Phalanx: tight battle formation
! 200 men wide, 8 men deep
! Shield: 20 – 30 lbs
Athens
− Athenian life:
• 7 year old boys: begin school
• 18 year old boys: graduate from school and
begin 2 years of military service
• 14 year old girls: expected to marry
− Olympics
• Held every 4 years in honor of their gods
• Held at Olympia
• Started in 776 B.C
− Draco
• Made the first written code of laws for Athens
! Athens: first to have written laws
• Draconian Laws: harsh laws
 − Solon • He was defeated in Marathon
• Made reforms in Athens ! Xerxes took over
• Revised some laws of Draco − Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.E)
• “Solon”: wise legislator • Persians had 10 years of preparation
! Legislator: makes laws • Leader of Persia: Xerxes
• An archon • Leader of Sparta: King Leonidas
! Decides for Athens • Best known battle
− Abolished debt slavery • Persia vs. Sparta
− Decreased the power of the nobles ! The Persians won
• Solon limited the amount of land that the nobles − Battle of Salamis (480 B.C.E)
owned • Persia vs. Athens
! Power ! land ! Athens won
− Gave merchants a voice in the government • Happened in Asia Minor ! destroyed
• Merchants: lowest class everything
− Pisistratus − The Greeks and Persians were united but not politically
• Tyrant
• Supported by the Athenians Peloponnesian War
• Athens became the cultural center of Greece − Delian League
− Cleisthenis • Alliance of city states and Athens in Greece
• Founder of Athenian democracy ! Led by Athens
• Divided Athens into 10 areas called Demes ! The Athenians abused their power
• Created an assembly − Peloponnesian League
! Law making of Athens • Led by Sparta
• Found a way on how to remove the tyrants • Was supported by the enemies of Athens
! Ostracism − The 2 leagues attacked each other
› Punishment: you will be − Effects/aftermath
exiled out of Athens • Greece reached its downfall
• Ended Athens’ domination of Greece
Persian Wars • Alexander the Great took over Greece and
− Athens had an alliance with a kingdom in Asia Minor unified it
against Persia
• Athenians helped Asia Minor ! Persia was
defeated
• Persia wanted to attack Athens
− Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.E)
• First attempt of the Persians
• Phidippides
! Messenger of Athens
! He ran from Athens going to Sparta
to ask for help
› Sparta refused
! He went back to Athens
! He was sent to Marathon
! He went back to Athens
• Athens won
! They didn’t have any weapons
! They fought with their bare hands
− During the time of King Darius I