PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

2018-2019

TRANSFORMER

Viraj.Dhankude
Class: - XII
 Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this project successfully many people have
best owned upon me as their blessing and the heart pledged support, this
time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily I would like to thank god for being able to complete this
project with success. Then I would like to thank my Physics teacher Ms.
Sharda.Mhajan whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped
me patch this project and make it full proof success his suggestions and
instructions has served as the major contribution. Then I would like to
thanks my Parents and Friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance have been helpful in the various phases of the
completion of this project.
 Index
1. Certificate of Excellence
2. Acknowledgement
3. Aim of the project
4. Theory
5. Material required
6. Procedure
7. Conclusion
8. Precautions
9. Bibliography
 Objective
The objective of this experiment is to Study the Different Types of
Transformers
 Theory
The transformer is a device used to convert a low alternating voltage to a
high alternating voltage or vice versa. It is based on the principal of
mutual induction. A transformer which increases the voltage is called a
step up transformer and which decreases the voltage is called a step
down transformer.When an alternating e.m.f is supplied to the primary
coil, an alternating current starts flowing in it. The alternating current
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces alternating voltage.
Let,
 Ep and Esare the instantaneous values of the E.M.F induced in
primary and secondary coil.
 Np and Nsare the no. of turns in primary and secondary coil.
 d/dt=rate of change of flux in each turn.

Therefore,
Ep = - Np(d/dt) .……(1)
Es = - Ns(d/dt) ……(2)
1. If there is no leakage of flux
By dividing Eq (2) by Eq (1), we have
Es/ Ep= Ns/ Np.…… (3)
2. If there is no power loss
Pp= Ps
Ep x Ip = Es x Is
Es / Ep = Ip/ Is ………(4)
Hence,
 Step Up Transformer

Current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.Hence,

whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. A step
up transformer actually steps down the current and step up voltage. In
this type of transformer: -
Ns> Np and Es >Ep
Step Down Transformer

Current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
A step down transformer actually steps up the current and step down
voltage. In this type of transformer:-
Ns< Np and Es < Ep
 Efficiency
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the
input power. For an ideal transformer, its value is 1.
But in practical due to different kind of energy loss,

Circuit Diagram
 Energy Loss
1. Copper loss: -It is energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.
2. Iron loss: -It is the loss in the form of heat in the iron ore of
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy current in iron core, it
is minimised by using laminated core.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux: -It occur inspite of best insulation.

Rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of secondary
coil is less than rate of change in magnetic flux linked with each
turn of primary coil.

4. Hysteresis Loss: -It is loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core.
 Material Required
1. Iron

2. Copper wire

3. Voltmeter

4. Ammeter
 Procedure
 Step Down Transformer
1. Take a thick iron rode and cover it with thick paper and wind a
100 turns of copper wire on it. This constitutes primary coil of
the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound 50
turns of copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil.
3. Now measure the input and output voltage of the transformer.
 Step Up Transformer
1. Take a thick iron rode and cover it with thick paper and wind a
50 turns of copper wire on it. This constitutes primary coil of
the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound 100
turns of copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil.
3. Now measure the input and output voltage of the transformer.
 Conclusion
1. The output voltage of the transformer depends the ratio of the
no. of turns in primary coil to no. of turns in secondary coil.
2. On increase in no. of turns of primary coil the current the
output current also increases.

Precautions
1. Keep yourself safe from high voltage.
2. Minimise the formation of eddy current.
3. While taking reading the current and voltage of the
primary coil should remain constant.
 Bibliography
1. Help from Internet

2. Help from Teacher

3. Help from Library