Mo˘Û›Ô: ¶ÔÚ›· Î·È ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ 21Ô ·ÈÒÓ·

∏ ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ∞ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ - √ÙÈ΋ ∞ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÛÙËÓ ∆¤¯ÓË

Î·È ÙË ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ∆¤¯Ó˘

¢È·‰Èηۛ· Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÊÔÚËÙÒÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ.

™˘Óı‹Î˜ ¤ÎıÂÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜

∏ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯ÔÚËÁ›· Î·È ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚ›˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·

ªÔ˘Û›· Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË:

∞ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙ˘, ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È fiÚÈ· ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ

ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜

ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ∫·Ô‰ÈÛÙÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ

ªÂϤÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÁÈ· Ù· ·Á¯¤Ì·¯· fiÏ· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ

∂•∞ª∏¡π∞π∞ ∂∫¢√™∏ ∆∏™
∂¶π∆ƒ√¶∏™ ª√À™∂πø¡
∆√À ¶∞¡∂¶π™∆∏ªπ√À ∞£∏¡ø¡

ñ ∆∂ÀÃ√™ 4o
¢∂∫∂ªµƒπ√™ 2003
ISSN: 1109-7434

™À¡∆∞∫∆π∫∏ √ª∞¢∞
ñ ∂ΉfiÙ˘ - À‡ı˘ÓÔ˜
Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÓfiÌÔ:
∞ÓÙÈÚ‡Ù·Ó˘ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡
¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ & ∞Ó¿Ù˘Í˘,
ηı. ª. ¢. ¢ÂÚÌÈÙ˙¿Î˘

ñ ™‡ÓÙ·ÍË, ∂È̤ÏÂÈ· ¶·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘:

ª. π. ¶··ÁÚËÁÔÚ¿Î˘
∫. ª. ¢ÂÚÌÈÙ˙¿ÎË √¢∏°π∂™ ™À¡∆∞•∏™ ∞ƒ£ƒ√À
∆. µ. ¢ÔÍ·Ó¿ÎË √È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È Û ÎÚ›ÛË ·fi ∞ÍÈÔÏÔÁËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡.
√È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÚˆÙfiÙ˘˜. ™Â ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ÌÈ· ÂÚÁ·Û›· Á›ÓÂÈ ‰ÂÎÙ‹
ñ ∂È̤ÏÂÈ· ∫ÂÈ̤ӈÓ: ÁÈ· ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Ô/ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜/-ÂȘ ı· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆı›.
ª. ∑ÒÚ· ¢√ª∏:
∂. ¶··ÁˆÚÁ›Ô˘ ñ ª¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘:
1000-1500 ϤÍÂȘ
ñ ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜:
ñ ™ÂÏ›‰· ∆›ÙÏÔ˘:
kapa-sto-tetragono Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ,
ñ ∂ÎÙ‡ˆÛË: ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ΤÓÙÚÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È, ÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË
ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ, ÙËϤʈÓÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË.
B. & E. ª·Ì¿Ë˜
°È· ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ·ÓˆÓ˘Ì›·˜ Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊfiÓÙˆÓ ‰ÂÓ
ñ ∞ÍÈÔÏÔÁËÙ¤˜: ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È, ·ÏÏ¿ ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·
°. ¶·Ó·ÁÈ¿Ú˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡
ª. ªÔ‡ÏÈÔ˘ ñ ∫˘Ú›ˆ˜ £¤Ì·:
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ (̤¯ÚÈ 200 ϤÍÂȘ): ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈ΋
™ÙÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÛÙËηÓ: ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô, Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù·
µ. ∞ÚÁ˘ÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ Î·È Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·. ÀfiÙÈÙÏÔÈ, ·Ó ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË
¶. ∑Ô‡Ó˘ ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
∂. ∫·‚·ÏÈÂÚ¿ÙÔ˘ ñ ∂›ÏÔÁÔ˜
ñ ÃÚ‹ÛË µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜:
™. ∫·ÂÏÔ‡˙Ô˘
√È ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
§. ∫·Ú·Ì›Ó˘
Î·È Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÔÌÔÈÔÌÔÚÊ›·, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜
∞. ∫·ÙÂÚÈÓfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ Ô˘ ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈϤÍÂÈ.
∞. ∫Ô˘ÙÛÂÏ›Ó˘ ñ ¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ÛÙ· ∞ÁÁÏÈο (ˆ˜ 300 ϤÍÂȘ)
∫. ª·Ú·‚¤ÏÈ·˜ ª√ƒº∏:
ª. ªÈ¯·ËÏ›‰Ô˘ ñ √È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Û ÓÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ‰ËÌÔÙÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·
∑. ™·Î΋ Û ÌÔÓÔÙÔÓÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ‰·ÎÙ˘ÏÔÁÚ·ÊË̤Ó˜ Û ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ªÔÚÊ‹ Word
Û ·ÚÈıÌË̤Ó˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜
¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË: ñ °Ú·ÌÌ·ÙÔÛÂÈÚ¿ Times New Roman
°Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›· ªÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÔ‡ ñ ª¤ÁÂıÔ˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·ÙÔÛÂÈÚ¿˜ 12
“ª√À™∂π∞∫ø¡ ™¶√À¢ø¡” ñ ¶·Ú·ÔÌ¤˜ ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ:
¡¤Ô ∫Ù‹ÚÈÔ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ™ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÔÈ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÔÌ¤˜ ı· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ
¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈÔ‡ÔÏË, ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÙÈÌ¿Ù (Humanities Style ‹ Author Date Style),
157 84, ∑ˆÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ›Ù Ì ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ ·Ú·ÔÌ‹, ›Ù ۇÌʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·,
Ì ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· Î·È ÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Û˘ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜,
∆ËϤʈӷ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜: ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ú·ÔÌ‹
210 74 61 229, 210 72 76 465 ∂π∫√¡∂™ - ¶π¡∞∫∂™ - ºø∆√°ƒ∞ºπ∂™:
∆fiÛÔ ÔÈ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜, fiÛÔ Î·È Ù· ۯ‰ȷÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ›Ó·Î˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È
E-mail: ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ˆ˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ (.¯. ∂ÈÎ. 1) Î·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÚÈıÌË̤ӷ, Û˘Óԉ¢fiÌÂÓ·
manjpap@dent.uoa.gr ·fi ÂÂÍËÁËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÂ˙¿ÓÙ·. √È ·ÚÈıÌÔ› ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ
adoxana@arch.uoa.gr Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ. √È Ù›ÙÏÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ, ÙˆÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‹
aikdermi@arch.uoa.gr ÙˆÓ ÈÓ¿ÎˆÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Û ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ÛÂÏ›‰· Ì·˙› Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú›ıÌËÛË
Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ. ∞Ó Ù˘¯fiÓ ÌÈ· ÂÈÎfiÓ· ‹ ¤Ó·˜ ›Ó·Î·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢Ù›
EÍÒÊ˘ÏÏo: ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ·, Ô Ù›ÙÏÔ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿.
√È ÊˆÙÔÁڷʛ˜ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ √È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜, ÔÈ ›Ó·Î˜ Î·È Ù· ۯ‰ȷÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Î·ÓÔÓÈο,
ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÔfiÙ ı· ·Ó·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ›Ûˆ ̤ÚÔ˜ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ‹ Û ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹.
ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ. √È ÊˆÙÔÁڷʛ˜ - ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ı· ÂÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜, ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ·›ÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜
ÛÙË Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡.
 ™ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ Ù‡¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÙË ¯·Ú¿ Ó· Û·˜ ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ
¤Ó·ÚÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ‰È·Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ªÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÒÓ
™Ô˘‰ÒÓ «ªÔ˘ÛÂȷΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜» ·fi ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È
Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ
ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ı·
ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÁfiÓÈÌÔ˜ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙË ‰È¿¯˘ÛË ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ
ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙ· ÌÔ˘Û›·, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ
ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÔ‡ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓfi Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ
ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ Ó¤Ô ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘
ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ù˘ ªÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÂÍ¿ÌËÓÔ
ÙÔ˘ 2004, Ë °ÂÓÈ΋ ¢È¢ı‡ÓÙÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ À¶¶√ Î. ª. ªÈ¯·ËÏ›‰Ô˘, ÂÁηÈÓ›·Û ÙÔÓ
·ÎÏÔ ÙˆÓ ‰È·Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜
ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ‰È¿ÏÂÍË Ì ı¤Ì· «ªÔ˘Û›Ô: ¶ÔÚ›· Î·È ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ 21Ô
·ÈÒÓ·».
™ÙÔ Ù¤Ù·ÚÙÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ «ÙÔ ªÔ˘Û›Ի Ù· ¿ÚıÚ· Ô˘
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È ı¤Ì·Ù·, Ù· ÔÔ›· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜
‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÙË ‚ȈÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·
ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ
ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ. ∆Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ «∏ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯ÔÚËÁ›· Î·È ÔÈ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚ›˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·» ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ¯ÔÚËÁ›·˜
Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÙȘ
ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜, ÛÂ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘.
∆Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ «ªÂϤÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÁÈ· Ù· ·Á¯¤Ì·¯· fiÏ· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡
ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ» Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ
Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘, Ô˘ ·Ó¤Î˘„·Ó ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ
ÊıÔÚÒÓ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·Á¯¤Ì·¯ˆÓ fiÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜
∞fi ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰·
ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ. ∆Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ ÙÔ˘ §. ∫·Ú·Ì›ÓË ·ÊÔÚ¿ Â›Û˘ ÛÙÔÓ
Û‡ÓÙ·Í˘ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ¤ÚÁˆÓ Ù¤¯Ó˘, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È ‰ÈÂÍÔ‰Èο Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘
ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÈÛıËÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÙÈÎÒÓ
·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Î·È ÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÂÔ¯‹, fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋
·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ Ù¤¯Ó˘. ™ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ Ù˘, Ë ∂. ∫·‚·ÏÈÂÚ¿ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È
ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÚËÙÒÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Î·È ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê› ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÒ˜
Ù· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ
Â›Ù¢ÍË ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ. ∂›Û˘, ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ
«ªÔ˘Û›· Î·È ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË: ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙ˘, ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È fiÚÈ· ÂÂÌ‚¿Ûˆӻ ı¤ÙÂÈ
¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ˆ˜ Ô‰ËÁfi, Ô˘ ·ԂϤÂÈ ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Î·È ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ı›ÁÂÙ·È Ë ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë
ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ ·fi
ÙÔÓ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹ ∞. ∫·ÙÂÚÈÓfiÔ˘ÏÔ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ «ªÔ˘Û›Ô: ÔÚ›· Î·È ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜
ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ 21Ô ·ÈÒÓ·» ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ‡ÁψÙÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜, Ù·
‰ÈÏ‹ÌÌ·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô
ÙËÓ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ‚ȈÛÈÌfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜.
 Mo˘Û›Ô: ¶ÔÚ›· Î·È ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ 21Ô ·ÈÒÓ·*
*ª¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒıËΠÛÙÔÓ ∞’ ·ÎÏÔ ÔÌÈÏÈÒÓ 2004 ÙÔ˘ ªÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ “ªÔ˘ÛÂȷΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜”
∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· fiÏÔ Î·È ÈÔ ÔÏϤ˜
ʈӤ˜ ·ÎÔ‡ÁÔÓÙ·È Á‡Úˆ ·fi Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ
ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
ÔÚ›· Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜
‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜
ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ë¯Ô‡Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¢¯¿ÚÈÛÙ· ÛÙ’
·˘ÙÈ¿ fiÛˆÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·fi Ôχ ηÈÚfi ·Û¯ÔÏËı›
Ì ÙÔÓ Î‡ÚÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ̤· Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ,
fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙfi, ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜
¢ηÈڛ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜
ÁÈ· Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌË ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹.
°È’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ¿ÏψÛÙÂ, ıˆÚ›ٷÈ
ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· fiÙÈ Ù· ªÔ˘Û›·, «Ù· ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ˘
¢·ÈÛıËÛ›·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›·» fiˆ˜
¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÏËı›, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· οıÂ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÎÔÚ˘Ê·›· ¤ÚÁ· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜,
ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜,
fiˆ˜ Ì ÏËÚfiÙËÙ· Î·È Û·Ê‹ÓÂÈ·
ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ¢ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ
ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙfi Û fiÏÔ˘˜ Ì·˜ ICOM.
E›Ó·È ÏÔÈfiÓ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘
ICOM, ÙÔ ªÔ˘Û›Ô,
«¤Ó· ÿ‰Ú˘Ì· ÌfiÓÈÌÔ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÎÂÚ‰ÔÛÎÔÈÎfi
¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, ÛÙËÓ ˘ËÚÂÛ›· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ηÈ
Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ Ù˘, ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi Î·È ÙÔ
ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÂ˘Ó¿, ·ÔÎÙ¿, Û˘ÓÙËÚ› ÁÓˆÛÙÔÔÈ›
Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÂÎı¤ÙÂÈ ÙȘ ˘ÏÈΤ˜ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ ÙÔ˘
·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂ
ÛÎÔfi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË, ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ
„˘¯·ÁˆÁ›·».
°È’ ·˘Ùfi Î·È ˆ˜ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÓÔÂ›Ù·È Î¿ı ÌfiÓÈÌË
Î·È ·ÓÔÈÎÙ‹ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi, Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ‹ ÌÂ
ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Ì·ÚÙ˘ÚÈÒÓ, Ô˘
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·ÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈÎfi, ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi,
ÂıÓÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi Î·È ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ.
∞ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ¤Ó·Ó
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô -
™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Â›Ó·È ¿ÚÚËÎÙ· Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜.
∫·È Â‰Ò ‚¤‚·È· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·Óı› fiÙÈ
·˘Ù‹ Ë ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˘ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ¤ÓÓÔÈ·,
ÙÔ ·ÓÙȉȷÛÙ¤ÏÏÂÈ ·˘ÙÔÌ¿Ùˆ˜ ·fi
ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ Ô˘
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο, ÂÚÈÛÙ·Ûȷο, ÁÈ·
‚Ú·¯˘¯ÚfiÓȘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ.
∞ӷʤÚÔÌ·È Ê˘ÛÈο ÛÙȘ ·›ıÔ˘Û˜
‰È·Ï¤ÍˆÓ, ÂÎı¤ÛÂˆÓ ‹ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ.
4
∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·Óı› ‰Ò, fiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·
Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ôχ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· ÌÓ›· Ù˘ ·Ó¿Á΢ ÁÈ·
ÙË Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ıËÛ·˘ÚÒÓ
Î·È Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ô πˆ¿ÓÓ˘ ∫·Ô‰›ÛÙÚÈ·˜
ÚԂϤÂÈ ÛÙÔ √ÚÊ·ÓÔÙÚÔÊÂ›Ô Ù˘ ∞›ÁÈÓ·˜
ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ «ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ»
∫·È Â›Ó·È ÓÔÌ›˙ˆ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ¤Ó·
¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· Ù˘ ÂȉÈ΋˜
ÂÁ΢ÎÏ›Ô˘ Ô˘ ÂΉfiıËΠÛÙȘ 7 √ÎÙˆ‚Ú›Ô˘
1829.
«∏ ™Â‚·ÛÙ‹ ∫˘‚¤ÚÓËÛȘ ÚÔ ÂÓfi˜ ‹‰Ë
¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ η٤‚·ÏÂÓ Î¿ı ÛÔ˘‰‹Ó Ó·
ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛı‹ ÂȘ ÙÔ ÂÓ ∞ÈÁ›ÓË
√ÚÊ·ÓÔÙÚÔÊ›ÔÓ ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ì ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ·
ªÔ˘Û›ÔÓ. ªÔ˘Û›ÔÓ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜
fiÔ˘ Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ηÈ
Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È. ∞Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ϤÁÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ
·Ï·ÈfiÙËÙ˜, fiÛ· ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Â›Ó·È ¤ÚÁ· ÙˆÓ
ÚÔÁfiÓˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î·È ‰È·ÛÒıËÎ·Ó ·fi
οو ‹ ·fi ¿Óˆ Ù˘ Á˘. ™˘Ó›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ÔÈ
·Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·fi ›‰ˆÏ· Ï›ıÈÓ·, ‹ ·fi
Ì¿ÚÌ·ÚÔÓ, ‹ ¯Ú˘ÛfiÓ, ‹ ·ÚÁ˘ÚfiÓ, ‹ ¯·ÏÎfiÓ, ‹
ÔÚ›¯·ÏÎÔÓ, Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ· ›‰Ô˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ ‹
¿ÏÏˆÓ ˙ÒˆÓ, ÁÂÚ¿ ‹ Û·Ṳ̂ӷ.
ºÈÏÔÙÈÌËı›Ù ŒÏÏËÓ˜ Î·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ
¤Ó‰ÔÍÔÓ ÛÎÔfi Ù˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹Ûˆ˜ ·Û¯›Û·ÙÂ
Ó· ÏÔ˘ÙÈÛı› ÙÔ ªÔ˘Û›ÔÓ ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ‰È·
ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ Û·˜ Î·È ‰È· ÙÔÓ ÊˆÙÈÛÌfiÓ Û·˜».
√ ∫·Ô‰›ÛÙÚÈ·˜ ÂÈϤÁÂÈ ˆ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÙË ÛÙËÓ
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÌÔÚʈÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔÓ
∫ÂÚ΢ڷ›Ô ∞Ó‰Ú¤· ªÔ˘ÛÙÔ͇‰Ë ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô
·Ó·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Î·È ÂÊÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘
∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ.
™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ˘‹ÚÍ Â›Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÛÎÔfi ·˘Ùfi
Ë ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ «∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜ ÙˆÓ
ºÈÏÔÌÔ‡ÛˆÓ» ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ™ˆÌ·ÙÂ›Ô Ô˘ ›¯Â
Ù¿ÍÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÎÔfi ÙÔ˘ ÙËÓ
«Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ·Ó, ÙÔÓ ÊˆÙÈÛÌfiÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡
Ó‡̷ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ‰È· Ù˘ ÛÔ˘‰‹˜ ÙˆÓ
ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, ÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛÈÓ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌˆÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ, ÂȘ
‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·Ó Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÂȘ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„ÂȘ
·Ú¯·ÈÔًوÓ, ÂȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹Ó Â› Ï›ıˆÓ
ÂÈÁÚ·ÊÒÓ, ·Á·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Û΢ÒÓ Î·È ÂȘ
fi,ÙÈ ¿ÏÏÔ Ù˘ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ ¿ÍÈÔÓ...
∆· Û˘Ïϯı¤ÓÙ· ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈο Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù·
·ÓÙ·ÍÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÂȘ ÙÈÓ· ÙfiÔÓ Â› ÙÔ‡ÙÔÓ
ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÓ Î·È ÔÓÔÌ·˙Ô̤ÓÔÓ ªÔ˘Û›ÔÓ».
ª·›ÚË ªÈ¯·ËÏ›‰Ô˘
°ÂÓÈ΋ ¢È¢ı‡ÓÙÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ À¶¶√
™ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ó·
ÚÔÛÙÂı› Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¶·‡ÏÔ˘
¶ÚÔ۷ϤÓÙË fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ Ì ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋
‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ∞η‰ËÌ›· Ù˘
∫¤Ú΢ڷ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÂÓfi˜
ÌÈÎÚÔ‡ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ì ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹
·Ú¯·›ˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·ıÒ˜ ηÈ
·ÈÁ˘ÙÈ·ÎÒÓ, ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÚˆÌ·˚ÎÒÓ
ÓÔÌÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ›¯Â ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌ‹ÛÂÈ ·fi ÙÔ
ıÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ºÚ·ÁΛÛÎÔ ¶ÚÔ۷ϤÓÙË. ∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹
ÏÔ˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Ì ‰ˆÚ¤˜ ȉȈÙÒÓ Î·È
Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ·fi ÎÂÚ΢ڷ˚Τ˜ ·Ó·Ûηʤ˜ Ô˘
ηıÒ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Â¤‚ÏÂ ÌÈ· ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ Ù˘
¢ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ ¶·È‰Â›·˜. ∂Óı·ÚÚ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜ ÛÙȘ
ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË,
ηٷÚÙ›˙ÂÈ Ì ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰·¿Ó˜ ‰‡Ô
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiٷ٘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Ó·
ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ
˘ÏÈΤ˜ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜, ÔÈ ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈο ·Î·Ù¿Ï˘Ù˜
Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ Ì·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì·˜, Ô˘ Ôχ ÓˆÚ›˜ Ì ¿ÂÈÚ˜
‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Î·È Ôχ ÎfiÔ ‰È¤ÛˆÛÂ Ë ·Á¿Ë
Î·È Ë ·˘ÙÔı˘Û›· ʈÙÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È
·ıÈ·ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ,
‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ó ÊÈÏfiÍÂÓË ÛÙ¤ÁË Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·›ÚÓÔ˘Ó
ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹. °È·Ù› fiˆ˜ fiÏÔÈ
ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ, ÙÔ ªÔ˘Û›Ô, ˆ˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ·fi ÙË
ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›ٷÈ, ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙÂ
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Î·È ·Ó ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ, ··ÈÙ› ÙȘ ›‰È˜
ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙȘ ›‰È˜
ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜ Ô˘
‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙË
ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘.
ŒÙÛÈ ‰Â ÓÔÂ›Ù·È ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÎÙ›ÚÈÔ, ¯ˆÚ›˜
ÌfiÓÈÌË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹, ¯ˆÚ›˜ depot (aÔı‹ÎË),
¯ˆÚ›˜ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘, ¯ˆÚ›˜
‚È‚ÏÈÔı‹ÎË, ʈÙÔı‹ÎË, ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ
Ì˯·ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Î·È Í˘ÏÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi Î.Ô.Î. º˘ÛÈο
‰ÂÓ ÓÔÂ›Ù·È ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙȘ ÓÂÒÙÂÚ˜ ηÈ
ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ϤÔÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜,
fiˆ˜ Ù· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ÙÔ
ˆÏËÙ‹ÚÈÔ, ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ ηÈ
„˘¯·ÁˆÁ›·˜ Î·È Ô,ÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó·
˘Ô‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·, Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È
ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ηÈ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜.
™ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÈÔ ÔÏÏÒÓ
ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜
··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ
˘Ô‰Ô̤˜. ∫·È ÙÔ Î‡ÚÈÔ ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ
Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ
‹ Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜. ∂›Ó·È ΢ڛˆ˜ Ë
·Ô˘Û›· ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ Î·È ‰ÔÌÒÓ
Ô˘ ı· ˘Ô‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋
‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È ·Ó ¯ÚÂÈ·Ûı› ı· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó
ÙËÓ ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Û· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·. °È·Ù› ‰Â ı· Ú¤ÂÈ
ϤÔÓ Ó· ¯·ı› ÔχÙÈÌÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜, ‰ÂÓ ı·
Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó ¿ÏϘ ¯·Ì¤Ó˜ ¢ηÈڛ˜
Î·È Ë ÔχÌÔÚÊË Î·È ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙË
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ Ì·˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿ ··ÈÙ› ¿ÌÂÛË
Î·È Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÒÛÙ Ì ÙË
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔًوÓ
Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, Ó·
‰È·ÛˆıÔ‡Ó, Ó· ÚÔÛٷ٢ıÔ‡Ó ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜
Ó· ÚÔ‚ÏËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ Ù˘ „˘¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘
Ï·Ô‡ Ì·˜.
¶ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÔÚ·Ì·ÙÈ΋ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË Â›Ó·È
ϤÔÓ Î·ÈÚfi˜ Ó· ·ÓÔȯÙ› Ô ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È Ó·
ÛÙÚ·Ê› Ë ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ fiÛˆÓ ÌÔ¯ıÔ‡Ó Î·È
·ÁˆÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. ∫·È
Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¢¯¿ÚÈÛÙÔ Ó· Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂ
Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÁÈ· ηÓÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È
ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ˆıÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ›Ûˆ˜, ·fi
ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÈÔ ·Ó·Ù˘Á̤ÓË, ÈÔ
··ÈÙËÙÈ΋, Ô˘ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÙÂÈ Ì ı·˘Ì·ÛÌfi
Î·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ì ˘¤ÚÌÂÙÚÔ ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÌfi
ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ.
£¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÏÈfiÙÂÚ· ÂÚÓÔ‡Û·Ó
··Ú·Ù‹ÚËÙ· ‹ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘
ÂÓfi˜ ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘,
Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ· ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ Î·È ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ
ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡.
∂›Ó·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÙÒÚ·, Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÁÈ·
ÙÔÓ Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Î·È ÙË
¯¿Ú·ÍË ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÈÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜
ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜, Ë
ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤ÎÚËÍË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ’80,
¤‰ˆÛ ÙË ı¤ÛË Ù˘ Û ÌÈ· ÔÏÔ¤Ó·
·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ¿ÓıËÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÈÎÚÒÓ
ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ ÌÂ
Û·Ê›˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Î·È Î·ı·ÚÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, Ô˘
ηÙÔÚıÒÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÚÔÛÂÏ·ÛÔ˘Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ
ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô„È·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ
ÎÔÈÓfi.
∞˘Ùfi ‚¤‚·È· ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·
Î·È Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, ÌÂ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi ηÈ
ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ··ÈÙ›:
1. ∆ËÓ Î·ıȤڈÛË ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ
ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó¯‹ Î·È ·ÚfiÛÎÔÙË
¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ·fi
‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ÊÔÚ›˜, ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙ›· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜
¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë
‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ¯¿Ú·Í˘ Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ˘
ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.
2. ∆ÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÈÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ
ÎÙËÚÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. Ÿˆ˜
ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙÂ, ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢‹˜,
Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ‹ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ¯ÒÚˆÓ
ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, ··ÈÙ›
ÂȉÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ Î·È Ë ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ηÏ›ٷÈ
Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË Ó¤· ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ô˘
ıˆÚ› ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ ˘Ô‰Ô¯‹˜
ÂÓfi˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÌÈ·˜
ÎÏÂÈÛÙ‹˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ·ıÈ·ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ.
∏ ÎÙËÚÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ÏÔÈfiÓ ÂÓfi˜
ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ··ÈÙ› Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ӥ˜ χÛÂȘ ÈÔ
ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈΤ˜, ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓfi Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ÈÔ
··ÈÙËÙÈÎfi ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË, ÙËÓ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË Î·È
ÙË „˘¯·ÁˆÁ›· ÙÔ˘. ∫·È Ë ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· Ù˘
·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ χÛ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ÚfiÎÏËÛË
ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ÌËÓ
˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ù˘ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÔÌÔÈÔÌÔÚÊ›· ·ÊÔ‡ ÙÔ
›‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ, Ô ¯ÒÚÔ˜ Î·È Ô ÙfiÔ˜
ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î¿ı ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi.
(‰È·Ê¿ÓÂȘ). ∏ Ôχ ¢·›ÛıËÙË ÏÔÈfiÓ
Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ηÈ
ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ˘, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ
·ÚÈÔ Ì¤ÏËÌ· οı ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜
ÚfiÙ·Û˘.
3. ∆Ë ¯¿Ú·ÍË ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘,
ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ.
∆· ÌÔ˘Û›· ÁÈ· ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ηÈ
Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·
¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù· ÂÍ‹˜ ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù·:
·. ∆Ì‹Ì· ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂȂϤÂÈ Î·È
Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ fiÏ· Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· Î·È ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô
Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÁÚ·Ê›· ÙÔ˘
¢È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹, ÀԉȢı˘ÓÙ‹ ‹ ÙÔ˘
√ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ¢È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹ (·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ
̤ÁÂıÔ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘ οıÂ
ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ).
‚. ∆Ì‹Ì· ™˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È ÌÂ
Ù· ¤ÚÁ· Ù˘ ÌfiÓÈÌ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘
ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÏÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙȘ
··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ
·Ôı‹ÎÂ˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË, Ù·
ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ÎÙÏ.
Á.∆Ì‹Ì· ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È
Ì ÙÔÓ ∆‡Ô Î·È ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
ÚÔÒıËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎı¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ¿ÏψÓ
‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ
‰. ∆Ì‹Ì· ∂È̤ÏÂÈ·˜, ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ ÂÎı¤ÛÂȘ,
ÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Û˘Óԉ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ηٷÏfiÁÔ˘˜, ÌÂÏÂÙ¿
Î·È ÂÂÍËÁ› ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi.
Â. ∆Ì‹Ì· ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ Î·È
Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜
‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙÔ ÂÎıÂÛÈ·Îfi
ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ, ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ
ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ·, ÍÂÓ·Á‹ÛÂȘ, ÚÔ‚ÔϤ˜ Î.Ï..
ÛÙ. ∆Ì‹Ì· ÂÎı¤ÛˆÓ, ۯ‰ȿ˙ÂÈ Î·È
ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÎı¤ÛÂȘ, Â›Ó·È ˘‡ı˘ÓÔ ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿, ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Î·È
ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ.
˙. ∆Ì‹Ì· ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ/Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ
ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘, ˘‡ı˘ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô,
Ù· ÙËÏÂʈÓÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ù·
ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ‰›ÎÙ˘· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ.
Ë. ∆Ì‹Ì· ‚È‚ÏÈÔı‹Î˘ Î·È ·Ú¯Â›Ô˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô
‰È·ÙËÚ› Î·È ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›˙ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹
‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ Î·È ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÒÓ.
ı. ∆Ì‹Ì· ÂΉfiÛˆÓ, ÂÈÌÂÏÂ›Ù·È Î·È ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ
fiÏÔ ÙÔ ¤ÓÙ˘Ô ˘ÏÈÎfi ÂÓfi˜ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ,
Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÏfiÁˆÓ,
fiÛÙÂÚ, ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î.Ï..
È. ∆ÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô, ·ÏÏ¿ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙ·ÙÔ
ÁÈ· ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·È ‰ÈÂÎÂÚ·›ˆÛË
ÙˆÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ ÂÓfi˜ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ
∆Ì‹Ì· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Â›Ó·È ˘‡ı˘ÓÔ
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â͇ÚÂÛË ÂÛfi‰ˆÓ.
∆Ô ÂÈÛfi‰ËÌ· ÂÓfi˜ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÌÔÚ› Ó·
·Ó‹ÎÂÈ Û ‰‡Ô ηÙËÁÔڛ˜:
™ÙÔ ÂÈÛfi‰ËÌ· ·fi ·˘ÙÔ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË:
1. ÂÈÛÈÙ‹ÚÈ·
2. ‰›‰·ÎÙÚ·
3. ÂÈÛÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂÏÒÓ
4. ¤ÛÔ‰· ÂÛÙÈ·ÙÔÚ›Ô˘
5. ¤ÛÔ‰· ˆÏËÙËÚ›Ô˘ ηÈ,
ÂÈÛfi‰ËÌ· ·fi ¤ÍˆıÂÓ fiÚÔ˘˜ fiˆ˜:
1. ÎÏËÚÔ‰ÔÙ‹Ì·Ù·
2. ‰ˆÚ¤˜
3. ÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂȯÔÚËÁ‹ÛÂȘ
4. ÂÙ·ÈÚÈΤ˜ ¯ÔÚËÁ›Â˜
5. ¯ÔÚËÁ›Â˜ È‰Ú˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ
6. ȉȈÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÔÚËÁ›Â˜ Î.Ï..
¶ÔÏÏ¿ ÌÔ˘Û›· Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ó ÔχÙÈÌÔ˘˜
fiÚÔ˘˜ ·fi ȉÈÒÙ˜, ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜, ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜
ÊÔÚ›˜ ‹ ·fi ÌË - ÎÂÚ‰ÔÛÎÔÈÎÔ‡˜
ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜.
°È·Ù› Ù· ªÔ˘Û›· Â›Ó·È ϤÔÓ ˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÔ›,
5
 ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ› ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ› Î·È ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ
‰È·Ú΋ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ì ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô
·¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È. ŸÌˆ˜ fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÎfi, ‰ÂÓ
Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˙ËÙ¿Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó.
∫·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó: ∞Ó ¤ÚÂ ӷ
‰È·Ï¤ÍÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ¤Ó· ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi
ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ fiˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙÂÍÂÏȯı›, ı·
‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÚÔ˜
fiÏÔ˘˜ Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ ÛÙÔÓ Î‡ÎÏÔ ÙˆÓ
‰È·ÓÔÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏfiÙ¯ӈÓ. ∆Ô
¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· ·˘Ùfi Ù· ¤¯ÂÈ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÒÛÙ Ë
ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ù˘ Â›Û΄˘ Û ¤Ó· ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ó·
›ӷÈ, Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·
„˘¯·ÁˆÁÈ΋ Î·È Â˘¯¿ÚÈÛÙË.
∏ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ Î·ÙÔÚıˆÙ‹ ÌÂ
ÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ;
º˘ÛÈ΋ ¶ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË
™Â Ì›· ÛÂÏ›‰· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ªÔÓÙ¤ÚÓ·˜
∆¤¯Ó˘ Ù˘ ¡¤·˜ ÀfiÚ΢ ÛÙÔ ‰È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô,
ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È «ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜
ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ·ÓÂÍ·Úًو˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ηÈ
ÈηÓÔًوӻ. ∆Ô ÙÌ‹Ì· ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ
˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Î·È ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó
ÛÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË fiÏÔÈ
ÔÈ ÂÈÛΤÙ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ fiÛˆÓ
¤¯Ô˘Ó:
- ۈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜
- ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘
- ÔÙÈΤ˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜
∆· ÌÔ˘Û›· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó:
ñ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫∞ ∫∞π ∞§§∞
¶ƒ√°ƒ∞ªª∞∆∞
ª·ı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈ·
•ÂÓ·Á‹ÛÂȘ
√ÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·
¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Û¯ÔÏ›·
¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó¤Ô˘˜
¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ËÏÈÎȈ̤ÓÔ˘˜
¢È·Ï¤ÍÂȘ
ºÂÛÙÈ‚¿Ï ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘
™˘Ó·˘Ï›Â˜
ñ µπµ§π√£∏∫∂™/∞ƒÃ∂π∞, ÁÈ· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜,
ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜, Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜
ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜.
ñ ª√¡πª∂™ ∂∫£∂™∂π™
ñ ¶∂ƒπ√¢π∫∂™ ∂∫£∂™∂π™, Ô˘
·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ÙÔ˘
ÎÔÈÓÔ‡, ÌÂ Û˘Óԉ¢ÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘
ÂÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ‰¤Ô˜
ñ ¶ø§∏∆∏ƒπ∞
ñ ∂™∆π∞∆√ƒπ∞/∫∞º∂
6
ñ ¶∞ƒ√À™π∞ ™∆√ ¢π∞¢π∫∆À√
∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· ·›˙Ô˘Ó ϤÔÓ ¤Ó·
‚·ÛÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·
ηıÒ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÙËÓ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÙfiÔ˘. ŒÙÛÈ
ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ
·ÈÒÓ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜
¯ÈÏÈÂÙ›·˜ Û ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜
ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ò˜ Ó·
¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó, Ó· ‰È‰¿ÍÔ˘Ó, Ó·
ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· „˘¯·ÁˆÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi
ÙÔ˘˜.
°È· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ fï˜ ·˘Ùfi ηÙÔÚıˆÙfi, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ
οı ÌÔ˘Û›Ô, fiÔÈ· Î·È ·Ó Â›Ó·È Ë
ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘, Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ
ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË
Ù˘ ÚˆÙ·Ú¯È΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ë
ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·, Ë ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Î·È Ë ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ οı ÙfiÔ˘.
∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Û οı ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙË
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·
Ú˘Ù·Ó‡ÂÈ Î·Ù’ ·Ú¯‹Ó Ë ÛΤ„Ë ÙÈ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜
ÂȉÈÒÎÂÙ·È, ÙÈ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·
‰Ôı›, Û ÙÈ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ı· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈı›, ÔȘ
‰Ô̤˜ ı· ÙÔ ÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó, ÙÈ ÚfiÏÔ ı· ·›ÍÂÈ ÛÂ
¤Ó· ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi,
ÙÔ˘ÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ.
∫˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ë ¯¿Ú·ÍË ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘,
ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Î·È Ë
Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηÙÔ¯‡ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘
ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜ ÙÔ˘
¢È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹, ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÙËÓ
Â˘Ù˘¯‹ ‹ ÌË ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘. °È·Ù› Ë ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘
¢È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È, ˆ˜
ÁÓˆÛÙfiÓ, ÔÏϤ˜ ¢ı‡Ó˜ Î·È ··ÈÙ› ¤Ú·Ó
Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Â¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË
ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Î·È ˘„ËϤ˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜
ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜. °È’ ·˘Ùfi Î·È Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ··ÈÙ›
ÂȉÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ ı· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó
ηٿÏÏËÏË Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηÙÔ¯‡ÚˆÛË Î·È
ı· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ
Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ· Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο. ∂›Û˘
Ë ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÂÓfi˜ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÛÙȘ ÙÔÈΤ˜
ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÙË
‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÒÛÙÂ
Ó· ηÙÔÚıÒÛÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ Ù˘
ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜
˙ˆ‹˜ οı ÙfiÔ˘ . ŒÓ· ·ÎfiÌ· ‚·ÛÈÎfi
ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â‡Ú˘ıÌË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘
ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë Ú‡ıÌÈÛË, Ì ۷ʋ ηÈ
·˘ÛÙËÚfi ÙÚfiÔ, ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜
¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ˆÚËÙ¤˜: ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÓÈο
·Ú·‰ÂÎÙfi fiÙÈ Ô Û˘ÓÂ‹˜, ÛÔ‚·Úfi˜ ηÈ
Ì·ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓÈÔ˜ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÓfi˜
ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ Îϛ̷ ÁÈ·
‰ˆÚ¤˜, ÎÏËÚÔ‰Ôۛ˜ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜
ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂȘ. ∏ ηıȤڈÛË ÂÔ̤ӈ˜
ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ·Ô‰ÂÎÙÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ, ı·
·ÔÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙ˜ ·ÚÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ
Ô˘ fiÙ·Ó ÚÔÎÏËıÔ‡Ó ·Ô‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜,
ÂȘ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. Ÿˆ˜ ÏÔÈfiÓ
ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜
ÌÈ·˜ ‰ˆÚ¿˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó
̤¯ÚÈ ··ÁÔÚ‡Ûˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÎıÂÛȷ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋
ÂÓfi˜ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙÔ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ
ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ ÙËÓ
Û˘ÁηٿıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙË ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘
ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ‹ Ù˘ ÎÏËÚÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘. ∫·È ÙÔ
ı¤Ì· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ÓÔÌÈÎfi. ∂›Ó·È ΢ڛˆ˜
ı¤Ì· ËıÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È Î·Ï‹˜ ¤ÍˆıÂÓ
Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Î·Ù¿
Ôχ Ë ËıÈ΋ Î·È ˘ÏÈ΋ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÌÈ·˜
ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜. √È ›‰ÈÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜
ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ‰È¤Ô˘Ó Î·È ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘
ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ º›ÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ∂ıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜ Ô˘
ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔχÙÈ̘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‹
ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ
¢ڇÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓfi. ∏ ·Á¿Ë, ÙÔ fiÚ·Ì· Î·È Ë
·ÊÔÛ›ˆÛË ·ÓȉÈÔÙÂÏÒÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ‰È¤ÛˆÛÂ
̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿
οı ÙfiÔ˘. ∏ ηıȤڈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡
ÎÒ‰Èη Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ
ı· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ı· ηٷÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ
‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ οı Ϸԇ.
¶Ú¤ÂÈ fï˜ fiÏÔÈ ÂÌ›˜ Ô˘ ÔÓԇ̠ÁÈ· Ù·
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Î·È ‰Ô˘Ï‡ԢÌ ÁÈ·
·˘Ù¿, Ó· ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi fiÙÈ Ë
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ¢·ÈÛıËÛ›· Î·È Ë ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋
ηÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ·ÓÙ›‰ÔÙÔ ÛÙÔÓ
¿ÎÚ·ÙÔ ˆÊÂÏÈÌÈÛÌfi. ∫·È Â›Ó·È ϤÔÓ Î·ÈÚfi˜
Ó· ·ÁˆÓÈÛıԇ̠̠ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ Î·È ˘ÔÌÔÓ‹ ÁÈ·
Ó· ÚÔÛ¯ı› fiˆ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi
Á›ÁÓÂÛı·È οı ÙfiÔ˘, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰Ôı› Ë
‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ·ÓÙÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Î·È Ù·
ÈÛÙ‡ˆ Ù˘ ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ô˘ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ‹‰Ë Ó·
ÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È, Ì ‰¤Ô˜ Î·È ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi, ÚÔ˜
ÙË Ó¤· ¯ÈÏÈÂÙ›·.
∏ ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ∞ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ - √ÙÈ΋ ∞ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÛÙËÓ ∆¤¯ÓË
Î·È ÙË ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ∆¤¯Ó˘
§ÂˆÓ›‰·˜ ∫·Ú·Ì›Ó˘
∑ˆÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜- ™˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹˜ ŒÚÁˆÓ ∆¤¯Ó˘
∏ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ·˘Ù‹ Â¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙ· ¤ÚÁ·
Ù¤¯Ó˘ Ô˘ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋
·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ‰‡Ô
ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜. ∞fi ÙȘ
ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÁÓˆÛ›· ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ Î·È
·fi ÙËÓ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, Ë ÔÔ›·
Â›Ó·È ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙ· Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓË ÌÂ
¤ÓÓÔȘ ¯ˆÚÈΤ˜ Î·È ¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜.
∂Í·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi
ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, Û ÌÈ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ¯ˆÚÔ-
¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô, Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi ÌÈ·˜ ¿ÏÏ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, Û ÌÈ·
›‰È· ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ¯ˆÚÔ-¯ÚÔÓÈ΋
ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô. √ ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ÛÎÔfi˜ ¿ÓÙˆ˜
Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂÚÚËÁ̤ÓÔ˘
ÂÈηÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÈÛÙÔ‡ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ (¤ÚÁÔ˘),
¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚ› Ô ı·ً˜ Ó· ÙÔ
·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÔÏfiÙËÙ·, ¯ˆÚ›˜
∏ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ÔÙÈ΋˜
·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋
°È· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ·Í›·˜ Ù˘
·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ·Ó¿ ÙȘ ÂÔ¯¤˜ ·ÏÏ¿
Î·È Ù· ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈο, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ηÈ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ›· ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ì·˜, ÛÙË
‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÔÙÈ΋˜ (ηٷگ‹Ó)
·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ Î·È Î·Ù’ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Û ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘
Ù¤¯Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋˜
·ÔηٿÛÙ·Û˘, Â›Ó·È ›Ûˆ˜ ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó·
‰ÔıÔ‡Ó ÂÈÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈο ‰‡Ô ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·.
∞) ∏ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÙÔÓ 18Ô ·ÈÒÓ·
ÔÓÔÌ·˙fiÓÙ·Ó ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË
·ÊÔ‡ ÂÚfiÎÂÈÙÔ ÁÈ· Ï‹ÚË
ÂÈ˙ˆÁÚ¿ÊÈÛË (·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Û ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜
Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó Úfi‚ÏËÌ·) ηÈ
·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Û ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ÙËÓ
·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ Ù˘
ÂÔ¯‹˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó Ë
Â¤Ì‚·ÛË Î·È fi¯È Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜
Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÛ‚ÂÛÙ› Ë ÏËıÒÚ· ÙˆÓ
ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi (ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ)
ʤÚÂÈ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú·¯ı› ¤Ó·
Ï·ÛÙfi ¤ÚÁÔ.
™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ë ‡·ÚÍË
‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÎÂÓÒÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈηÛÙÈÎfi ÈÛÙfi
ÂÓfi˜ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ı·ً ÂÓfi˜
ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ Î·È ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÈ Ì ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ
ÙÔ˘ ÂÎıÂÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘
›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘. ∞ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ
‰ÔÎÔ‡Ó Â¤Ì‚·ÛË, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÙË
ÁÓÒÛË Ù˘ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÙÈ΋˜
·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›·
Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· Ë fiÔÈ· Â¤Ì‚·ÛË,
ÎÈÓ‰˘Ó‡ÂÈ Ó· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ¿Î·ÈÚË Î·È
΢ڛˆ˜ ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ
ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ.
µ) ∆Ô 1920 ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ
Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈο ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο Ë ¿Ô„Ë ˆ˜
οı ›‰Ô˘˜ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛË ‹Ù·Ó
·Ú¿ÓÔÌË Î·È ÂÛÊ·Ï̤ÓË ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË
ÛÙÔ ÚˆÙfiÙ˘Ô ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ηÏÏÈÙ¤¯ÓË
Î·È ı· ¤ÚÂ ӷ ··ÁÔÚ¢Ù›.
∆È Â›¯Â Û˘Ì‚Â›, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ̤۷ Û ·˘Ùfi
ÙÔ ÌÈÎÚfi Û¯ÂÙÈο ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ
‰‡Ô ·ÈÒÓˆÓ (·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ Ù˘
ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ Ù¤¯Ó˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡) Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÙfiÛÔ
·ÎÚ·›· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ;
∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Ï‹, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ
ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Î·Ù’ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·fi ÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ
Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù¤¯Ó˘.
Œ¯ÂÈ ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚‹ÛÂÈ Ë ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘
¤ÚÁÔ˘.
¶ˆ˜ fï˜ Ë ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ Î·È Ë ÔÙÈ΋
·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó; ∂›Ó·È Ë
Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÔÙÈ΋ - ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë
‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·fi ·˘Ù‹
ÙÔ˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Î·È ·fi ÔÈÔ˘˜
·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂËÚ·ÛÙ›;
∏ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Ù¤¯ÓË ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ
¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ¤ÚÁˆÓ Ù¤¯Ó˘
ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ì·ÎÚÈÓÒÓ
·ÈÒÓˆÓ.
∏ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ - ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë
Â›Ó·È Ô Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÓfi˜
¿ÍÔÓ· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ηٷϋÁÂÈ
ÛÙËÓ Â·Ó·‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË Ù˘
Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÔÏÏÒÓ Ï·ÒÓ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘
‰˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ (·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓÔ˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο)
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡.
ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ (·fi ÙÔÓ ¡·ÔϤÔÓÙ·), Ú¤ÂÈ
Ó· ı˘Ì›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙfiÙÂ Ë Ù¤¯ÓË
·¢ı˘ÓfiÙ·Ó Û ÌÈ· ÎÏÂÈÛÙ‹ Ù¿ÍË, ÙÔ˘˜
·ÚÈÛÙÔÎÚ¿Ù˜, ̤ۈ ȉȈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ,
›¯·Ó Û˘Ì‚Â› Ú·Á‰·›Â˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜
ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È
΢ڛˆ˜ ›¯·Ì ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Ù˘
‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈ΋˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ì fi,ÙÈ ·˘Ùfi
Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙÔ [‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ
ΤÓÙÚˆÓ, ÌÂٷΛÓËÛË ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ Î·È
ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ
ÚˆÙÔÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎÒÓ Î·È
ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏÒÓ (Û¯ÔÏ‹ Ù˘
ºÚ·ÁÎÊÔ‡ÚÙ˘, Û¯ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ª¿Ô˘¯¿Ô˘˙).
ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ··ÓÙÔ‡Ó ÛÂ ¤Ó· ‚·ÛÈÎfi
ÂÚÒÙËÌ·- Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Û‹ÌÂÚ·.
∞Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë
(Û˘ÁÎÂÚ·ÛÌfi˜ ÔÏÏÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ¤Ú·
7

·fi ÙËÓ Ù¤¯ÓË) ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ
ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi Ù˘, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ
ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ. ∆·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È
fiÙÈ ÛÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜ (ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË
∏/À Î·È Internet) Ù· ·˘ıfiÚÌËÙ·
Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÛÙ· ÔÔ›·
ÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È fiÏ· ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù·
·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÌÂÚÈÎÒ˜ ¤ˆ˜ Ôχ Â›ÎÙËÙ·
(Edward O. Wilson).
∂›Ó·È Â›ÎÙËÙÔ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ
Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ·fi Ù· ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿
ÚÔ˜ Ù· ‰ÂÍÈ¿ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ì·˜ ÂÓÙ‡ˆÛ Ë
‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹ ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ Î·È ·ÁÓfiËÛ Ë
ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ·Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÈ
·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÔ› ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ› Ì ÙËÓ Ù¤¯ÓË Ô˘
·Ú‹Á·Á·Ó (ÎÈÓ¤˙ÈÎË ÙÔÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·,
È·ˆÓÈ΋ ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋, ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈ΋
·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋, Î.Ï.)
8
1, 2 : Damien Hirst, º¿Ú̷η
∏ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë
∏ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Â›Ó·È
‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘
ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, fiÛÔ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÈÔ
Ì·ÎÚÈÓÒÓ ·ÈÒÓˆÓ. °È· ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ı·
Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› fiÙÈ Â‰Ò Î·È 2-3
‰ÂηÂٛ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È Ì·˙ÈÎfiÙÂÚË
¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ∏/À Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ Internet, Ù·
fiÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
˘ÔÛÙ› Ú·Á‰·›Â˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜, Ì ¿ÌÂÛË
Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÌÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ηÈ
ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë. °È· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ
ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ë
‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ù¯ÓËÙÔ‡ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ Ó·
·ÔÎÙ¿ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·. ª¤¯ÚÈ
ÚfiÛÊ·Ù·, ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ-
ÓÂÔÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· - ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ ‹ ηÈ
Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ Â›¯·Ó ÌÈ· ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· Ô˘ ÂÓ
ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ϤÔÓ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ›ٷÈ.
°È· ÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏfiÁÔ Bruno Latour ÙÔ
Â›ıÂÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô
ηıÂÛÙÒ˜, ÌÈ· Ú‹ÍË, ÌÈ· ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË, ÌÈ·
Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ.
«ŸÙ·Ó ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ï¤ÍÂȘ
"ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˜", "ÂÎÌÔÓÙÂÚÓÈÛÌfi˜" ‹
"ÓÂÔÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·" ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ηٿ
·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ¤Ó· ·Ú¯·˚Îfi ηÈ
·ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë Ï¤ÍË
"ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˜" ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ¿ÓÙ· ÛÙÔÓ

˘Ú‹Ó· ÌÈ·˜ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘, Û ÌÈ·
·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó
ÓÈÎËÙ¤˜ Î·È ËÙÙË̤ÓÔÈ. ∞Ú¯·›ÔÈ Î·È
ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔÈ. ŒÙÛÈ Ô ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰ÈÏ¿
·Û‡ÌÌÂÙÚÔ˜: ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ÌÈ· Ú‹ÍË ÛÙÔ
Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Î·È ÌÈ·
‰È·Ì¿¯Ë ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ó›ÎË Î·È
‹ÙÙ·».
√È ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔÈ Â›Ó·È ‰˘˚ÛÙ¤˜, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË
Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ-ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ›ӷÈ
ÌÔÓÈÛÙ¤˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ, ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË
ÛΤ„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô fiÏÔ˘˜ º‡ÛË –
¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ¯ÒÚÈÛ·Ó
ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈο (¤ÚÁÔ Î¿ı·ÚÛ˘),
·‰È·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ fiÙÈ Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ
ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ˘‚Úȉ›ˆÓ (¤ÚÁÔ
ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·Û˘). ∆· ˘‚Ú›‰È· Â›Ó·È Ù· ¿Û˘
ÏÔÁ‹˜ ‰›ÎÙ˘·, Ù· ηÙ„˘Á̤ӷ ¤Ì‚Ú˘·, Ù·
Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÌÂÈÚÔÁÓˆÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÔÈ
„ËÊȷΤ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜, Ù· ÂÍÔÏÈṲ̂ӷ ÌÂ
·ÈÛıËÙ‹Ú˜ ÚÔÌfiÙ, ÙÔ ˘‚ÚȉÈÎfi ÛÈÙ¿ÚÈ, ÔÈ
ÙÚ¿Â˙˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ù· „˘¯fiÙÚÔ·
Ê¿Ú̷η, Î.Ï. (ʈÙ. 1, 2: Hirst,
º¿Ú̷η).
ª¤Û· ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë ÁÂÓÓÈ¤Ù·È ÙÔ
ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ ·Ú¿‰ÔÍÔ, fiÙÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ fiÙ·Ó
ÌÂÏÂÙ¿Ì ٷ ˘‚Ú›‰È· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ӷ οÓÔ˘ÌÂ
Ì ̛ÍÂȘ ʇÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ÂÓÒ fiÙ·Ó
ÌÂÏÂÙ¿Ì ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ù˘ οı·ÚÛ˘
‚ÚÈÛÎfiÌ·ÛÙ ÌÚÔÛÙ¿ Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi
‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ʇÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡.
¶¿Óˆ Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ¿ÍÔÓ· ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ÌÈ·
ÛΤ„Ë, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ
ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfiÙËÙ· (ÙÂÌ·¯ÈÛÌfi Û ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜)
·ÏÏ¿ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¯ÂÙ˘È΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘
ʇÛ˘ (ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È
Î·È Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Ê‡ÛË) ÛÙÔÓ ¤Ó· fiÏÔ Î·È
ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ ÙÔÓ ÈÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎfi
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔÓ ¢˘ÙÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi.
∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ϤÔÓ Ë
‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË –
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜
·Ú¯ÂÙ˘ÈÎÒÓ Ì‡ıˆÓ Ù˘ ÕÁÚÈ·˜ ÛΤ„˘,
οÙÈ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ô Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ̤ۈ
Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ Ù¤¯Ó˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙË
‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· (ı¤ÏÔÓÙ·˜ ‹ ÌË) Ó· ÙÔ ‰ÂÈ ÛÂ
fiÔÈ· ÂÈÎfiÓ· Î·È ·Ó ·ÓÙÈÎÚ›ÛÂÈ.
∏ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Ù¤¯ÓË Î·È Ë ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋
·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË
∏ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Ù¤¯ÓË ÙÔ˘ ÛÔÎ Î·È Ù˘
fiψÛ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ› ¤ÚÁ· Ô˘
·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÛÙ· ΢ڛ·Ú¯· ı¤Ì·Ù·
ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÂÙ˘ÈÎÒÓ Ì‡ıˆÓ (ÂÈÎ. 3: Stelarc).
ªÈ· ÏÂÈ¿‰· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ Î·ÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÒÓ
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÛÒÌ· Û·Ó
‰›Ô ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈο,
„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο ηÈ
˘·ÚÍȷο Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ fiÚÈ¿ ÙÔ˘. ŸÛÔ
ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·
ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ ·Û·Ê‹ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ù· fiÚÈ· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ·
ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔ Ì‡ıÔ. √
¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ Ù¯ÓËÙ‹
ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, Ì·ÈÓÔ‚Á·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘˜
Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜,
ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È,
ηٷÚÁ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ ηÈ
ÙˆÓ ·ÔÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ.
∏ ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎÔ‡ fiÛÔ Î·È
„¢‰·ÈÛıËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÂӉȿÌÂÛÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘
·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· - ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ·
ÌÈ· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ·‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÙË Û¯¤ÛË
Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ‰›ÔÏÔ
º‡ÛË - ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜.
∏ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ· Û ÔÏϤ˜
ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· Ù·˘ÙÈÛÙ› Ì ٷ
˘‚Ú›‰È· - ‰›ÎÙ˘·, ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ¤˜
‰ËÏ·‰‹, Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ º‡ÛË- ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜
Î·È Ó· ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙfiÛÔ
Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÈ fiÛÔ Î·È Ó· ¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÈ, Ó·
·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ¯ÒÚÔ.
™‹ÌÂÚ· ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ· ηÈ
ÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÛÒÌ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·
3 : Stelarc, ∆Ô ÙÚ›ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ. ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÚÔÛ¿ÚÙËÌ· Ô˘
Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿‚ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ‹ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ ÂÓÙÔϤ˜ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ Ô ÂÁΤʷÏÔ˜
ηχÙÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÂӉȿÌÂÛÔ ‰›Ô ÌÂٷ͇ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì˘ÒÓ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÂÚÈÔ‡.
ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô fiÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘
¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ (οÙÈ ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÂÊÈÎÙfi
̤۷ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡), ÌÂÙ·ÏÏ·ÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ ·fi ¤Ó·
ÛÒÌ· ÚÔ‹˜ Û ¤Ó· ˘ÂÚ-ÛÒÌ· ÎfiÌ‚Ô˜,
¤ÓÙÔÓ· ‰È·Ê·Ó¤˜, ÂÍÂÚ¢ӋÛÈÌÔ ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈ
ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÈÌÔ.
ŒÓ· ÚÒÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘
Û¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·
ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙ›·ÏˆÓ, ̤¯ÚÈ ÚfiÙÈÓÔ˜
ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ, ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. °È·
ÙËÓ Dorren Massey Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó·
9
 ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ¯ÒÚÔ. ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ ηÈ
¯ÒÚÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡. °È·
ÙÔÓ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ Pier Levy «Ë ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹
·ÔÙÔÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ
ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ηÈ
Â·ÓÂÊ¢ڛÛÎÂÈ ÌÈ· ÓÔÌ·‰È΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·
Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÔÛ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ Û˘Ó‹ıË Ê˘ÛÈÎfi
‹ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘
ÚÔÏÔÁÈÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ËÌÂÚÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘».
∏ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, Â·Ó·‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË Ù˘
Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ‚·ÛÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÛÙÔ
ÔÔ›Ô Ë Ù¤¯ÓË Î·ÏÂ›Ù·È ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈο Ó·
ÙÔÔıÂÙËı› ·fi ı·٤˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë
ÔÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ¤¯ÂÈ
·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈο Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· 20-25
¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜.
Ÿˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÎfi, Ô ÙÔ̤·˜ Ù˘
¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ¤ÚÁˆÓ
ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ·ÈÒÓˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈ
Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó¤ˆÓ
ȉȷ›ÙÂÚˆÓ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜, ÌÈ·˜
‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘.
¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÈÌË ϤÔÓ Ë ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋
·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ηÈ
fiÛÔ ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi ·˘Ùfi ·fi
ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ùfi
ÙÔ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ‰›Ô, ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· ı·
˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ӥ˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ
Î·È ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ.
∏ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚ„ÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ, Ë
ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Î·È Ô
Û‚·ÛÌfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ›ӷÈ
·Ú¯¤˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÎÈÓ‰˘Ó‡ԢÓ, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ
¿ÌÂÛ·, ·ÚΛ Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ¿ÓÙ· Û‚·ÛÙ¤˜.
√È Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÁȘ fï˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜
‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë ÂÈÎÔÓÈ΋
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛ˘
·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·Û˘,
Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ÙÔÌ›˜ Ô˘ ·Í›˙ÂÈ Ó·
ÂÚ¢ÓËıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó. ¶¿Óˆ
·fi fiÏ· fï˜ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË Ë
ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ –
ÔÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÁÈ·Ù› Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ÌÂ
ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÁÂÓȤ˜ ı· ηٷÓÔÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ
Ù¤¯ÓË, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜,
·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ·ÈÒÓˆÓ.
10
∏ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ - ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Â›Ó·È Ô
ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·
ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ηٷϋÁÂÈ ÛÙËÓ
Â·Ó·‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÔÏÏÒÓ
Ï·ÒÓ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘ ‰˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ (·ÓÂÙ˘Á̤ÓÔ˘
Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο) ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡.
™ÙÔ ‰›Ô Ù˘ Ù¤¯Ó˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘
·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ Ù¤¯ÓË
Ô˘ ·Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ·, fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋
·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Ù¤¯Ó˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ
¯ÚfiÓˆÓ ‹ Î·È ·ÈÒÓˆÓ.
∏ ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ·
‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ‰›Ô ÁÈ·Ù› ··ÈÙ› Û˘¯Ó¿ ¤Ó·Ó
Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌfi ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ – ÔÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘, Ô
ÔÔ›Ô˜ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ÙË
Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ
ÂÚÈfi‰ˆÓ, Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘, ηÙfiÈÓ
Ù˘ ÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ̤۷ ·fi ¤Ó· ÎÏÂÈÛÙfi ·Îψ̷
ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ Ù¤¯Ó˘, Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜
ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜ fiÔ˘ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ı· ·ÔηٷÛÙ·ı›. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë
¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Â›Ó·È Ë ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ Ù˘
Û˘Ó›‰ËÛ˘ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚ› Î·È ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰ÈÏ‹
ȉÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ (ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ - ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋).
∆·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ
ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ fiÛÔ
Î·È ‰›Ô ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Ì ÙË
Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Ù¤¯ÓË Î·È ÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ - µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞
ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ë Ù¤¯ÓË ÙÔ˘ Û‹ÌÂÚ·
1. Cesare Brandi, £ÂˆÚ›· Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘,
··ÈÙ› Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ.
∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·, 2001
∏ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Ù¤¯ÓË ÙÔ˘ ÛÔÎ Î·È Ù˘ fiψÛ˘
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ› ¤ÚÁ· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ 2. Edward O. Wilson, °È· ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Ê‡ÛË,
ÛÙ· ΢ڛ·Ú¯· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÂÙ˘ÈÎÒÓ Ì‡ıˆÓ. ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ™‡Ó·ÏÌ·, 1998
ªÈ· ÏÂÈ¿‰· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ Î·ÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÒÓ 3. Bruno Latour, √˘‰¤ÔÙ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ì ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔÈ,
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÛÒÌ· Û·Ó ‰›Ô ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ™‡Ó·ÏÌ·, 2000
‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈο, „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο,
4. Claude Levi Strauss, ÕÁÚÈ· ÛΤ„Ë,
Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο Î·È ˘·ÚÍȷο Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ
∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ¶··˙‹Û˘ 1977
fiÚÈ¿ ÙÔ˘. ŸÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Ë
Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·, ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ ·Û·Ê‹ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ù· fiÚÈ· 5. Bruno Latour, fi..
·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔ Ì‡ıÔ. √ 6. §ÂˆÓ›‰·˜ ∫·Ú·Ì›Ó˘, ªÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Î‹ ¢È·ÙÚÈ‚‹
¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ Ù¯ÓËÙ‹ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, Ì ı¤Ì· «¶fiψÛË –¢È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË Î·È ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË
Ì·ÈÓÔ‚Á·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂӉȿÌÂÛÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘», 2001, ∂ª¶ ∆Ì‹Ì·
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ Î·È ∞Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙfiÓˆÓ
ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È, ηٷÚÁ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ 7. §ÂˆÓ›‰·˜ ∫·Ú·Ì›Ó˘, fi..
Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÔÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ.
∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÁȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ 8. Dorren Massey, ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘
¯ˆÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ∆Ì‹Ì· ∞Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙfiÓˆÓ
‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Ù¤¯ÓË,
∂.ª.¶. Î·È ¶··ÛˆÙËÚ›Ô˘, 2001
Û˘Ó‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË Ó¤· ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ - ÔÙÈ΋
·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, Ë ÔÔ›· Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ù˘ Î·È Ì 9. Pier Levy, ¢˘ÓËÙÈ΋ ¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∏
·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊË ÔÚ›· ÌÔÚ› Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‚ÚÂÈ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘,
ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Ù¤¯ÓË ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋, 1999
¯ÚfiÓˆÓ Î·È ·ÈÒÓˆÓ ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ‹ ·fi 10. §ÂˆÓ›‰·˜ ∫·Ú·Ì›Ó˘, ™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ
ÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÁÂÓȤ˜. Ì¿ıËÌ· ∑ ÂÍ·Ì‹ÓÔ˘ «∂ȉÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈ΋˜
·ÔηٿÛÙ·Û˘», 2004, ÙÌ‹Ì· ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘
∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ŒÚÁˆÓ ∆¤¯Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ ∆∂π ∞ı‹Ó·˜
¢È·‰Èηۛ· Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÊÔÚËÙÒÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ.
™˘Óı‹Î˜ ¤ÎıÂÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜
∂ϤÓË ∫·‚·ÏÈÂÚ¿ÙÔ˘
™˘ÓÙËÚ‹ÙÚÈ· ¤ÚÁˆÓ Ù¤¯Ó˘
√È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ Â›Ó·È ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ
Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·
Ï·ÙÚ›·˜1. ∆· ¤ÚÁ· ·˘Ù¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ù˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜,
ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Î·ÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘
·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ›ӷÈ
ÙÂÎÌ‹ÚÈ· ÌÈ·˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘.
∏ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ·ÚٿٷÈ
·fi ‰‡Ô ·ÚÈÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜: Ù· ˘ÏÈο
ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ·fi Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È
Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›·,
Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘
ÂÎÙ¤ıËηÓ2.
™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË
∏ ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙË ÌÂıÔ‰È΋
·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Ù¤¯Ó˘ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÏÈ΋
ÙÔ˘ ˘fiÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙË ‰ÈÏ‹ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›· ÙÔ˘,
ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋, Ì ÛÎÔfi
ÙË ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ™˘Ó›ÛٷٷÈ
Û ÙÚ›· ÛÙ¿‰È·:
·. ÙË ÌÂϤÙË, ¤Ú¢ӷ Î·È ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË, ÌÂ
ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È ÙËÓ
ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Ù¤¯Ó˘.
ªÂÏÂÙ¿Ù·È Ë ‰ÔÌ‹, Ù· ˘ÏÈο
ηٷÛ΢‹˜ Î·È Ë Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘.
∂ÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÊıÔÚ¤˜, Ë ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘˜
Î·È Ù· ·›ÙÈ· Ô˘ ÙȘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó.
∂ÈϤÁÔÓÙ·È Ù· ηٿÏÏËÏ· ˘ÏÈο Ô˘ ı·
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË.
‚. ÙË ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË - ¢È·Ù‹ÚËÛË.
¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜
Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ (ÛÙÂÚ¤ˆÛË, ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË
˘ÔÛÙÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î.·.) Î·È Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È
̤ÙÚ· Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙË ‰È¿ÛˆÛË ÙˆÓ
ÌÔÚ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚Ú¿‰˘ÓÛË ‹
ÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë Ù˘ ÊıÔÚ¿˜.
Á. ÙËÓ ∞ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ∞ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË. °›ÓÂÙ·È
ηı·ÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜
ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ (·Ê·›ÚÂÛË ÔÍÂȉˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ
‚ÂÚÓÈÎÈÒÓ, ÂÈ˙ˆÁÚ·Ê‹ÛˆÓ) Î·È ÌÂ
ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ı˘Û›· Ù˘
·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘
·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÔÊ·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ
√È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ Ô˘ ÙÂÏÈο ÊÙ¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹
ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο
̤ÚË Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ηÈ
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·,
Â›Ó·È Èı·Ófi Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÛÙ› ·ÏÏÔÈÒÛÂȘ
ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ‹ ÙËÓ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜.
∫¿ı ÂÈÎfiÓ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› Î·È ÌÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋
ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘. ∏ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË
Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÂͤٷÛË,
‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜
ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜3.
™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙ·ÙË Â›Ó·È Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ, ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·ÏÏ¿
Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ¯ËÌÈ΋, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ
Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÂȘ ‹ fi¯È ÙˆÓ ÊıÔÚÒÓ ‹ ÙˆÓ
ÂÏÏ›„ÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘
¯ÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜4.
™ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÍÂÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÂ Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË
ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÂÏÙ›Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ Î·È Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹
fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·
ÏËÊıÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙË ÊÔÚËÙ‹ ÂÈÎfiÓ·.
∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔȯ›· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο
Ì ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿ Ù˘ (‰ÔÌ‹, ˘ÏÈο
ηٷÛ΢‹˜). ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ·, Ë
Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ηٷÛ΢‹˜ Ù˘, Ù·
Ù¯ÓÔÙÚÔÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ηÈ
ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ηÈ
ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ Ù˘¯fiÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û¯ÂÙÈο
Ì ÙËÓ ÚԤϢÛË Ù˘.
∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÒ˜ Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË
‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘, ‹ ¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÊıÔÚÒÓ Î·È
ÔÈ ·Èٛ˜ Ô˘ ÙȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ,
Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ˜ fiˆ˜
Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÂȘ, ÚÔÛı‹Î˜,
ÂÈ˙ˆÁÚ·Ê›ÛÂȘ Î.·.
°È· ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ
ηٷÛ΢‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÊÔÚËÙ‹˜
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı›
ÌÈ· ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ Ù˘
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜.
∂ÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ
ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı›
·fi ηٷÚÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙ¤˜ Ì ÙË
‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Ô˘
˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈ·,
··Ú·›ÙËÙË Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·
ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ Î·È ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ
Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎıÂÛÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜
ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘˜.
ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ¯ËÌÈΤ˜
·Ó¿Ï˘ÛÂȘ Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ηٷÛÙÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ‹
ÌË Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜.
•ÂÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ·fi ÙË ÊˆÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋
ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË (ÌË Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ):
ªÂ ʈÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÛÙÔ ÔÚ·Ùfi Ê¿ÛÌ· ÌÂ
Ê·Îfi ª·ÎÚÔ Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È
ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ ÙˆÓ Êı·ÚÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ
(·ÔÎÔÏÏ‹ÛÂȘ, ÚˆÁÌ·ÙÒÛÂȘ, ÂÏÏ›„ÂȘ
Î.·.) ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ Ù˘ ÈÓÂÏÈ¿˜
Î·È Û˘ÏϤÁÔÓÙ·È ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· Ù·
Ù¯ÓÔÙÚÔÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘
·ÁÈÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜
ÂÊ·ÙÔÌÂÓÈÎfi ʈÙÈÛÌfi Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó·
ηٷÁÚ·Ê› Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜
ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ (.¯. ÊÔ‡ÛΈ̷, ÎÚ·ÎÂϤ ÌÂ
·Ó·ÛËΈ̤ӷ ¿ÎÚ·) ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ
·Ó¿ÁÏ˘ÊÔ Ù˘ ÈÓÂÏÈ¿˜ Î·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË
ÂÁ¯¿Ú·ÎÙÔ˘ ۯ‰›Ô˘ (·Óı‡‚ÔÏÔ).
ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ηٿÏÏËϘ ʈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜
ËÁ¤˜ Î·È ÊÈÏÌ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ÊˆÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÌÂ
˘¤Ú˘ıÚÔ ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÔÓÙ·È
˘ÔΛÌÂÓ· ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù· ηÈ
‰›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘
11

·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ ۯ‰›Ô˘ Î·È ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË Ù˘¯fiÓ
·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ÊˆÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÌÂ
˘ÂÚÈÒ‰Ë ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Ë
ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚ÂÚÓÈÎÈÔ‡ ηÈ
‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË
ÂÈ˙ˆÁÚ·Ê‹ÛˆÓ5.
™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË
ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÓfiÚÁ·ÓˆÓ
˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÚËÙÒÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ,
Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙË ÔÛfiÙËÙ·
‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·fi Ù· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù· Ù˘
ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ (ηٷÛÙÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ)6.
°È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ì ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ì ·¤ÚÈ· ‹
˘ÁÚ‹ ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È
ÔÈÔÙÈÎfi˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎÔ‡
̤ÛÔ˘ Î·È ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡
ÊıÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘,
ÂÓÒ Ì ÌÈÎÚÔÛÎÔÈ΋ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË,
‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÙ·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ
ÛÙÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘
ÎÔÎÎÔÌÂÙÚ›·˜ ¯ÚˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ. ∂›Û˘ ÌÂ
ÂÎÏÂÎÙÈÎfi ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ·
ÚÒÙË ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘
Û˘Ó‰ÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ̤ÛÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ
ÛÙÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›·˜ Ù˘
ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜7.
°È· ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Ë
‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÔ‡
ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ÛÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ‹ Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·
ÙÔ˘ Ì ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ΤÓÙÚ·.
™Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi
ÙËÓ ÚÔηٷÚÙÈ΋ ÂͤٷÛË ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Ë
ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ
Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹
˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ηٿÏÏËÏˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘.
∂Âȉ‹ οı ÂÈÎfiÓ· Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ηÈ
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ù· ‰Èο Ù˘ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ·
ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, Ë Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Ù˘
ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·
ÛÙÚÒÛË ¯ÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËı›
Î·È Ó· ηٷÓÔËı› ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÒ˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ
·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ› οı ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·
Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘.
12
ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÌÂϤÙË
ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ –
‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜.
∞ÊÔ‡ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ
Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ ·ÓÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ
˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ Î·È Ë ¯ËÌÈ΋ ·ÓÙÔ¯‹
ÙˆÓ ¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·Ï‡Ù˜.
∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÛÙÂÚ¤ˆÛ˘ Ù˘
˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜, Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘
Û˘Ó‰ÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ̤ÛÔ˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›·˜ ηÈ
ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜.
∂ÊfiÛÔÓ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘
͇ÏÈÓÔ˘ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ˘, ÛÙÂÚ¤ˆÛË ÏfiÁˆ
ÚÔÛ‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ͢ÏÔÊ¿Á· ¤ÓÙÔÌ· ‹
ÏfiÁˆ ÌÈÎÚÔ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ‚ÔÏ‹˜,
·Ê·›ÚÂÛË ÔÍÂȉˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÒÓ
ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ8.
∆· ˘ÏÈο Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ó
Ó· ÂÓ·ÚÌÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Ù˘
˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜, ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ηÈ
ÙÔÓ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ÙfiÔ Ô˘ ı· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ
Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ. ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÌÔÚ› Ó·
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËıÔ‡Ó ·ıÂÚ¿¢Ù˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ
Ô˘ ÂÈÙ·¯‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Ù˘9.
∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ë ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ô Î·ı·ÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘
˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜
ÂÈÊ·ÓÂÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ Ú‡Ô˘˜ Î·È Ë ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË ÙÔ˘
ÔÍÂȉˆÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ‚ÂÚÓÈÎÈÔ‡, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë
·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÊıÔÚÒÓ Î·Ù¿
ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ·ÔÊ·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÌÂ
ÙËÓ Î¿ı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó·
Ù˘ÔÔÈ›ٷÈ10.
∆¤ÏÔ˜ Ë ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ηχÙÂÙ·È
Ì ¤Ó· ÛÙÚÒÌ· ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‚ÂÚÓÈÎÈÔ‡.
¶ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷΤ˜
Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·Á̤Ó˜ ÌÈÎÚÔÎϛ̷ÙÔ˜
(ıÂÚÌÈÎfi, ·ÙÌÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎfi, ·ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈÎfi ηÈ
ÔÙÈÎfi Îϛ̷)
¢È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜
Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÊıÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ Ù¤¯Ó˘.
∆· ›‰Ë ÊıÔÚ¿˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜
¯ËÌÈ΋˜, Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ‹ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ʇÛˆ˜.
√ÔÈÔÛ‰‹ÔÙ ÎÈ ·Ó Â›Ó·È Ô Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜
ÊıÔÚ¿˜, ÔÈ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜
¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÛË
Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ (Ô ·¤Ú·˜, Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·, Ë
ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·, Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ËÏȷ΋˜
·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜ Î·È ÔÈ ·ÙÌÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎÔ› Ú‡ÔÈ)11.
√ ÂÎıÂÛÈ·Îfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·
ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÙ·È ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ó·
ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜
ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜, Ó·
ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È Ë ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙË ¤ÎıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘
ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘˜ ÊıÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘
ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜. ™ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ Ú¤ÂÈ
Ó· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÓÙÔÙ ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ηÈ
ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜12.
∞fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜
‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ‡Ï˘
ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘
·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ‰È·Ú΋˜
¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜, ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË Î·È ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË
Û ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ Â›‰· Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜
˘ÁÚ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ (ıÂÚÌÈÎfi
Îϛ̷ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ). ∏ ¤ÎıÂÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÊÔÚËÙ‹˜
ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ Û ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ì ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋
˘ÁÚ·Û›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ÙËÓ
·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛË Î·È ·Ô‚ÔÏ‹ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·˜ ·fi
ÙËÓ Í‡ÏÈÓË ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘, ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ó·
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÚˆÁÌ¿ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘
¯ÚÒÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‹ Î·È ·ÔÎfiÏÏËÛ‹
ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ Í‡ÏÈÓÔ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÁÌ·. ∞fi ÙËÓ
·‡ÍËÛË Î·È ÙË Û˘Ì‡ÎÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÛÔÛÙÔ‡
Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·˜ Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ
¯ÒÚÔ Â˘ÓÔÂ›Ù·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ
ÌÈÎÚÔÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ (‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜
ÊıÔÚ¿˜). √È ÌÈÎÚÔÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ù· ·ÌÈÓÔͤ· ÙˆÓ
ÚˆÙÂ˚ÓÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ

ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó. ∞ÎfiÌ· ηÈ
·Ó ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÛÙ·Ï› Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘˜, Ù·
ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ›ӷÈ
Èηӿ Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÔ˘Ó ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ
·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·
ÙËÓ ·ÏÏÔ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡
ÛÙÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›·˜7. ∆·
ÔÚÁ·ÓÈο ˘ÏÈο Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÁÂÓÈο
ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÈÔ Â˘·›ÛıËÙ· ÛÙË ÊıÔÚ¿.
∏ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ ̤ÛË ÙÈÌ‹ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜
˘ÁÚ·Û›·˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎıÂÛÈ·ÎÔ‡˜
¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ʇϷ͢
Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ (fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜
Ì‹Ó˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘), 50-55% RH ÌÂ
ËÌÂÚ‹ÛÈ· ‰È·Î˘Ì·ÓÛË Ô˘ Ó· ÌËÓ
ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ ÙÔ ±2% RH. ¶ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÛȷΤ˜
·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ̤¯ÚÈ 5% Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË
·ÓÂÎÙ¤˜ Î·È ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·
·ÔʇÁÔÓÙ·È ·fiÙÔ̘ ‰È·Î˘Ì¿ÓÛÂȘ.
∏ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ÙˆÓ
ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ¯ÒÚˆÓ Â›Ó·È 20ÔC ÌÂ
‰È·Î˘Ì¿ÓÛÂȘ ± 2-3ÔC13.
°È· ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ
·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÎÚÔÎϛ̷ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘
ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ
ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˜ Ì˯·ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜.
(∞˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔÈ ˘ÁÚ·ÓÙ‹Ú˜ ηÈ
·Ê˘ÁÚ·ÓÙ‹Ú˜).
√È ·ÙÌÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎÔ› Ú‡ÔÈ (΢ڛˆ˜ ÙÔ
‰ÈÔÍ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ı›Ԣ, ÙÔ ˘‰ÚfiıÂÈÔ,ÙÔ ¿˙ˆÙÔ
Î·È ÙÔ ‰ÈÔÍ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ¿Óıڷη) ÂÈοıÔÓÙ·È
ÛÙË ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ‹ ÂÈÛ¯ˆÚÔ‡Ó
ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÚÔηÏÒÓÙ·˜
¯ËÌÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ Ì ٷ ˘ÏÈο ÙˆÓ
ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÓfiÚÁ·ÓˆÓ
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË
ÊıÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ™¯ËÌ·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ÏÂÙfiÙ·ÙÔ
ËÌȉȷʷӤ˜ ÁÎÚ›˙Ô ¯ÚÒÌ· Ô˘ ·ÏÏÔÈÒÓÂÈ
·ÈÛıËÙÈο ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ÂÎfiÓ·˜.
¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË
΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›· ·¤Ú· (·ÙÌÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎfi Îϛ̷) ÌÂ
ÙËÓ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂȉÈÎÒÓ Ê›ÏÙÚˆÓ (ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡
¿Óıڷη) ÛÙ· ÛËÌ›· ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘
·ÙÌÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎÔ‡ ·¤Ú·. ∞·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Û˘¯Ófi˜
¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì˯·ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡
Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ηı·ÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·¤Ú·.
∏ ηٷfiÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎÒÓ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜
˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË Ô˘
·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È fiÙ·Ó Ë ˘ÂÚÈ҉˘, Ë ÔÚ·Ù‹
Î·È Ë ˘¤Ú˘ıÚË ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· ÂÎ¤ÌÔÓÙ·È
·ÓÂͤÏÂÁÎÙ˜ Î·È Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ¤ÓÙ·ÛË ÛÙÔ
·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ÂÎÙ›ıÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ
¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ·.
√È ÊÔÚËÙ¤˜ Ï·ÙÚ¢ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó
ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ̤ÛË
¢·ÈÛıËÛ›· ÛÙÔ Êˆ˜ Î·È ·ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ fiÚÈÔ
ʈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù· 150 LUX. °È· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·
ÙÔ˘˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÓÙ·ÛË
ÙÔ˘ ʈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Û Â›‰· ·Ú·‰ÂÎÙ¿ ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈ΋ ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ù˘
ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ Î·È Ì›ˆÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ ÙÔ˘
¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ Ù˘ ÛÙÔ Êˆ˜ (√ÙÈÎfi
Îϛ̷)14.
∆Ô ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi Â›Â‰Ô ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ıÔÚ‡‚Ô˘
ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ Â›Ó·È 35 ¤ˆ˜ 45 db
(∞ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈÎfi Îϛ̷). √È ‰˘Ó·ÙÔ› ‹ Û˘Ó¯›˜
ıÔÚ‡‚ÔÈ ÂÈʤÚÔ˘Ó ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ηٷfiÓËÛË
ÛÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ
ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‹ ÔÏÈ΋ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘15.
∂ÈÎfiÓ˜ Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· ‰‡Ó·Ù·È Ó·
ÙÔÔıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ÚÔÛı‹Î˜ ÌÂ
ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈο ÎÚ‡ÛÙ·ÏÏ· fiÔ˘ ÌÔÚ›
Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÂÚÔÛÙÂÁ›˜ Î·È Ô ·¤Ú·˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ
‹‰Ë ηı·ÚÈÛÙ›, Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÂȉÈÎÒÓ
Ì˯·ÓÈÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚËı›
Û fiÏË ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘.
™˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ,
ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË Î·È ÙË
ÛˆÛÙ‹ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÊÔÚËÙ‹˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜,
ÔÈ ÛˆÛÙ¤˜ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ›ӷÈ
··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ
ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Ù˘. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ
·Ó¿ Ù·ÎÙ¿ ¯ÚÔÓÈο ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È
¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÎÚÔÎϛ̷ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ
ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ¿ÓÙÔÙ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜
Û˘Óı‹Î˜. ∂›Û˘, ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Û˘Ó¯‹˜
Â›‚ÏÂ„Ë Î·È ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÒÛÙ ӷ
Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜
Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó fiˆ˜ ›¯·Ó
ÚÔÙ·ı› ηıfiÏË ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘
ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ.
µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞
1. äÚÌÂÚÙ ƒËÓÙ. §ÂÍÈÎfi ∂ÈηÛÙÈÎÒÓ ∆¯ÓÒÓ.
∂Ή.ÀÔ‰ÔÌ‹, 1986.
2. M.T.Simpson & M. Huntley, Sothbey’s «Caring for
Antiques», Simon and Schuster, 1992
3. °.°ÎÂÚ¤ÎÔ˜, «™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ·
Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÊÔÚËÙ‹˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜» ∆∂π ∞ı‹Ó·˜, ÙÌËÌ·
™∞∂∆, 1994
4. ∞Ó.∫Ô˘ÙÛÔ˘Ú‹˜ «™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ·
Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÂÏ·ÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜».
5. ∞ı.∞ÏÂÍÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘-∞ÁÔÚ¿ÓÔ˘, °.ÃÚ˘ÛÔ˘Ï¿Î˘
«£ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘ Î·È ¤ÚÁ· Ù¤¯Ó˘»,
ÂΉfiÛÂȘ °ÎfiÓË, 1993
6. ∂Ï.πˆ·Î›ÌÔÁÏÔ˘ «∏ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ
ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ
ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. º˘ÛÈÎÔ¯ËÌÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ
·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘» ∆∂π ∞ı‹Ó·˜, ÙÌËÌ· ™∞∂∆, 1998.
7. ∂Ï. ∫·‚·ÏÈÂÚ·ÙÔ˘, ÂÈÛ. ηı. ∂Ï. πˆ·Î›ÌÔÁÏÔ˘,
Ù˘¯È·Î‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ı¤Ì·: «ªÂϤÙË ÌÂ
¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÙˆÓ ªÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ Ù˘ ¯ËÌÈ΋˜
Û‡ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚfiÎÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÏÈ·ÚÒÓ
Á·Ï·ÎÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ˘fi ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘
˘ÂÚÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜. ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘
¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰ÂÙÈÎÔ‡
̤ÛÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘
«∏ ÎÔÏ˘Ì‚‹ıÚ· ÙÔ˘ ™Èψ¿Ì.
(L.Giordano, 1653, ∂¶ª∞™)» ∆∂π ∞ı‹Ó·˜ 1999.
8. H.J.Plenderleith & A.E.A Werner
"The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of
Art: Treatment, Repair and Restoration"
Oxford University Press, 1989
9. ªÈ¯·‹Ï ¢Ô˘ÏÁÂÚ›‰Ë˜, «∑ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ Û ‡Ê·ÛÌ· ηÈ
Ë Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Ù˘» ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›·, Ù¢¯Ô˜
22, ª¿ÚÙÈÔ˜ 1987
10. Umberto Baldini, «Teoria del Restauro e Unita di
Methodologia», 1978.
11. °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ∞ÏÂ͛Ԣ. «∆Ô ªÈÎÚÔÎϛ̷ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ.
∫ÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜, ʈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ∞ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈ΋», ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi
∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›·, Ù¢¯Ô˜ 17, ¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔ˜ 1985
12. ™ÔÊ›· •ÂÓÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ «ªÔ˘Û›·. ™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ
Ì¿ıËÌ· ªÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜», ÙÌËÌ· ™∞∂∆, ∆∂π
∞ı‹Ó·˜ 1995
13. G.Thomson «The Museum Environment»
The Butterworth-Heinemann Series in
Conservation and Museology, 2000.
14. ªÈ¯·‹Ï ¢Ô˘ÏÁÂÚ›‰Ë˜ «√ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Ù¤¯Ó˘
Î·È Ô ¯ˆÚÔ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜», ÂΉfiÛÂȘ ª¿ÛÙ·, ∞ı‹Ó·,
2000
15. °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ∞ÏÂ͛Ԣ «√È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ ÛÙÔ
ÌÈÎÚÔÎϛ̷ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ», ∆∂π ∞ı‹Ó·˜, 1986
13

¶¤ÙÚÔ˜ ∑Ô‡Ó˘
√ÈÎÔÓÔÌÔÏfiÁÔ˜, ¢È‰¿ÎÙÔÚ·˜ ∂ȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÃÔÚËÁ›·˜
¶·ÓÙ›Ԣ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘
°ÂÓÈο
∏ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ¯ÔÚËÁ›·˜
ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ÙËÓ
ÂÓÂÚÁfi Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ Î·È Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ÛÙ· ¯ÔÚËÁÈο
‰ÚÒÌÂÓ·. ∏ ¯ÔÚËÁ›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û‹ÌÂÚ· ¤Ó·
Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ Î·È Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·
¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÌÔ¯Ïfi
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋
fiÛÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ
∂ÏÏ¿‰·.
√È ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚ›˜,
·Ô‰¤ÎÙ˜ Ù˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¯ÔÚËÁ›·˜,
Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜: ·) ªË ÎÂÚ‰ÔÛÎÔÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚ›˜
Ì ÓÔÌÈ΋ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ· (¡¶¢¢ Î·È ¡¶π¢)
fiˆ˜ ÌÔ˘Û›· Î·È ÈÓ·ÎÔı‹Î˜, ‚)
∫ÂÚ‰ÔÛÎÔÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚ›˜ Ì ÓÔÌÈ΋ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·
fiˆ˜ ·›ıÔ˘Û˜ Ù¤¯Ó˘ (ȉȈÙÈÎÔ›
ÂÎıÂÛÈ·ÎÔ› ¯ÒÚÔÈ), Î·È Á) º˘ÛÈο ÚfiÛˆ·
fiˆ˜ ηÏÏÈÙ¤¯Ó˜ Î·È ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÒÓ.
∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ›
ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ› η٤¯Ô˘Ó Âͤ¯Ô˘Û· ı¤ÛË ÛÙȘ
ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÔÚËÁÒÓ, Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó
ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙȘ Ù¤¯Ó˜, ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘
ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ fiÙÈ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÛÂ
Ì·ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓȘ Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜
ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÌÂÚÒÓ.
14
∏ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯ÔÚËÁ›· ηÈ
ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚ›˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·
∆Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ ·˘Ùfi ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙË
Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜
¯ÔÚËÁ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·,
fiÔ˘ Âͤ¯Ô˘Û· ı¤ÛË Î·Ù¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ
ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ› ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›. ∏ ÂÙ·ÈÚÈ΋
¯ÔÚËÁ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ
ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙËÓ
ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·,
∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜
¯ÔÚËÁ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ηÈ
ÙÔ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Ù˘ Ï·›ÛÈÔ
™ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ë ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯ÔÚËÁ›· ÙˆÓ
Ù¯ÓÒÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËΠÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜
ÙÔ˘ ‘80, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÔÈ
ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙË
ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ˆ˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜
ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜.
™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘
√Ì›ÏÔ˘ ∂Ó›Û¯˘Û˘ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ
¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (√ª∂¶√) ÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘
1986. √ √ª∂¶√ ȉڇıËΠÛÙȘ 5
¡ÔÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 1986 ·fi ›ÎÔÛÈ ¿ÙÔÌ·-̤ÏË,
ÂÎÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ηÈ
ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ì ԢÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi
ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·
ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È ›ÛÙË ÛÙȘ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙȘ
‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡
·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÛÙȘ Ù¤¯Ó˜1. ∏ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘
√ª∂¶√ ‹Ù·Ó Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ
¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚÈÒÓ ¿Óˆ ÛÂ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË
ÂÙ·ÈÚÈÎÒÓ ¯ÔÚËÁÈÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο
ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·. ŸÌˆ˜ Ë ÌË Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋
ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ √ª∂¶√
·fi ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙ›· Î·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë
ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ Û ÂıÓÈÎfi Î·È ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi
Â›Â‰Ô Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÚÈÓ ¤ÍÈ ÂÚ›Ô˘ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·
̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ, ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Ë
ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ¯ÔÚËÁ›·˜, ÙÔ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈÎfi
Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ¯ÔÚËÁ›·˜
ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Î·È Ë
ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ
Ì Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙË ¯ÔÚËÁ›·, ÔÈ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜
ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ·
Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜
¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙˆÓ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜
¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜.
(¢ÂΤ̂ÚÈÔ˜ 1998) ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÛÙÔÏ‹ Ù˘
ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ √ª∂¶√ Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÎÂÓÔ‡ Û Â›Â‰Ô ¯ÔÚËÁÈÎÒÓ
Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·.
∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó Î·È
¿ÏϘ ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¿‰ÔÛË
Ù˘ ȉ¤·˜ Ù˘ ¯ÔÚËÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Ù˘
Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈ΋˜ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·˜ ÛÙËÓ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÔ˘. ∏
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·
Ù˘ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Ù˘ ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ∆Ú¿Â˙·˜ Î·È ¿ÏψÓ
26 ÛÙÂϯÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘, ÙÚ·Â˙ÈÎÔ‡ ηÈ
ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ
1994 ¤Ó· ÌË ÎÂÚ‰ÔÛÎÔÈÎfi ۈ̷ÙÂ›Ô Ì ÙËÓ
ÂˆÓ˘Ì›· «∂ıÓÈÎfi ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ÃÔÚËÁÈÒÓ»2.
™ÎÔfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ۈ̷Ù›Ԣ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ı· ‹Ù·Ó Ë
Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË ¯ÔÚËÁÈÎÒÓ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË
‰È¿ÛˆÛË, Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Î·È ·fiÎÙËÛË ÎÙÈÚ›ˆÓ Ô˘
·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÓËÌ›· Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ Ì·˜
ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‡„ÈÛÙ˘
ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Î·ÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋˜ ·Í›·˜
‹ Î·È ÔÏfiÎÏËÚˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ‹ ¿ÏÏÔ˘
ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡, ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ηÈ
ÌÔÚʈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜. ¢˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ Ì ÙËÓ
·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ù˘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∆Ú¿Â˙· ÙÔ 1996
ÛÙ·Ì¿ÙËÛÂ Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ۈ̷Ù›Ԣ ·˘ÙÔ‡

Ì ٷ ÙfiÛ· ÌÂÁ·ÏfiÓÔ· Û¯¤‰È·.
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ·
ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· fiˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ
ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ (1997) ÙÔ˘
√ª∂¶√, Ë ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯ÔÚËÁ›· ÙˆÓ
Ù¯ÓÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ‹Ù·Ó
6,5 ‰ÈÛ. ‰Ú¯. ÙÔ 1997, ۯ‰fiÓ ÙÚÈÏ¿ÛÈ· ·fi
Ù· ÌÂÁ¤ıË ÙÔ˘ 1991 (2 ‰ÈÛ. ‰Ú¯.)3. H
·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿
η٤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙˆÓ
¯ÔÚËÁÈÎÒÓ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›ˆÓ fiÔ˘ ÙÔ 1997 ‹Ù·Ó Ù˘
ٿ͈˜ ÙÔ˘ 30%. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ÔÛÔÛÙÈ·›·
ηٷÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ¯ÔÚËÁÈÎÒÓ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›ˆÓ ÛÙȘ
Ù¤¯Ó˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·
Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‹Ù·Ó4:
1. ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›· - ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ∫ÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿:
30%
2. ∂ÈηÛÙÈο: 13,1%
3. ªÔ˘ÛÈ΋: 10,4%
4. ªÔ˘Û›·: 7,7%
5. £¤·ÙÚÔ - ÃÔÚfi˜: 4,9%
6. ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ: 4,6%
7. ºÂÛÙÈ‚¿Ï: 2%
8. ∫ÈÓËÌ·ÙÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜: 0,7%
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈ΋
ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÔÈ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ
ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙË ¯ÔÚËÁ›· ˆ˜ ¤Ó·
ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·Îfi ̤ÛÔ fiˆ˜ Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ÂÙ·ÈÚÈο
̤۷ (‰È·Ê‹ÌÈÛË, ÚÔÒıËÛË ˆÏ‹ÛˆÓ, Î.¿.).
∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·
‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯ÔÚËÁ›·
ˆ˜ ‰·¿ÓË ¤ÌÌÂÛ˘ Î·È ÂÓ›ÔÙ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜
ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ‹
ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ˆ˜ ‰·¿ÓË
¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ ÌË ÎÂÚ‰ÔÛÎÔÈÎÒÓ Î·È
ÎÔÈÓˆÊÂÏÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (‰ˆÚ¤˜). ∏
‰·¿ÓË ·˘Ù‹ ˘¿ÁÂÙ·È Û ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁ›· 10% ÁÈ·
‰ˆÚ¤˜ ‹ ¯ÔÚËÁ›Â˜ ÚÔ˜ ÓÔÌÈο ÚfiÛˆ·
ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰Èη›Ô˘ (¡¶π¢) ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó·
ÛÔ‚·Úfi ·ÓÙÈΛÓËÙÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜.
√È ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Î·È Ë ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÙˆÓ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ
√È ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ·fi ÙËÓ
ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯ÔÚËÁ›· Â›Ó·È Ô ÚˆÙ·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜
ÛÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ fiÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜
ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·›ÁÏ˘
Î·È Ù˘ Ê‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ Ì›·˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤Ó˘
¯ÔÚËÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·
ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘ Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ
Â·ÊÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜:
·) Ì ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ηÈ
ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙÔ˘˜
ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Ӥ˜
Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Î·È ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÔ˘˜
ÙÔ˘˜, ηÈ
‚) Ì ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘
(ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë, ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜, Î.¿.) Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó
Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜
¯ÔÚËÁÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Î·È Û˘Ìʈӛ˜.
∏ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚ›˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË
¯ÔÚËÁÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜
ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∆· ‚·ÛÈο ÛËÌ›· Ù˘
ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ηٿ
ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ-¯ÔÚËÁÒÓ Â›Ó·È
Ô Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ¯ÔÚËÁÈ΋˜ ÚfiÙ·Û˘
(‚·ÛÈÎfi ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢ÙÈÎfi ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· ÂÓfi˜
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÊÔÚ¤· ηٿ ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË
¯ÔÚËÁÒÓ), Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ Ù˘ ¯ÔÚËÁÈ΋˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜
(Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ ·˘Ù‹ ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎfi
ÊÔÚ¤· Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ Ô˘
ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Èı·ÓÔ‡˜
¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘) Î·È Ô Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜
¯ÚÔÓԉȷÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙÔ˘
¯ÔÚËÁÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ (Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎfi˜
ÊÔÚ¤·˜ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ۯ‰ȿ˙ÂÈ Ù·
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· 9 Ì 18 Ì‹Ó˜
ÚÈÓ ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ
ÂÁη›Úˆ˜ ÙȘ ¯ÔÚËÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Ìʈӛ˜ ηÈ
Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È)5.
√È ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ
ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜
√È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚ›˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÌÂÙ¿
·fi Ì›· Ì·ÎÚ¿ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋˜
¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ ·fi ÙÔ
ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ
ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ
Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜
ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ
Î·È ÂȉÈÒ͈Ó. ∏ ÔÏÔ¤Ó· ÌÂÈÔ‡ÌÂÓË
ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÚˆÁ‹, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˘
ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÏÈÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ηıÒ˜
Î·È Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ·fi ÙÔ
ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ·ÙÈο ÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Û ÂΛÓÔ Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ÌÂ
ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, ·Ó¿ÁηÛ ÙÔ˘˜
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ó· ÛÙÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó ÚÔ˜
ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜. √È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ·fi
·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÔÈÌÔÈ Ó·
Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜, ÁÈ·Ù›
‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٿÏÏËÏ· ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈο ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë
Î·È ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ¯ÔÚËÁ›Â˜ ˆ˜ Ì›·
¿ÏÏË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘,
¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó
ÂȉÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÚÔ˜
ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜. ¢È·Ù˘ÒÓÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÙÔ
·›ÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ¯ÔÚËÁ›· ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ ÙËÓ
ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ¯ˆÚ›˜ οÔÈÔ
Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ¯ÚÔÓԉȿÁÚ·ÌÌ· Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜
Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔËÁËı› ¤Ó·˜ ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ ÁÈ·
Ù· ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ Ô˘ ı·
·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙË Û‡ÏÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘
ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘.
À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó fï˜ Î·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚ›˜, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó·
Î·È ÙË £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË, Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÌÂ
¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È Î›ÓËÙÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ Î·È ‰ËÌÔÛÈfiÙËÙ·
ÙˆÓ ¯ÔÚËÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜.
15
 √È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ
ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜
√È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚ›˜ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘
Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜
¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜
ÁÈ· Ó· ÎÂÚ‰›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÙˆÓ
¯ÔÚËÁÒÓ. √È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜
¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜ ›ӷÈ:
∞) ÀËÚÂۛ˜ ¢ËÌÔÛÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘
¤ÓÙ˘Ô˘ ¯ÔÚËÁÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡: ∆Ô ¤ÓÙ˘Ô
·˘Ùfi ˘ÏÈÎfi Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÚÔÛÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ,
ÂÈÛÈÙ‹ÚÈ·, ·Ê›Û˜, ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·,
ηٿÏÔÁÔÈ, ·ÓÒ Î·È Ï¿‚·Ú· Ô˘
·Ó·ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Û ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ηÈ
‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈο ÛËÌ›· Ë ÂˆÓ˘Ì›· Î·È ÙÔ
ÏÔÁfiÙ˘Ô (logo) Ù˘ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›·˜-¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡.
µ) ÀËÚÂۛ˜ ¶ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡ ÛÙ·
ª.ª.∂.: ∆· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·
ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ̤۷ ·fi Ù·
ª.ª.∂. Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛˆÓ,
Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ, ‰ÂÏÙ›ˆÓ Ù‡Ô˘ ηÈ
‰È·ÊËÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·¯ˆÚ›ÛˆÓ.
°) ÀËÚÂۛ˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚÈ΋˜ ºÈÏÔÍÂÓ›·˜
(Corporate Hospitality): √È ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ô˘
ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¿ÚÂÈ Ë ÂÙ·ÈÚÈ΋ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ›·
›ӷÈ:
ñ ¢ÂÍÈÒÛÂȘ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË
Opinion Leaders (¢È·ÌÔÚʈ٤˜ ∫ÔÈÓ‹˜
°ÓÒÌ˘) ·’ ÙÔÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi,
ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Î·È ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ.
ñ ∂ȉÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛΤ„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi
Ù˘ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›·˜-¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡.
ñ ∂ȉÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛΤ„ÂȘ Î·È ÍÂÓ·Á‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ·
ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÂÏ¿Ù˜-ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜.
16
∂›ÏÔÁÔ˜
¶ÈÛÙ‡ˆ fiÙÈ Ë ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋
¯ÔÚËÁ›· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ̤۷ Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË
‰ÂηÂÙ›· (2000-2010) ÌÔÚ› Ó·
Ô‰ËÁËı› Û ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ·Ó
·ÍÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÔÈ
ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘
∂ӈ̤Ó˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó
ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙË ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÔÚ›· Û ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi
Â›Â‰Ô ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ
ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË
·ÓÂ˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ
ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÂÎı¤ÛˆÓ. °È· Ó·
ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ë ıÂÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÂͤÏÈÍË Â›Ó·È
·Ó·Áη›· Ë Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ
·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó·
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈÎfi
Ï·›ÛÈÔ (ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈο ΛÓËÙÚ· ÁÈ·
ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜-¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡˜) fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ
ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÂϯÒÓ Ì ÙËÓ
µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∫∂™ ∞¡∞º√ƒ∂™
ηٿÏÏËÏË ¯ÔÚËÁÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÔÁÓˆÛ›· ηÈ
1. ™Î·ÏÙÛ¿, ª·ÙԇϷ. 1992. ∏ ¯ÔÚËÁ›· ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÒÓ:
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ·È‰Â›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ
ªÔ˘Û›·, ¶ÈÓ·ÎÔı‹Î˜, ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο π‰Ú‡Ì·Ù·
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË
ÛÙË ª. µÚÂÙ·Ó›· Î·È ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. ∞ı‹Ó·:
ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹.
√ª∂¶√. Û. 85.
2. ∞ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ∆Ú¿Â˙·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ÁÈ·
ÙÔ 1994-1995. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∂ıÓÈ΋ ∆Ú¿Â˙· Ù˘
∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ (∂∆∂). Û. 100.
3. ÃÔÚËÁ›· ’97. 1998. ∞ı‹Ó·: √ª∂¶√. Û. 22-24.
4. ÃÔÚËÁ›· ’97. 1998. ∞ı‹Ó·: √ª∂¶√. Û. 200.
5. Fishel, David. 1993. The Arts Sponsorship handbook.
London: Directory of Social Change. Û. 79.
µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞
1. Allen, Mary. 1990. Sponsoring the Arts: New
Business Strategies for the 1990s, Special Report
No. 2069. London: The Economist Intelligence
Unit (EIU).
2. Martorella, Rosanne. 1996. Art and Business - An
International Perspective on Sponsorship.
London: Praeger Publishers.
3. Sauvanet, Nathalie. 1999. Cultural Sponsorship in
Europe. Paris: ADMICAL.
4. ∑Ô‡Ó˘, ¶¤ÙÚÔ˜. 2001. ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ¯ÔÚËÁ›· ˆ˜
̤ÛÔ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË: ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ
¶∞ƒ∞∆∏ƒ∏∆∏™.
5. ∫Ô˘ÙÔ‡˘, £·Ï‹˜ ¶. 1996. ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ √‰ËÁfi˜
ÁÈ· ÃÔÚËÁÔ‡˜ & ∂ȯÔÚËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘˜. ∞ı‹Ó·:
∂ΉfiÛÂȘ °∞§∞π√™.
ªÔ˘Û›· Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË:
∞ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙ˘, ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È fiÚÈ· ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ
™Ù·˘ÚԇϷ ∫·ÂÏÔ‡˙Ô˘
πÛÙÔÚÈÎfi˜ Ù¤¯Ó˘ – ™˘ÓÙËÚ‹ÙÚÈ· ·Ú¯·ÈÔًوÓ
∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ˘fi Û˘-
ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û‡ÓıÂÛË
ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰Ò‰Âη ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜
‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ ·ÏÏËÏÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË. ∏ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË
·˘Ù‹ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ÌÂ
ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ·›ÓÔ˘Ó
ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹ Î·È ÙÔÓ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó
ÂÓÒÈÔÓ ‰ÈÏËÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ. √È
Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏÔ‡Ó
Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û οıÂ
·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ ·ÍÈÒÓ Î·È ÂÈχÔÓÙ·È Â› ÙË ‚¿ÛÂÈ
ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ
ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜. ™˘ÓÈÛÙ¿Ù·È Ë
ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÛÙ·
·ÍÈÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘
ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹Ûˆ˜.
∏ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚·ÛÈ΋ ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË
ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Î·È ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
ÂÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡, ÙÔ˘
ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜.
™ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÙÒÛˆÓ, Ë
Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ·ԂϤÂÈ ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Î·È
·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜
ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜, ÂÎÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ‰Â ·fi ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜
ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Â› ÙË ‚¿ÛÂÈ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·È
ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÈΛԢ˜
ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ηÈ
‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ Û‡Ìʈӷ
Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·
ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. ™ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ ·˘Ùfi
·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙÔ Î·È Ô
ÔÏÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ Ù˘
·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ‰˘Û¯¤ÚÂȘ
Ô˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ
·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È
¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ˆ˜
·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜ Ô‰ËÁfi˜ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÚÛË ÙˆÓ
Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿Ù·È Ë
ÂÓۈ̿وۋ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ
‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹.
∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜
∆ËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Û˘Óı¤ÙÂÈ
¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ‰Ò‰Âη ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ
·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ‹ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ Ô˘
Û˘Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ
‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹ (ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi˜,
AIC, CAPC, UKIC, ECCO, AICCM) ηÈ
·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ˘ÏÈ΋, ‰ÔÌÈ΋,
·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋, ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋, ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋,
ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·, ÛÙËÓ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·
ÙˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ ÙÂÎÌËÚȷ΋,
ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋, ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋, ÛÙË
ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋.
∂›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓÒ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙfi fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ù˘
Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÂÂÌ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ÙÔ˘
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÔÈ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ fï˜
ÂÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û fiϘ ÙȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘
·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ªÂ ÙËÓ ˘ÏÈ΋ (›‰Ô˜ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡,
·ԉ›ÍÂȘ Ù˘ ÚÔÂχÛÂÒ˜ ÙÔ˘, ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·
ηٷÛ΢‹˜, ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı›۷ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·) Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ë
‰ÔÌÈ΋ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ÙË
ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ
Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ¯ËÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Û‡ÛÙ·ÛË1. ∏ ‡ÏË Â›Ó·È
Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„Ë Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ¤ÚÁÔ˘
Ù¤¯Ó˘ Î·È Ì¤ÛÔ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ ·ÈÛıËÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ2. ∏
ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ
·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfi ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈÎfi Ì‹Ó˘Ì· Î·È Ì ÙËÓ
·Ú¯È΋ ÚfiıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡. ∆Ô
·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˘ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘
ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Ù¤¯Ó˘ (conceptual art) Â›Ó·È ÙÔ
ϤÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘
·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜. ∆Ô ¤ÚÁÔ Ù¤¯Ó˘ ¤¯ÂÈ
ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋ ·Í›· ÂÂȉ‹ Â›Ó·È Ë ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘
ÚÔı¤Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηÏÏÈÙ¤¯ÓË. √ Riegl Û˘Ó¤‰ÂÛÂ
ÙËÓ ·Í›· ·˘Ù‹ Ì ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Î·È ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓË
Û οı ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ Ù¤¯Ó˘
(Kunstwollen) Î·È Ì ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÙËÓ
ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋ Ì ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ3. ∏
ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ‰È¿ÛˆÛË Î¿ı ›¯ÓÔ˘˜
ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÌÂ
ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ. √È Brandi ηÈ
Philippot ÚÔ¯ÒÚËÛ·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ
ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Ù¤¯Ó˘
ˆ˜ “ÂÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜” ‡Ï˘, ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ ηÈ
ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜, ˆ˜ ÂÓÈ·›Ô˘ “fiÏÔ˘” Î·È fi¯È ˆ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜
·˘ÙfiÓÔÌˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ4. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘
Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹Ûˆ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÂÎÌ‹ÚÈÔ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜,
Ù˘ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋˜ ·Í›·˜5. ∏
ÂͤٷÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎÔ‡
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚˆÓ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ
Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ‹
‚Ú¤ıËΠ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜
ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡, ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡, ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈÎÔ‡,
·ÓıÚˆÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ‹ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ηÈ
Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙË Û‡ÏÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ‹Ì·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘6. ∆Ô
ÓfiËÌ· ·˘Ùfi Û˘Óı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ (ÊÔÚ¤·˜
Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÙÔ
‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ‹ ÙÔ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛÂ), Ë
ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ Î·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ (¯ÚËÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘
ÌÓËÌ›Ԣ) ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜.
∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ
Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋
‹ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋. ∞ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È Ë
Û˘ÓÈÛٷ̤ÓË ÙˆÓ ·ÌÔÈ‚·›ˆÓ ÂȉڿÛˆÓ
ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÙËÓ Û˘Óı¤ÙÔ˘Ó.
™˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ
√È ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ
ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹Ûˆ˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì ÙË
ÌÔÚÊ‹ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛˆÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë
·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚˆÓ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ
Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹Ûˆ˜ ·fi ¤Ó· ›Ó·Î· ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ¯¿ÚÈÓ
Ù˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋
ηٿÛÙ·ÛË) ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÈÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ηÈ
ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋ ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘. ∏ ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË
ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ‰È·‚ÚÒÛˆ˜, ÂÓÒ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙË ‰ÔÌÈ΋
ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·, ÌÔÚ› ¿ÏÏÔÙ ӷ ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÂÈ Î·È
¿ÏÏÔÙ ӷ ÂÈÛÎÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ηÈ
ηÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋ ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘. ¶ÔχÙÈ̘
ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂͤٷÛË
·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ÏÂÈ„¿ÓˆÓ (‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ,
·Èٛ˜ ı·Ó¿ÙÔ˘, È·ÙÚÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜, Î.·.) ÌÔÚ›
Ó· ·ˆÏÂÛıÔ‡Ó ¯¿ÚÈÓ Û‚·ÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘
ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜7. ∏ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË
Ù˘ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ˘ÏÈ΋˜ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓfi˜
ÌÓËÌ›Ԣ ·fi ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÂÎÚ‹ÍÂˆÓ (.¯.
ÌÓËÌ›· ∞ÎÚÔfiψ˜ ∞ıËÓÒÓ) ÌÔÚ› Ó·
Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ·Ê¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ È¯ÓÒÓ Ù˘
ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. √ ηı·ÚÈÛÌfi˜
ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ·fi ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó·
17
 ¶ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Û‡ÛÙËÌ·
ÂÈÙ·¯‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘8. ·ÓȯÓ¢ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ). ÀÈÔıÂÙ› Â›Û˘ ∆Ô ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ËÁÒÓ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ
™Â ¤ÚÁ· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓ·˜ Ù¤¯Ó˘, Ë ÚfiıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÌ̤ۈ˜ ÙÔ ·Í›ˆÌ· Ù˘ ÌË ÚÔÎÏ‹Ûˆ˜ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ·fi
ηÏÏÈÙ¤¯ÓË Ó· Âȉ›ÍÂÈ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÊıÔÚ¿˜ ‚Ï¿‚˘, ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Î‡ÚÔ˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο. ∏
ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÂÏÈ΋˜ ·ÔÛ˘Óı¤Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÊÂÚı›Û˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·. ∏ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÊÔÚ¤·
¤ÚÁÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ·Û‡Ì‚·ÙË Ì ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ù˘ ˘ÏÈ΋˜ οÔÈÔ˘ ·ÍÈÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ηÙ¢ı˘ÓÙËÚ›Ô˘ ·Ú¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·˘Ù¿ ÚÔÙÈÌÒÓÙ·È ‰ËÏ·‰‹
Î·È ‰ÔÌÈ΋˜ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ (ÛÙÂÚ¤ˆÛË). ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë Ô˘ ı· ηıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡Û ÙȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ›Ù ÂÂȉ‹ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛı› ÂÈۋ̈˜
·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÌÂÏÒÓ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÓËÌ›ˆÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹ ÚÔ˜ ¿ÚÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ Â›Ó·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·, ›Ù ‰ÈfiÙÈ
Ì ·ÓÙ›ÁÚ·Ê·, ÂÓÒ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈο ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË
·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ∞fiÂÈÚ˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯‹Ûˆ˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ Ù˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ˘ ÂıÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ›ÙÂ, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, ÁÈ·Ù›
·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. √È Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ ·ÏÒ˜ Î·È ÌfiÓÔÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘.
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Violette-le-Duc, Ruskin Î·È Morris ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó 1. ∏ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ Î·Ù¿
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·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ Î·È Ù·
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ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÈ Û ÂȉÈÎfi ∫·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ Ù˘ UNESCO
·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ‚¿ÛÂÈ ·Ú·‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ˆ˜) ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ «Âͤ¯Ô˘Û· ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ·Í›·» Ô˘
Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹Ûˆ˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÛÎÔÔ‡Ó fiϘ ÔÈ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘
ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÔ˘Ó. ∏ ·Í›· ·˘Ù‹, Ë ÔÔ›·
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ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·fi ÙËÓ
·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ Brandi Î·È ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Ô Philippot ˘¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ Ù˘ UNESCO, ·ÔÙÂÏ› Î·È ÙËÓ
ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÙËÓ ÈÛfiÚÚÔË ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ·Í›· Ô˘ ı· ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙȘ
(Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ) Î·È Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ÂÁÂÈÚfiÌÂÓ· ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ë ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹Ûˆ˜. ∏ ËÁ‹ ·˘Ù‹
ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·Î·ÓıÒ‰Ë. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È, fi¯È ÂÚ› ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë ·Í›·, Ë ÔÔ›· Î·È Î·ıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ô‰ËÁfi ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÌÓËÌ›ˆÓ
ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÙÒÛˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· ÙÚfiÔ Ù˘ ÂÂÌ‚¿Ûˆ˜. (‹ ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜) Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È
ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ∏ ÚÒÙË ·fi ÙȘ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ÛÙÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ Ù˘ UNESCO, ÔÈ ‰Â
Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ·ÓÙÈ̤وÔÈ ÔÈ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙ¤˜. ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÌÂÈÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· fiÙÈ ·Ó·ÈÚ› ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹Ûˆ˜ ı·
¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛıÔ‡Ó ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË
∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ¿ÚÛˆ˜ ÙˆÓ ¿Û¯ÂÈ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ fiÙÈ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÙÚÂȘ ΢ڛˆ˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘ (‹ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ)
Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ÌfiÓÔ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ (˘ÏÈ΋, ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› ÛÙËÓ
√È ÂÈÛËÌ·Óı›Û˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏÔ‡Ó ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋) Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÔÈÔ˜ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ·Í›· Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ
Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÛˆÌ·ÙˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙ· ÂÈϤÁÂÈ ÙËÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ·Í›·. ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ù˘ UNESCO.
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ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ‰Â ¿ÚÛˆ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ
ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ӷ·ÙÂÈ
ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯‹Ûˆ˜
ÙˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ Ù˘ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜.
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ÛÙÔ ‰›Ô ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ù˘
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Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ·ÍÈÒÌ·Ù·
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Â›Ó·È ‰È·Ù˘ˆÌ¤Ó· ‹ Û˘Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ
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‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ. √
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¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˜ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙ˘
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¢ÈÂıÓ›˜ ™˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ
∂ıÓÈ΋ ™˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ™˘Ó›‰ËÛË
πÛÙÔÚ›·
¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ∆·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·
∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË
√ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹˜ ÊÔÚ¤·˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·È Ù˘
ËıÈ΋˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹Ûˆ˜
¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 2: ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ËÁÒÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ¿ÚÛˆ˜
ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛˆÓ
‰¤
~
µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞
1. Tschudi-Madsen S., (1987), Restoration and Anti-
Restoration, European Cultural Heritage
Newsletter on Research, 1 (3): 3-5.
2. Brandi C., (2001), £ÂˆÚ›· Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘,
ªÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË: ∏. °·‚ÚÈËÏ›‰Ë, ∂Ή. ∂ÏÏËÓÈο
°Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ∞ı‹Ó·.
3. Arrhenius T., The Fragile Monument: On Riegl’s
Modern Cult of Monuments,
www.aho.no/Forskerutdanning/konferanse/Papers
/Arrhenius.doc
4. Price N.S, Kirby M., Talley Jr. and Vaccaro A.M.,
(1996), Historical and Philosophical Issues in the
Conservation of Cultural Heritage, GCI, Los
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5. Koller M., (2000), Surface Cleaning and
Conservation, Conservation, The GCI Newsletter,
15 (3).
6. Ashley-Smith J., (1982), The Ethics of Conservation,
The Conservator, 6: 1-5.
7. Caple C, (1995), Conservation Skills. Judgement,
method and decision making, Routledge Pub.
8. Oddy A, (1992), The Art of the Conservator,
British Museum Press.
9. Economakis R., (1994), Acropolis Restoration.
The CCAM Interventions, Academy Editions,
London.
10. Leavengood P., (1993), Loss Compensation
Theory and Practice: A Brief History, In: Loss
Compensation Symposium Postprints, Western
Association for Art Conservation Annual Meeting
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11. ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤Ï˘, (1994), ∆ÔÈο, ∂Ή. ∫¿ÎÙÔ˜, ∞ı‹Ó·
™ËÌ›ˆÛË: ∆Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ ·˘Ùfi ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ù˘¯È·Î‹
ÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆ˜ ˘fi ÙËÓ ÂÔÙ›· ÙÔ˘
ηıËÁËÙ‹ Î. ¢. ÷ڷϿÌÔ˘˜ ˘Ô‚ÏËı›۷ ÛÙÔ
ÙÌ‹Ì· ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ŒÚÁˆÓ
∆¤¯Ó˘ ÙˆÓ ∆∂π ∞ıËÓÒÓ Ì ٛÙÏÔ «£ÂˆÚËÙÈο
˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘. ∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘
·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ™˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜» (2004).
19
 ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜
ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ∫·Ô‰ÈÛÙÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ
∞Ó·ÏËÚˆÙ‹˜ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ °ÂˆÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ
¢È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ
πÛÙÔÚÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·
√È Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜
Î·È ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ì¤Û· ÛÙ·
Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ º˘ÛÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜, Ô˘
ȉڇıËΠÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ 1835. ∆Ô ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ
ÂÚȤϷ‚ ÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜
¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ 1837. ∆Ô
1908 ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ù· ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷο
ªÔ˘Û›· √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ - ¶ÂÙÚÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜,
¶·Ï·ÈÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ - °ÂˆÏÔÁ›·˜, ∑ˆÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ηÈ
µÔÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ·fi ÙfiÙ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜
·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·Ú·ÚÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ∞fi ÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜
1982 ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ηÈ
¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ˘¿ÁÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÙÌ‹Ì· °ÂˆÏÔÁ›·˜
Ì·˙› Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÌÒÓ˘ÌÔ ∆Ô̤·.
∫·ıËÁËÙ¤˜ √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ηÈ
Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ Â‰ÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ‹Û·Ó ÔÈ
∏. ªËÙÛfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ (1845-1892) Î·È ∫.
ªËÙÛfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ (1845-1910), Ô˘ ¯ÚËÌ¿ÙÈÛ·Ó Î·È
‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÒÓ˘ÌÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, ÙËÓ ›‰È·
ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô. ∆Ô ¤ÙÔ˜ 1910 ÂÍÂϤÁË Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜
√Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ô ∫. ∫ÙÂÓ¿˜
(1912-1935). ∆ÔÓ ‰È·‰¤¯ıËΠˆ˜ ηıËÁËÙ‹˜
√Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ô °. °ÂˆÚÁ·Ï¿˜
(1936-1946) Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ˆ˜ ηıËÁËÙ¤˜ Ù˘
›‰È·˜ ¤‰Ú·˜ ÔÈ ∞. °ÂˆÚÁÈ¿‰Ë˜ (1946-1965) Î·È °.
ª·Ú¿Î˘ (1973-1993), Ô˘ ‹Û·Ó Î·È ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ¤˜
ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÒÓ˘ÌÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ. ªÂ ÙÔ ÓfiÌÔ 1268/82
ȉڇıËÎÂ Ë ™¯ÔÏ‹ £ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, ÛÙËÓ
ÔÔ›· ˘¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· °ÂˆÏÔÁ›·˜, fiÔ˘
·Ó‹ÎÂÈ Ô ∆Ô̤·˜ √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜,
ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔÛ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ÙÔ ÔÌÒÓ˘ÌÔ ªÔ˘Û›Ô.
∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ∆ÚÈÌÂÏÔ‡˜
¢ÈÔÈÎÔ‡Û·˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ô
ηıËÁËÙ‹˜ ∫. ™È‰¤Ú˘. ∆Ô ¤ÙÔ˜ 2000 ÂÍÂϤÁË
¢È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ô ·Ó. ηıËÁËÙ‹˜ ∞.
∫·ÙÂÚÈÓfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜.
∆Ô ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô √Ú˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜
ÛÙÂÁ¿ÛÙËÎÂ, ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ 1979, ÛÙÔ ÎÙ‹ÚÈÔ Ù˘
Ô‰Ô‡ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜, ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ô‰ÒÓ ª·ÛÛ·Ï›·˜
Î·È ™›Ó· (Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÎÙ›ÚÈÔ ∫ˆÛÙ‹ ¶·Ï·Ì¿), ÔfiÙÂ
ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂٷʤÚıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ
¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈÔ‡ÔÏË (ÕÓˆ πÏ›ÛÈ·) fiÔ˘ ηÈ
·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ·Ó ·ÔıËÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 1996. ™Â ÌÈ·
ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÈÛ΢‹˜ ÙˆÓ Í‡ÏÈÓˆÓ ÚÔıËÎÒÓ
ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ˘¤ÛÙËÛ·Ó
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙ·ÙË ˙ËÌÈ¿ (·ÊÔ‡ fiÏ· ۯ‰fiÓ Ù·
‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ¯ˆÚ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙȘ ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ ÙÔ˘˜), ÂÓÒ
20
Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ∫·ÙÂÚÈÓfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
H ÚÒÙË ·›ıÔ˘Û· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ
¤Ó·˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚ¿ÊËÎÂ.
∆Ô ¤ÙÔ˜ 1997, Ì ÂÓÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¢È¢ı˘ÓÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘
∆Ô̤· ηıËÁËÙ‹ ∂ÌÌ·ÓÔ˘‹Ï ª·ÏÙ·Ù˙‹,
·ÓÂÙ¤ıË ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó. ηıËÁËÙ‹ ∞. ∫·ÙÂÚÈÓfiÔ˘ÏÔ
Ë ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Î·È Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË
Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, ÌÂ
ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ Â·Ó·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘
ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ›¯Â ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¢Ú.
ÁˆÏfiÁÔ˘ ¶. µÔ˘‰Ô‡ÚË Î·È Ù˘ ÁˆÏfiÁÔ˘ £.
∆·ÁÌ·Ù¿Ú¯Ë, ˘fi ÙËÓ Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË ÙÔ˘
ηıËÁËÙ‹ ∫. ™È‰¤ÚË, ÙfiÙ ¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘
∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ °ÂˆÏÔÁ›·˜. ∆· ÂÁη›ÓÈ· Ù˘
Â·Ó·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ÛÙȘ 7
ºÂ‚ÚÔ˘·Ú›Ô˘ 2000.
™‹ÌÂÚ· ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘
ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È Û ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ
̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÎÙËÚÈ·Îfi Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘
∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ °ÂˆÏÔÁ›·˜. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚË ÔÚ˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ - ÂÙÚÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Û˘ ÁÈ· Ì›·
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜. ∏
ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ‰ÂÓ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È
ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙˆÓ ÌÂ
ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ·Í›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ
·ÊıÔÓ›· Î·È ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ
·fi "ÎÏ·ÛÛÈΤ˜" ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÙfiÙ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Ù˘
∞˘ÛÙÚÔ-√˘ÁÁÚÈ΋˜ ªÔÓ·Ú¯›·˜, Ù˘
°ÂÚÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∆Û·ÚÈ΋˜
ƒˆÛ›·˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔÔıÂۛ˜ Ô˘ Û‹ÌÂÚ·
¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÍ·ÓÙÏËı› Î·È Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙ¤˜ ÌfiÓÔ ·fi
ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·.
ππ. ¶ÚԤϢÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ
∆ËÓ ÚÒÙË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ·¤ÎÙËÛ ÙÔ
ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÙÔ 1858 ¤ÂÈÙ· ·fi ‰ˆÚ¿ ÙÔ˘
Kaemmerer, ÀÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ƒˆÛÈ΋˜
∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜. ∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÂÚÈÂÏ¿Ì‚·ÓÂ
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· (Û˘ÓÔÏÈο 158) ΢ڛˆ˜ ·fi Ù·
√˘Ú¿ÏÈ· fiÚË. ∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó ÙÔ 1859 Ë ‰ˆÚ¿ Ù˘
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ Penosta Ì ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔ ∆˘ÚfiÏÔ, ηÈ
ÙÔ 1860, Ë ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ›Ûˆ˜ ‰ˆÚ¿ ÛÙÔ
ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ·fi ÙÔÓ Ã·ÚÈÙÒÊ, ÚfiÍÂÓÔ Ù˘ ƒˆÛÈ΋˜
∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜, Ì 555 ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ Î·È
ÔÏ˘Ù›ÌˆÓ Ï›ıˆÓ ·fi ÙË ƒˆÛ›· Î·È ™È‚ËÚ›·.
∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜
µÔ˘ÁÈԇη, ÏÔ¯·ÁÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ªË¯·ÓÈÎÔ‡, Ì 450
‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ ·fi fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ (220
‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ›‰Ë), Î·È °. ™Ô‡ÙÛÔ˘ (60
‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘).
™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰ˆÚ¿ ‹Ù·Ó ÂΛÓË ÙˆÓ ŸıˆÓ·
Î·È ∞Ì·Ï›·˜ ÙÔ 1863, Ì ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ ηÈ
ÌÂÙ·Ïχ̷ٷ Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤ÏÂÍÂ Ô ÁˆÏfiÁÔ˜
Fiedler ·fi ÙÔÓ ∂ÏÏ·‰ÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ.
™ÙËÓ ›‰È· ‰ˆÚ¿ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Î·È Ë
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ £. •¤ÓÔ˘ Ì ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ ·fi ÙË Ó‹ÛÔ
ŒÏ‚·. ∆Ô 1868 ‰ˆÚ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ·fi
ÙÔ µ. µÈÙ¿ÏË ÂÚ›Ô˘ 100 ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ
¯Ú˘ÛÔ‡ Î·È ·ÚÁ‡ÚÔ˘ ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÔÚ˘¯Â›·
ÙÔ˘ ªÂÍÈÎÔ‡, ηıÒ˜ Î·È 150 ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·
ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ Ù˘ ™Ô˘Ë‰›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ Nordenskjold.
∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·ÁÔÚ¿ÛÙËÎÂ Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘
È·ÙÚÔ‡ A. Lindermayer ÌÂ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi
400 ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ Î·È ÂÙÚÒÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·
Î·È ÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi.

™ªπ£™√¡π∆∏™, §·‡ÚÈÔ
√È Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ
ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛıËÎ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰ˆÚ¿
Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ∞. µÂÚÓ·Ú‰¿ÎË Ì ƒÒÛÈη
΢ڛˆ˜ ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ (1874) Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ Ù˘
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜
B. Wappler (1880) ÌÂ 1200 ÂÚ›Ô˘
‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÂÙÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ.
√ ¢·Ófi˜ Christian Ernst ‰ÒÚÈÛ ÙÔ 1899
ÛÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÂÚ› Ù· 150 ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÌÂ
˙ÂfiÏÈıÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 1902 ·ÁÔÚ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·fi
ÙÔÓ ∂. ¶ÔÓËÚfiÔ˘ÏÔ 140 ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·
ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ µÂ˙Ô‡‚ÈÔ. ™Ù· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘
ÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ¤ˆ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÎÔÛÙÔ‡
·ÈÒÓ· ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È Ù· ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·
ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ §·˘Ú›Ô˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Î·È Ë
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ·fi ÛÌÈıÛÔÓ›Ù˜ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ÛÙÔÓ
ÎfiÛÌÔ, Ì ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÚ›Ô˘ 350 ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ
·fi ÙÔ °È·ÓÓfiÔ˘ÏÔ (1883), 120 ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ
·fi ÙÔ °. ∫ÔÓÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ (1901), 60
‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ π. §˘ÌÂÚÈ¿‰Ë (1912)
Î·È ÙÔ ¡. ª¿ÓıÔ (1914). ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Â›Û˘ Ó·
·Ó·ÊÂÚıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‰ˆÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ ª.
ª·Ú·‚ÂÏ¿ÎË Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∞. ¢ÂÏËÁÈÒÚÁË,
ÂÚÁÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏ›ˆÓ ∫·ÛÛ¿Ó‰Ú·˜ ÌÂ
ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ ∫Ú‹Ù˘ Î·È Ã·ÏÎȉÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·.
Àfi ÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∫. ∫ÙÂÓ¿ (1913-
1935) ¤ÁÈÓ ٷÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ, ηÈ
ÚÔÛÙ¤ıËÎÂ Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Ï·‚ÒÓ Î·È
·Ó·‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙˆÓ ÂÎڋ͈Ó
ÙÔ˘ ËÊ·ÈÛÙ›Ԣ Ù˘ ™·ÓÙÔÚ›Ó˘. ªÂÙ¿ ÙÔ
1930 ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÂÂÎÙ¿ıËΠηÈ
Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒıËÎ·Ó fiϘ ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜
ÂÙÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘. √È
‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ηÈ
∂ÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛıËÎ·Ó Ì ·ÁÔÚ¿ ·fi
ÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›· ÔÚ˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È
ÂÙÚÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜
ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó Û ÂȉÈο ‰È·ÌÔÚʈ̤Ó˜
ÚÔı‹Î˜. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙÔ 1912
ÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËÎ·Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ÁˆÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂΉ-ÚÔ̤˜
·fi ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÛÂ
‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ̤ÚË Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙË
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ Î·È
ª√§¢∞µπ∆∏™, ∆Û¯›·
ÂÙڈ̿وÓ.
∆Ô 1928 ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ·fiÎÙËÛ ¤ÂÈÙ· ·fi
‰ˆÚ¤˜ ÙȘ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘
·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ÎÔ‡ º. ¡¤ÁÚË, Ì˯·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏ›ˆÓ
Î·È ÙÔ˘ π. ª·ÓÔ‡ÛÔ˘ (Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ì ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ ·fi
ÙË ª‹ÏÔ) Î·È ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛıËΠÙÔ 1929 Ì ·ÁÔÚ¿
600 ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∆Ô 1931 ÂÚÈ‹Ïı·Ó, ¤ÂÈÙ· ·fi
‰ˆÚ¤˜, ÛÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ‰‡Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜
Ë Ì›· ÙÔ˘ ∫. ∫ÙÂÓ¿ Ì ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ ·fi ÙË ºÈÓÏ·Ó‰›·
Î·È Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÊËÁËÙ‹ ™. ¶··‚·ÛÈÏ›Ԣ ÌÂ
ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ ·fi ÙË ¡¿ÍÔ. ªÈ· Ó¤· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·ÁÔÚ¿
‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ (400 ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜
∂˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ÙÔÔıÂۛ˜) Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÙÔ
1935, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 1938 ‰ˆÚ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔÓ ∫ÔÊÈÓ¿
‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ Transvaal Ù˘ ¡.
∞ÊÚÈ΋˜. ªÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ
ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛıËηÓ
¤ÂÈÙ· ·fi ‰ˆÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ §·‚Ú¿ÓÔ˘ (ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ ·fi
ÙË ¡. ∞ÊÚÈ΋) Î·È •¿ÓıÔ˘ (ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔÓ
∂ÏÏ·‰ÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ), ÂÓÒ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂÙÒÓ
1958-1962, Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘
ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Â·Ó·Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ıËΠ̠ÙËÓ
ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÙ ηıËÁËÙ‹ ∞. °ÂˆÚÁÈ¿‰Ë.
∆Ô 1997 ·ÁÔÚ¿ÛÙËÎÂ Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¡.
¡ÈÎÔÏȉ¿ÎË Ì 140 ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ ÙÔ˘
§·˘Ú›Ô˘, Î·È ·ÔÎÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ¤ÂÈÙ· ·fi ‰ˆÚ¿ Ë
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ∞ı. ∆¿Ù·ÚË (‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·
Î·È ÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi), ηıÒ˜ Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ∞.
∆ÛÔÏ¿ÎÔ˘ (‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ΢ڛˆ˜ ·fi ™¤ÚÈÊÔ).
∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó ÙÔ 1999 ÔÈ ‰ˆÚ¤˜ Ù˘
ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ π. ¶··ÓÈÎÔÏ¿Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∞.
∫·ÙÂÚÈÓfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘ Ì ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔÓ
∂ÏÏ·‰ÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÌÂ
·Î·Ù¤ÚÁ·ÛÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Î·ÙÂÚÁ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘˜
ÔχÙÈÌÔ˘˜ Ï›ıÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ¡. Kielty-
§·ÌÚÈÓ›‰Ë. ∆· ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È
Û ·˘ÙfiʈÙ˜ ÂÚ›ÔÙ˜ ÚÔı‹Î˜, ‰ˆÚ¿
Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ∞Í·ÚÏÈ¿Ó Û ÌÓ‹ÌË £¿ÓÔ˘
∞Í·ÚÏÈ¿Ó. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰ˆÚ¿ ‹Ù·Ó Î·È Ù˘
ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ªÂÙ·Í¿, Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›·
·ÔÎÙ‹ıËΠÙÔ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ¯·Ï·˙›·,
ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ηÓ›·˜ Ì ÌÔÚÊ‹ Û΋ÙÚÔ˘.
∆Ô ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ
10.000 ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ Î·È 15.000
‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÂÙÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ,
·fi Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È ÂÚ›Ô˘ 3500
‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ Î·È 400 ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·
ÂÙڈ̿وÓ.
III. ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ
∏ ÚÒÙË ·›ıÔ˘Û· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÛÙÔÓ
ÂÈÛΤÙË ÙÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ı·˘Ì·ÛÌÔ‡, ÁÈ·Ù› ÙËÓ
ÎÔÛÌÔ‡Ó ÂÙ¿ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÎÚ˘ÛÙ¿ÏÏÈÓ˜
ÚÔı‹Î˜, ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ʈÙÈṲ̂Ó˜, ÛÙȘ
Ôԛ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ
˘„ËÏ‹˜ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜, ÌÂÚÈο ·fi Ù· ÔÔ›·
Û˘ÁηٷϤÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ηχÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘ οıÂ
›‰Ô˘˜.
√È ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙ˜ ÚÔı‹Î˜ ›ӷÈ
·ÊÈÂڈ̤Ó˜ ÛÙ· ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È
·fi Ù· ÌÂÙ·ÏÏ›· ÙÔ˘ §·˘Ú›Ô˘, ÌÈ·
ÚÔı‹ÎË ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈο ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ ·fi
ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È ÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi, ÂÓÒ Û ‰‡Ô
ÚÔı‹Î˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÓıÚ·ÎÈο ηÈ
˘ÚÈÙÈο ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿.
™ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰‡Ô ÚÔı‹Î˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó
·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ÎÏ¿Û˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ Î·È
ÔχÙÈÌˆÓ Ï›ıˆÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒËÓ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋
ŒÓˆÛË. ∆· ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ηχÙÔ˘Ó ÙÔ
ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ Ô˘
ÂÍÔÚ‡¯ÙËÎ·Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ ·ÈÒÓ·, ΢ڛˆ˜
·fi ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ √˘Ú·Ï›ˆÓ.
∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ·›ıÔ˘Û· ¤¯ÂÈ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi
¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. ™Â ÙÚÂȘ ÂÓÙÔȯÈṲ̂Ó˜
ÚÔı‹Î˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ηÈ
ÂÂÍËÁËÌ·ÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË
Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ, ÙˆÓ
ÂÙڈ̿وÓ, ÙˆÓ ÌÂ-Ù·ÏÏÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ
‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ.
™ÙËÓ ÂȉÈ΋ ÚÔı‹ÎË Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÊÈÂڈ̤ÓË
ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙˆڛÙ˜, Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ·
‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ›‰Ë ÌÂÙˆÚÈÙÒÓ. ¶·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È
ÙÂÎÙ›Ù˜ Î·È ÏÈıÔÌÂÙˆڛÙ˜, ÂÓÒ
ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛÈ·Îfi Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ·
ÛȉËÚÔÌÂÙˆڛÙË ·fi ÙËÓ ∞ÚÁÂÓÙÈÓ‹.
™ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ ·›ıÔ˘Û·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ
‰È·ÌÔÚʈı› ÛÎÔÙÂÈÓfi˜ ı¿Ï·ÌÔ˜, fiÔ˘
‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Ë ÈÔ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷ΋ ›Ûˆ˜ ÚÔı‹ÎË
ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÂÎÙ›ıÂÙ·È ÌÈ·
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹, ·fi ÙȘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ÛÙËÓ
∂˘ÚÒË, Ì ÊıÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ· Î·È ÊˆÛÊÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·
ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿. ∆Ô Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÌ·ÁÔÚÈÎfi ı¤·Ì· Ù˘
ʈٷ‡ÁÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ ÚÔηÏ› Ô
ʈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÌÂ Ï˘¯Ó›Â˜
˘ÂÚÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ʈÙfi˜, ÌÈÎÚÔ‡, ̤ÛÔ˘ Î·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘
Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜.
™ÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ·›ıÔ˘Û· Ô ÂÈÛΤÙ˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿ ÙȘ
21

ª›· ·fi ÙȘ ‚‰ÔÌ‹ÓÙ· ‰‡Ô ÚÔı‹Î˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ
∞›ıÔ˘Û· 3. ™˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ Î·È ÂÙڈ̿وÓ.
‚·ÚȤ˜, ͇ÏÈÓ˜ ÚÔı‹Î˜ ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. √È
ÙÔ›¯ÔÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÔÓÙ·È ·fi „ËϤ˜ fiÚıȘ ÚÔı‹Î˜
ÂÓÒ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ·›ıÔ˘Û·˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó
¯·ÌËϤ˜ ÎÂÎÏÈ̤Ó˜ ÚÔı‹Î˜ fiÔ˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Ë
Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹. ∏ ‰È·ÎfiÛÌËÛË Ù˘
‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ·›ıÔ˘Û·˜ ÂÓ·ÚÌÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È Ï‹Úˆ˜ Ì ٷ
ÂÎı¤Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi Ù·
ÔÔ›· ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ 19Ô ·ÈÒÓ·.
™ÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ·›ıÔ˘Û·˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ‰‡Ô
·˘ÙfiʈÙ˜, ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙȘ ÚÔı‹Î˜, Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó
ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷο ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÔ‡ ¯·Ï·˙›·˜. ∏
Ì›· ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ‰Â›ÁÌ· 60 ÂÚ›Ô˘ cm ÌÂ
‰È·Ê·Ó›˜ ÎÚ˘ÛÙ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÈÏ›·˜ «ÔÚ›·
ÎÚ‡ÛÙ·ÏÏÔ˜» ·fi ÙÔ ∞ÚοÓÛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ Î·È Ë
‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÁÂÒ‰Ë Ù˘ ÔÈÎÈÏ›·˜ «·Ì¤ı˘ÛÙÔ˜» ·fi ÙË
µÚ·˙ÈÏ›·.
∏ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ
ÂÈÛΤÙË ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÈÏ›·
ÙˆÓ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ ·ÊÔ‡ ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È ÂÚ›Ô˘ 2.500
‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈο ÁÈ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi
700 ›‰Ë ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ, Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ۇÁ¯ÚÔÓË
‚¿ÛË.
√ ÂÈÛΤÙ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÛÂÈ ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜
ÒÚ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ ÙˆÓ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ
Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Î·È ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ı· ›ӷÈ
¿ÓÙÔÙ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi. °È’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÏÂÁ›
Ù· ÈÔ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈο Î·È Û¿ÓÈ· ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·, Ù·
ÔÔ›· ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È Û 16 ÚÔı‹Î˜, ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ Ù˘
·›ıÔ˘Û·˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÌÈ· ÈÔ Û‡ÓÙÔÌË
Â›Û΄Ë.
•Â¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ı¤ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ‚¿ıÔ˜ Ù˘
·›ıÔ˘Û·˜ Ë ÚÔı‹ÎË Ì ڷ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁ¿ ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿.
∏ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· ›ӷÈ
Ï‹Ú˘, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ÚÔı‹ÎË Î·Ï‡ÙÂÙ·È ÌÂ
ʇÏÏ· ÌÔχ‚‰Ô˘, Î·È ÂȉÈΤ˜
ÌÔÏ˘‚‰˘¿ÏÔ˘˜. ∏ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ
ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ηıÚ¤ÊÙË, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌË
¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ÏËÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ Ô ·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹˜ ÙËÓ
ÚÔı‹ÎË.
22
∏ ºø∆∞À°∂π∞ ∆ø¡ √ƒÀ∫∆ø¡
™ÎÔÙÂÈÓfi˜ ı¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ ÛÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ·›ıÔ˘Û·
™ÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ÙÚ›Ù˘ ·›ıÔ˘Û·˜ ‰ÂÛfi˙Ô˘Ó ¤ÓÙÂ
ÚÔı‹Î˜. ∏ Ì›· ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÁÏ˘Ù¿
ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ӷ ·fi ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ Î·È ÂÙÚÒÌ·Ù·,
ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ÎÈÓ¤˙ÈΘ ıÂfiÙËÙ˜ (18Ô˜ - ∞¶∞∆π∆∏™ ™∂ º£√ƒπ∆∏.
¶ÚÈÓ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi Ì ˘ÂÚÈ҉˜ ʈ˜
19Ô˜ ·ÈÒÓ·˜) ·fi ÔÚ›· ÎÚ‡ÛÙ·ÏÏÔ, Ì›·
«Û‡ÓıÂÛË» ·fi ¯·Ï·˙›·, ·Ì¤ı˘ÛÙÔ, ¯Ú˘Ûfi ηÈ
¿ÚÁ˘ÚÔ Ô˘ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ηÙÂÚÁ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ
ÎÈÙÚ›ÓË (ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÌfiÚÈÔ, 340 ηڿÙÈ·) Ì ÙÔ
·Ó¿ÁÏ˘ÊÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ Ù˘ ̤‰Ô˘Û·˜ Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ
ÁÏ˘Ùfi ÚfiÛˆÔ Û ¯·Ï·˙›·.
¢‡Ô ÚÔı‹Î˜ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÔχÙÈÌÔ˘˜ Ï›ıÔ˘˜
·Î·Ù¤ÚÁ·ÛÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘˜, Ì›·
¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÚÔı‹ÎË ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙ›ÁÚ·Ê·
ÛÊÚ·ÁȉÔÏ›ıˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÂÔ¯ÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ ηÈ
·ÔÙ˘ÒÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ηı·Úfi ¿ÚÁ˘ÚÔ, ÂÓÒ Ë
¤ÌÙË ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ¯·Ï·˙›·
(ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ηÓ›·˜) Ì ÌÔÚÊ‹ Û΋ÙÚÔ˘, ÙÔ
ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÁÓˆÛÙfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·ÁÎÔÛÌ›ˆ˜.
∆Ô ÂÙÚÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÂÎÙ›ıÂÙ·È
Û ÚÔı‹Î˜ ÙÔ›¯Ô˘, ÛÙÔ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi ÙÌ‹Ì· Ù˘
·›ıÔ˘Û·˜.
™Â ÂȉÈΤ˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔı‹Î˜ ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È
‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ‰È·ÎÔÛÌËÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÙڈ̿وÓ, ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ µπ§§∂ªπ∆∏™ ™∂ ∞™µ∂™∆π∆∏.
·fi ÙÔ §·‡ÚÈÔ, ÙË Ã·ÏÎȉÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ™¤ÚÈÊÔ, ¶ÚÈÓ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi Ì ˘ÂÚÈ҉˜ ʈ˜
‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈο ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ Î·È Ù· ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÙÔ˘˜,
ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ η‡ÛÈÌ· Î·È ÌÂÙ·Ïχ̷ٷ.
™ÙËÓ ›‰È· ·›ıÔ˘Û· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂȉÈÎfi ·ÊȤڈ̷ ÛÙÔ
ËÊ·›ÛÙÂÈÔ Ù˘ ™·ÓÙÔÚ›Ó˘ Ì ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ
ʈÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi, Ô˘ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi
Û¯ÂÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·.
™ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Ì›· ·›ıÔ˘Û·
‰È·Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Î·È ÚÔ‚ÔÏÒÓ, fiÔ˘
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈΤ˜ video-Ù·Èӛ˜
ÔÚ˘ÎÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡, ÂÙÚÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ ηÈ
ÁˆÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÂÓÒ Û ÂȉÈο
‰È·ÌÔÚʈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ù·
ÁÚ·Ê›· Î·È Ù· ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ·Ú¯Â›· ÙÔ˘ ™∂∂§π∆∏™.
ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ¶ÚÈÓ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi Ì ˘ÂÚÈ҉˜ ʈ˜
ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ Î·È ·Ôı‹Î˜.
ªÂϤÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÁÈ· Ù· ·Á¯¤Ì·¯· fiÏ·
ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ
µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋ ∞ÚÁ˘ÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
¢Ú. ÃËÌÈÎfi˜ ªË¯·ÓÈÎfi˜, ∞Ó·ÏËÚÒÙÚÈ· ∫·ıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ·, ∆.∂.π. ∞ı‹Ó·˜, ∆Ì‹Ì· ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘
∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ŒÚÁˆÓ ∆¤¯Ó˘
∑ˆ‹ ™·Î΋
™˘ÓÙËÚ‹ÙÚÈ· ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, π·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ
∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ª·Ú·‚¤ÏÈ·˜
∞Ó·ÏËÚˆÙ‹˜ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ π·ÙÚÔ‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ∆ÔÍÈÎÔÏÔÁ›·˜,
π·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, À‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ
∞ÓÙÒÓ˘ ∫Ô˘ÙÛÂÏ›Ó˘
√ÌfiÙÈÌÔ˜ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ π·ÙÚÔ‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ∆ÔÍÈÎÔÏÔÁ›·˜, π·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ
∆Ô ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ªÔ˘Û›Ô
™Â ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡
«ªÔ˘Û›Ի1 Á›ÓÔÓÙ·Ó ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘
∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ì ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ
ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÛÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi
ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ. ™ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ
ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·Ó Â›Û˘ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ì›·˜ ÌÈÎÙ‹˜
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ (fiÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·fi ̤ٷÏÏÔ,
‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ì ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·fi
ÔÚÁ·ÓÈο ˘ÏÈο), ÔÈ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÙÔ˘
ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜
·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ô˘
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È
ŒÚÁˆÓ ∆¤¯Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ ∆.∂.π. ∞ı‹Ó·˜ Ì ÙÔ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ
π·ÙÚÔ‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ∆ÔÍÈÎÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ π·ÙÚÈ΋˜
™¯ÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô
ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÙÔ 1999.
ª¤Û· ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ
·ÎfiÌ· Ë Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜
ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û‡ÓıÂÙˆÓ2 fiÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘
∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Î·È Û¯Â‰È¿ÛıËΠÌÈ·
Ù˘¯È·Î‹ ‰È·ÙÚÈ‚‹3 ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ıËΠË
·Í›· ÙˆÓ ·Á¯ÂÌ¿¯ˆÓ fiÏˆÓ –ÙˆÓ fiÏˆÓ Ô˘
‰ÚÔ˘Ó Û ÌÈÎÚ‹ ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ·fi ÙÔÓ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙÔ˘˜
fiˆ˜ Û·ıÈ¿, Ì·¯·›ÚÈ·, Î.¿. – ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ù·
ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ Î·È ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Ô˘ ·˘Ù¿
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó.
1. ™Ù·Ì·ÙÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ et al., 2003.
2. Û‡ÓıÂÙ· ·ÔηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È fiÛ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ›ӷÈ
ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ӷ ·fi ‰‡Ô ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ
‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ˘ÏÈο fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ̤ٷÏÏÔ
Î·È Í‡ÏÔ.
3. ™·Î΋, 2003
™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ∞Á¯ÂÌ¿¯ˆÓ ŸψÓ
Î·È Ù· ª·¯·›ÚÈ·
H Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ·Á¯ÂÌ¿¯ˆÓ fiÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘
∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ
Û˘ÓÔÏÈο 185 ÂÎı¤Ì·Ù·. ∞fi ·˘Ù¿ Ù· 9
Â›Ó·È Û·ıÈ¿ Î·È Í›ÊË, Ù· 18 ›ӷÈ
ÍÈÊÔÏfiÁ¯Â˜, Ù· 13 Â›Ó·È ÛÔ˘ÁÈ¿‰Â˜, ÂÓÒ Ù·
145 Â›Ó·È Ì·¯·›ÚÈ· Î·È ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È·. ∆·
·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·˘Ù¿, ÂÎÙfi˜ ÂÏ·¯›ÛÙˆÓ
ÂÍ·ÈÚ¤ÛˆÓ, ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó ÊÔÓÈο fiÏ· Ô˘
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘
‹ 20Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, Î·È Â›Ó·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ӷ
Ì ÂÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ. √ÚÈṲ̂ӷ
·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Û ‰È·‚fiËÙÔ˘˜ ηÎÔÔÈÔ‡˜,
fiˆ˜ Ô °È·ÁÎԇϷ˜ Î.¿. (∂ÈÎ. 1).
∆· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÂÎı¤Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜
ÙˆÓ ·Á¯ÂÌ¿¯ˆÓ fiÏˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ù· Ì·¯·›ÚÈ·,
ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÓÙ›ÚÚËÙ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡
ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜
‰È·ÎfiÛÌËÛ˘. ŸÏ· Ù· Ì·¯·›ÚÈ·, fiˆ˜ ηÈ
οı ›‰Ô˘˜ ·Á¯¤Ì·¯Ô fiÏÔ, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È
·fi ‰‡Ô ·ÚÈ· ̤ÚË:
- ÙË ÏÂ›‰· Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ fiÏÔ˘
Ô˘ Ï‹ÙÙÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ Î·È Î·Ù·Û΢-
¿˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÓÙ· ·fi ÎÚ¿Ì· Ûȉ‹ÚÔ˘ ηÈ
- ÙË Ï·‚‹ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔ
ÔÔ›Ô ÎÚ·Ù¿ ÙÔ fiÏÔ Ô ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ηÈ
ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙ› ·fi Ï‹ıÔ˜
‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ¿ÏψÓ, fiˆ˜ ÎÚ¿Ì·Ù·
Ûȉ‹ÚÔ˘, ¯·ÏÎÔ‡, ÌÔχ‚‰Ô˘ ‹ ·Ï·Î¿
(ÎÚ¿Ì· ·ÚÁ˘ÚÔÓÈΤÏÈÔ˘) Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎÒÓ
˘ÏÈÎÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ͇ÏÔ, ÎfiηÏÔ Î¤Ú·ÙÔ
‹ ÂÏÂÊ·ÓÙfi‰ÔÓÙÔ.
∂ÈÎ. 1: ∆Ô Ì·¯·›ÚÈ ÙÔ˘ °È·ÁÎԇϷ, ÂÚÈ‚fiËÙÔ˘ ÏËÛÙ‹
Ô˘ ¤‰Ú·Û ÛÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÌÈÛfi ÙÔ˘ 20Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. ∆Ô
Ì·¯·›ÚÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÚ›Ù¯ӷ ‰È·ÎÔÛÌË̤ÓÔ Ì ÂÁ¯¿Ú·ÎÙ˜
Ê˘ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘, ÂÓÒ
‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Î·È ÙÂÙÚ¿ÛÙÈ¯Ô ÁÚ·Ì̤ÓÔ ·fi ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔÓ
°È·ÁÎԇϷ.
™ÙȘ ÏÂ›‰Â˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·¯·ÈÚÈÒÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó
Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÁ¯¿Ú·ÎÙ˜ ÂÈÁڷʤ˜
(ÙÔˆÓ‡ÌÈ·, ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ηÈ
ÔÈ‹Ì·Ù·), Ï·ÌÚ¿ ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·
‰È·ÎÔÛÌËÙÈ΋˜ Ù¤¯Ó˘ Ô˘ Û˘Ó¿Ì·
·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÛÂ
ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜. ∆fiÛÔ ÛÙȘ ÏÂ›‰Â˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙȘ
Ï·‚¤˜ ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈΤ˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂȘ
ηχÙÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÂÚ›Ù¯Ó˜ ‰È·ÎÔÛÌËÙÈΤ˜
·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ·ÔηχÙÔÓÙ·˜ fiÏË ÙËÓ
ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Ô›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ï·˚ÎÔ‡ Ù¯ӛÙË (∂ÈÎ.
1 Î·È 2). •Â¯ˆÚÈÛÙfi ·ÈÛıËÙÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È ¿ÏψÛÙ ÛÙȘ Ï·‚¤˜ ·fi ÙÔ
Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ
– ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ
ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ –, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi ÙÔÓ
ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÂÈÊ·Ó›·˜ Ù˘ Ï·‚‹˜ ÌÂ
ÔχÙÈÌÔ˘˜ Ï›ıÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÌ¿ÏÙ·.
23

∂ÈÎ. 2: §·‚‹ Û˘ÓÙËÚË̤ÓÔ˘ η˘Î·ÛÈ·ÓÔ‡ Ì·¯·ÈÚÈÔ‡ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË Î·Ù·Û΢·Ṳ̂ÓË ·fi ·Ï·Î¿ Î·È ‰È·ÎÔÛÌË̤ÓË
Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÏ˘ÊË Ù¯ÓÈ΋. ∏ ‰È·ÎfiÛÌËÛË ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ê˘ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·fi ¿ÓıË, ÎÏ·‰È¿, ʇÏÏ·, ηıÒ˜ ηÈ
ÙËÓ ÚÔÙÔÌ‹ ·ÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜, Èı·Ófiٷٷ ÔÏÂÌÈÛÙ‹.
πÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ŒÚ¢ӷ
∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ ‚‹Ì· ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ
·Á¯ÂÌ¿¯ˆÓ fiÏˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹
ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ì ÛÎÔfi:
∞. ÙËÓ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ηÈ
Ù˘ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ηÈ
ηْ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ·Í›·˜
Ô˘ Ù˘ ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ
µ. ÙËÓ Û ‚¿ıÔ˜ ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈ-
ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÚfiÎÂÈÙÔ Ó· Û˘ÓÙËÚ-
ËıÔ‡Ó, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘
Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹
Î·È Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ì ·ÛÊ·Ï‹
ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÙÚfiÔ
°. ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘ÙÈÌfiÙÂÚˆÓ ·ÓÙÈ-
ΛÌÂÓˆÓ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰Ôı›
ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜
∏ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜
ÁÈ· Ù· ·Á¯¤Ì·¯· fiÏ· Ô˘ ˘‹Ú¯·Ó ÛÙËÓ
∂ÏÏ¿‰· ηٿ ÙÔÓ 19Ô Î·È 20Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, ηıÒ˜
Ù· ÂÎı¤Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È
ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ·˘Ù‹. ∆Ô ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ù˘
¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒıËΠÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ‹˜ ÙÔÌ›˜:
- ÛÙ· ΤÓÙ· ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÔÙ-
¯ӛ·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Á‡Úˆ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘
(¯ÒÚ˜ µ·ÏηӛˆÓ, ∂˘ÚÒ˘, ª. ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜)
- ÛÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ Î·È Î·ÙÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÊ·ÓÂÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ
ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ
- ÛÙË ‰È·ÎfiÛÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Á¯ÂÌ¿¯ˆÓ fiψÓ
1. ∞‰·Ì¿ÓÙÈÔ˜, 1976, ÛÂÏ.9-19.
2. ∞‰·Ì¿ÓÙÈÔ˜, 1976, ÛÂÏ.9-19.
3. ∞‰·Ì¿ÓÙÈÔ˜, 1976, ÛÂÏ.9-19.
24
- ÛÙȘ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ ÙȘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ Ô˘
Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó Ì ٷ ·Á¯¤Ì·¯· fiÏ·.
ø˜ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ
Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒıËÎ·Ó ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Ù·
ÛÎÔÂÏ›ÙÈη Ì·¯·›ÚÈ· Ô˘ ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙȘ
™ÔÚ¿‰Â˜, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ fï˜ ›¯Â ÂÍ·ψı›
Û fiÏË ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÙÔÓ 19Ô Î·È 20Ô ·ÈÒÓ·4.
÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÛÎÔÂÏ›ÙÈÎˆÓ Ì·¯·ÈÚÈÒÓ
‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ·ÓıÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÂ›‰Â˜,
ȉÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ÔÊÂÈÏfiÙ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ÌÈÎÚ‹
ÔÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ¯ÚˆÌ›Ô˘ ÛÙÔ ÎÚ¿Ì· Ûȉ‹ÚÔ˘5. √È
Ï·‚¤˜ ‹Ù·Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ·fi
ÎÚ¿Ì·Ù· ̤ٷÏÏˆÓ Ù· ÔÔ›· ηχÙÔÓÙ·Ó Î·È
·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ‰È·ÎÔÛÌÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó Ì ΤڷÙÔ, ÎfiηÏÔ ‹
ÂÏÂÊ·ÓÙfi‰ÔÓÙÔ6. √È ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈΤ˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂȘ, fiÙ·Ó
‰ÂÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÔÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÔÚÁ·ÓÈο ˘ÏÈο,
‰È·ÎÔÛÌÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó Ì Ô›ÎÈϘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ (.¯.
ÂÁ¯¿Ú·ÎÙË7, ·Ó¿ÁÏ˘ÊË8 Î.¿.) Î·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜
·ÂÈÎfiÓÈ˙·Ó Ê˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‹ ˙ˆÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ9. ∆·
ÛÎÔÂÏ›ÙÈη Ì·¯·›ÚÈ· ‰ÂÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ˆ˜
«fiÏ· Â›ıÂÛ˘», ·Ú¿ ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÁÈ· ÔÈÎȷ΋
‹ ‰È·ÎÔÛÌËÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË10.
∆Ô ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ 4
ÛÎÔÂÏ›ÙÈη Ì·¯·›ÚÈ· Ô˘ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÂ
·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ηϋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙȘ
ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛıËηÓ
Û ·˘Ù¿ (∂ÈÎ. 3).
4. ∑ÒÚ·, 1994, ÛÂÏ.27; Untracht, 1986,pp.141,565.
5. ÷Ù˙ËÌȯ¿ÏË, 1930, ÛÂÏ.13; ∑ÒÚ·, 1994, ÛÂÏ.27;
Untracht, 1986,pp.245.
6. µ·ÛÈÏ¿ÙÔ˜, 1989, ÛÂÏ.120-121.
7. ∞‰·Ì¿ÓÙÈÔ˜, 1976, ÛÂÏ.9-19.
8. ™Ù·Ì·ÙÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ et al., 2003.
∆·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË
ŸÙ·Ó Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ
ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒıËÎÂ, ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÛÙÚ¿ÊËΠÛÙË
‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ηÙËÁÔÚÈÒÓ ·Á¯ÂÌ¿¯ˆÓ fiψÓ,
Ô˘ ı· Â›Ó·È Ì ۷ʋÓÂÈ· ‰È·¯ˆÚÈṲ̂Ó˜,
‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ
¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·
ηٷÛ΢‹˜, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·fi ÙÔ
ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·, Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È
¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜.
∏ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ÛÂ
‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜, fiˆ˜
Â›Ó·È Ù· ÛÎÔÂÏ›ÙÈη Ì·¯·›ÚÈ·, fï˜ ‰ÂÓ
ÂÚÈÔÚ›ÛÙËΠÌfiÓÔ ÛÙȘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜
·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÁÈ· ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÂÎı¤Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¤˜
‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‹ Î·È ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙ˜.
∆ÂÏÈο, Ù· 185 ·Á¯¤Ì·¯· fiÏ· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜
Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ıËÎ·Ó Û 22 ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÌÂ
ÙË ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÏÂ›‰·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ï·‚‹˜. ø˜
·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ
ηÙËÁÔڛ˜:
- Ù· ÛÎÔÂÏ›ÙÈη Ì·¯·›ÚÈ·, Ô˘ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ
ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È 4. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ›ӷÈ
·) Ë Â˘ı›·, ÌÔÓ‹˜ Îfi„˘ ÏÂ›‰· ηÈ
‚) Ë Î˘ÏÈÓ‰ÚÈ΋, ËÌÈ-ηÌ‡ÏË Ï·‚‹ (∂ÈÎ. 3).
- Ù· η˘Î·ÛÈ·Ó¿ Ì·¯·›ÚÈ·, Ô˘ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ
ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È 29. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ›ӷÈ
·) Ë Â˘ı›·, ‰ÈÏ‹˜ Îfi„˘ ÏÂ›‰· ηÈ
‚) Ë Ï·‚‹ Ô˘ ÛÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘
Â›Ó·È Â˘ı›· Î·È ¤ÂÈÙ· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ËÌÈ΢ÎÏÈ΋
(∂ÈÎ. 2).
∆Ô ¶Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ Î·È Ë
∞ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘
∆fiÛÔ Ë ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ fiÛÔ Î·È Ë Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË
ÙˆÓ ·Á¯ÂÌ¿¯ˆÓ fiÏˆÓ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË
ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜. ∞fi ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘, Ë ÁÓÒÛË
ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ –ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓË
ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·Á¯ÂÌ¿¯ˆÓ fiψӖ
ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË
ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È. ∆Ô
Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË
ÚԤ΢„Â, ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û ÛÙȘ ÏÂ›‰Â˜ ÙˆÓ
Ì·¯·ÈÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÍÈÊÔÏÔÁ¯ÒÓ. ∆·
ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·Á¯¤Ì·¯· fiÏ· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ‰ÂÓ
›¯·Ó ÔÙ¤ Û˘ÓÙËÚËı› Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÔÈ ÏÂ›‰Â˜
ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ‰È·‚ڈ̤Ó˜ Î·È Ù·
ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· Ù˘ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘ Ó· ηχÙÔ˘Ó

ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈο ÙȘ ÂÈÁڷʤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ
‰È·ÎÔÛÌËÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜. ŸÏ· Ù·
·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ÛÂ
͇ÏÈÓ˜ ÚÔı‹Î˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ, fiÔ˘
Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈο Î·È Û‡ÓıÂÙ·
·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ì Ï‹ıÔ˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi
ÔÚÁ·ÓÈο ˘ÏÈο. √È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜
ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘
ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Â›Ó·È ÌË ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ Î·È Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È
¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÙÔ˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡
ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜11. ∏ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ Ô˘
ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛıËΠÛÙ· ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈο ̤ÚË 106
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó ÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ
ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜:
- Ì˯·ÓÈÎfi ηı·ÚÈÛÌfi ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Û˘Ó‹-
ıˆ˜ Ì Ͽ‰È Hoppe’s ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘Ó-
ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ
ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈ΋ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·.
- ·ÔÏ›·ÓÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜, ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Ï‹ÚË
ηı·ÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹
ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„˘.
- ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„Ë Ù˘ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ ÚÒÙ· Ì 5%
(w/v) Paraloid B-72 Û ·ÎÂÙfiÓË ‹ ÙÔÏÔ˘fiÏË
Î·È ¤ÂÈÙ· Ì ÌÈÎÚÔÎÚ˘ÛÙ·ÏÏÈÎfi ÎÂÚ›
Renaissance.
¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·Ó
Û ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ, Ù· ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ÚË
ÂÈηχÊıËÎ·Ó ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ ÌË ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓˆÓ
ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ
ªÔ˘Û›Ô. ∂Í·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ
Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ¿ÏψÛÙÂ, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ
ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ Í‡ÏÈÓˆÓ ÚÔıËÎÒÓ ÌÂ
ηٿÏÏËÏ· ÌÔÓˆÙÈο ˘ÏÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÂÎÔÌ‹˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎÒÓ Ú‡ˆÓ
Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‚Ï·‚ÂÚÔ› ÁÈ· Ù· ̤ٷÏÏ·12.
™Â ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ÂÚ›Ô˘ 2 ÌËÓÒÓ, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ
ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘,
·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó Î·Ê¤-ÔÚÙÔηϛ ÛÙ›ÁÌ·Ù·
ÛÎÔ˘ÚÈ¿˜ (pinpoint rusting) ÛÙȘ ÏÂ›‰Â˜ ÙˆÓ
ÌÈÛÒÓ ÂÚ›Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ (∂ÈÎ. 4). ∆·
ÛÙ›ÁÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Û ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ
ÂÍ·ÏÒÓÔÓÙ·Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘
ÏÂ›‰·˜.
°È· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÙËÎÂ
ÌÈ· ÌÂϤÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›·
ηٷÁÚ¿ÊËÎ·Ó Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ·›ÙÈ·, ÂÚ¢ӋıËΠÔ
ÙÚfiÔ˜ Â›‰Ú·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·, ηıÒ˜
Î·È Ë ÔÚıfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎÒÓ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ
‰È·Ê¿ÓËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÏfiÁÔÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘
ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∞Ú¯Èο, ÂÚ¢ӋıËÎÂ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ·
ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ù·Ó ·fi ÙÔÓ
ÂοÛÙÔÙÂ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙ‹, fï˜ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ Î¿ÙÈ
Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó¤‚·ÈÓÂ. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ۯ‰ȿÛıËÎÂ
ÙÔ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔ ›ڷ̷: Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÂÎ Ó¤Ô˘ 36
‰È·‚ڈ̤ӷ Ì ÛÙ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÎÔ˘ÚÈ¿˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·.
∆· 12 ÂÈηχÊıËÎ·Ó Ì Paraloid B-72 Î·È ÎÂÚ›
Renaissance, Ù· ¿ÏÏ· 12 ÂÈηχÊıËÎ·Ó Ì Ͽ‰È
Hoppe’s, Î·È Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· 12 ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ·Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜
ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„Ë. ŒÂÈÙ·, Ù· 6 ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· οıÂ
ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó Û ͇ÏÈÓ˜ ÚÔı‹Î˜ ηÈ
Ù· ¿ÏÏ· 6 ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó Û Ï·ÛÙÈο ÎÔ˘ÙÈ¿
ηı·ÚÔ‡ ÔÏ˘·Èı˘ÏÂÓ›Ô˘ (Tupperware) ÌÂ
Â·Ú΋ ÔÛfiÙËÙ· silica gel. ªÂÙ¿ ·fi 6 Ì‹Ó˜ Ù·
·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ÛÙȘ ͇ÏÈÓ˜
ÚÔı‹Î˜ Î·È ‹Ù·Ó ÂÈÎ·Ï˘Ì̤ӷ, ›Ù ÌÂ
Paraloid B-72 Î·È ÎÂÚ› Renaissance, ›Ù Ì Ͽ‰È
Hoppe’s, ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈ˙·Ó ÛÙ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÎÔ˘ÚÈ¿˜ Û Ôχ
ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο Ì ٷ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘
‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ηÌÈ¿ ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„Ë. ™ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi
‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Â›Û˘, Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ›¯·Ó
·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÎÔ˘ÙÈÒÓ
ÔÏ˘·Èı˘ÏÂÓ›Ô˘ Î·È Â›¯·Ó ÂÈÎ·Ï˘Êı› Ì ٷ
ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı¤ÓÙ· ˘ÏÈο ‰È·‚ÚÒıËÎ·Ó Û ÌÈÎÚfi
‚·ıÌfi, ÂÓÒ Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó
ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„Ë ‰ÂÓ ‰È·‚ÚÒıËÎ·Ó Î·ıfiÏÔ˘.
∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù·
ÂÈÎ·Ï˘Ì̤ӷ ·Á¯¤Ì·¯· fiÏ· ·ÓÙȉÚÔ‡Ó
¢ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ· Ì ٷ ÌfiÚÈ· Ù˘ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘
Ô͢ÁfiÓÔ˘, ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi
Ù˘ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘, Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙ·
ÌË-ÂÈÎ·Ï˘Ì̤ӷ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·. ∏ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ
ÛÙÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÎÔ˘ÚÈ¿˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Èı·Ófiٷٷ
ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ‹˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜:
- ™ÙËÓ Ê‡ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„˘ Ô˘
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËηÓ, ηıÒ˜ Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·
ÚfiÛÊ˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈ΋ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·
ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚ‹.
- ™Â ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÔÌÔÈfiÌÔÚÊÔ˘ ÛÙÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜
ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„˘ ÏfiÁˆ ·) ·ÙÂÏÂÈÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·Ú-
ÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„˘ Î·È ‚) ÛÙËÓ
·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÚˆÁÌÒÓ, ÂÛÔ¯ÒÓ ‹ ÚÔÂÍÔ¯ÒÓ
ÛÙËÓ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈ΋ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·.
- ™Â ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„˘ ÛÂ
ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈ΋ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·ı·ÚÈ-
Ûı› Ï‹Úˆ˜.
- ™ÙËÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ôχ ÏÂÙÔ‡ ÛÙÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜,
ÏfiÁˆ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ˘ Î·È ‚È·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜
ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„˘.
¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Û·Ê¤ÛÙÂÚÔ
ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÈÙÈÒÓ Î·È Î·Ù’ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙËÓ
‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ηÈ
‰È·Ê‡Ï·Í˘ ÙˆÓ ·Á¯ÂÌ¿¯ˆÓ fiψÓ, ÛÙȘ
·ÚÔ‡Û˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È
ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ΤÓÙÚ·
ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·.
∂›ÏÔÁÔ˜
∆· ˘ÏÈο ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„˘ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙ·
·Á¯¤Ì·¯· fiÏ· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È
¢ڤˆ˜ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÒÓ
·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, Û ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó
Ï·ÌÚ¿ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi ¿ÏψÛÙÂ
ÂÈϤ¯ıËÎ·Ó Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛıËÎ·Ó ÛÙ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·
ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ. Ÿˆ˜ fï˜
‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËÎÂ, Ù· ˘ÏÈο ·˘Ù¿ ‰ÂÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó
ηıfiÏÔ˘ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο Û ÌÈ· Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹, fiˆ˜ Ë
·ÚÔ‡Û·, ˘fi ÙȘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜
‰È·Ê‡Ï·Í˘.
¶ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘, fiˆ˜ Ë
ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„˘, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂϤÁ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ
ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÙÂÎÌËÚȈ̤Ó˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó·
‰È·ÈÛÙˆı› Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘˜, ÛÙ·
Ï·›ÛÈ· ÌÈ·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘. ∞fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË
Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÁÈ· Ù·
·Á¯¤Ì·¯· fiÏ· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ
Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ
Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ‰È·Ê‡Ï·Í˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ
ÌËÓ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„˘.
¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο, Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â͇ÚÂÛË
·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„˘, ÛÙȘ
·ÚÔ‡Û˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·
Û˘Ó¯ÈÛı›.
µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞
1. MUNGER C. G., (1997), Corrosion Prevention by Protective
Coatings, National Association of Corrosion Engineers,
United States of America
2. UNTRACHT O., (1986), ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ªÂÙ¿ÏψÓ
ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ∆¯ӛÙ˜, ŒÎ‰. ∂√ªª∂Ã, ∞ı‹Ó·
3. ∞¢∞ª∞¡∆π√™ ™., (1976), ∏ §·˚΋ ∆¤¯ÓË Ù˘ ™ÎÔ¤ÏÔ˘
Î·È ∞ÏÔÓÓ‹ÛÔ˘, ∞ı‹Ó·
4. ∞¢∞ª∞¡∆π√™ ™., (1995), ™ÎÔ¤ÏÔ˘ §·˚Îfi˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜,
§·ÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ™ÎÔ¤ÏÔ˘, ™ÎfiÂÏÔ˜, ÛÂÏ. 86
5. µ∞™π§∞∆√™ ¡., (1989), ŸÏ· 1790-1860, ªÓËÌ›·
∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ∆¤¯Ó˘, ŒÎ‰. ∂√ªª∂Ã, ∞ı‹Ó·
6. ∑øƒ∞ ¶., (1994), ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ §·˚΋ ∆¤¯ÓË, ∂ΉÔÙÈ΋ ∞ıËÓÒÓ,
∞ı‹Ó·
7. ¶∞¶∞¢∞∫√™ ¡., Ãπ™∆√¢√À§√À ¶., (2001), ªÂϤÙË
™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÛÙË ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ∞Á¯¤Ì·¯ˆÓ Î·È ¶˘ÚÔ‚fiψÓ
ŸÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ∞ıËÓÒÓ,
¶Ù˘¯È·Î‹ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·, ∆.∂.π. ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ∆Ì. ™.∞.∂.∆., ∞ı‹Ó·
8. ™∞∫∫∏ ∑., (2003), ªÂϤÙË ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÁÈ· Ù· ∞Á¯¤Ì·¯·
ŸÏ· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, ¶Ù˘¯È·Î‹ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·,
∆.∂.π. ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ∆Ì‹Ì· ™.∞.∂.∆., ∞ı‹Ó·
9. ™∆∞ª∞∆√¶√À§√À ∂., ∞ƒ°Àƒ√¶√À§√À µ.,
¶∞¡∞°π∞ƒ∏™ °., ¶∞¶∞¢∞∫√™ ¡., Ãπ™∆√¢√À§√À
¶., ∫√À∆™∂§π¡∏™ ∞., (2003)
√ ∂·Ó·Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ù˘
π·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ: ∞ÔÙ›ÌËÛË
∂ÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ∞Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ∫·Ù¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ηÈ
¤ÎıÂÛ˘ Ù˘ ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜, ∆Ô ªÔ˘Û›Ô, Ù‡¯Ô˜ 3Ô, ÛÂÏ.20-22
10. Ã∞∆∑∏ªπÃ∞§∏ ∞., (1930), ∏ÂÈÚˆÙÈ΋ §·˚΋ ∆¤¯ÓË, ∂Ó
πˆ¿ÓÓÈÓ·˜
25
 ∫fiÎÎÈÓÔ˜ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜, ∞ÏÂÍ¿ÎË ∂˘ÁÂÓ›·
¶·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ
(ÂÈÌ.),
¢ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ
ÛÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÂȷ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹,
∂ΉfiÛÂȘ: ªÂÙ·›¯ÌÈÔ
(2002) ISBN 960-375-310-6
∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ
Ô˘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ó ı¤Ì·Ù· ¿ÌÂÛ· Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ӷ
Ì ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋.
£›ÁÔÓÙ·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ
ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙÔ
ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ˆ˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÔʇϷη˜ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜, Ô
ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜, Ë ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋
ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È
ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÛÙ· ÌÔ˘Û›·. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·,
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ú·ÎÙÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó
ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ
ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Î·È ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›·
‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÂÔÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ, ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·
Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡
ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. ∆· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·
·˘Ù¿ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë Î·È ˘fi
ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜
ıˆڛ·˜ Ô˘ ‚ϤÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ˆ˜ ıÂÛÌfi ÌÂ
ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, ÈηÓfi Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ
ÛÙË ‰È· ‚›Ô˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË
ÌÈ·˜ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋˜.
26
Hooper-Greenhill Eilean (ed),
Museum, Media, Message, Routledge
(1995) ISBN 0-415-19828-3
√ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜
Ì ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜. ∆Ô
Museum, Media, Message ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌÈ·
ÛÂÈÚ¿ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË
ıÂÒÚËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ
ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ·fi Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· Î·È ÙȘ
·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ›. ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô ¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÙÚ›· ̤ÚË.
™ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ
ÔÔ›Ô Ù· ÌÔ˘Û›· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·È
ÌÂÙ·‰›‰Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÍÈÒÓ
Î·È È‰ÂÒÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘
¤ÎıÂÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. ™ÙÔ
‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ı›ÁÔÓÙ·È ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈο ηÈ
‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙË Û¯¤ÛË
ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ì ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ÙÔ˘, ÂÓÒ ÛÙÔ
ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ̤ÚÔ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È
·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӈÓ
ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÌÔ˘Û›·,
΢ڛˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∏ӈ̤ÓÔ˘ µ·ÛÈÏ›Ԣ.
ªÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏÔÁÈο ¡¤·
IÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Î·È ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜

ªÔ˘Û›· ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ

∆Ô ªÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Îfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· °. ª·ÌÈÓÈÒÙ˘ ∫. ¢ÂÚÌÈÙ˙¿Î˘
«ªÔ˘ÛÂȷΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜» ÙÔ˘ ∂. °È·ÙÚ¿ ∫. ∂˘ÛÙ·ı›Ô˘
¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ Û ۇÌÚ·ÍË Ì ∆ËÏ: 210 36 89 502 ÃÚ. ™˘Ìˆӛ‰Ë˜
Ù· ∆∂π ∞ı‹Ó·˜, ı· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· 210 36 89 506, TËÏ: 210 36 10 136
6974 19 1105 210 76 67 827
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27
 The modern Aesthetic - visual
perception in art and Chromatic
restoration of the works of art
Leonidas Karabinis
Painter - Conservator of works of Art
The modern aesthetic perception presents new
facts concerning art and chromatic restoration of
the works of arts.
This specific intervention on the works of art,
called chromatic restoration, depends on two
determinative factors. The know-how and
knowledge in general and the aesthetic
perception, integrally related to space and time
concepts.
Thus, it depends on the civilization of a society
in a given space –time period in relation with
the civilization of another society in an identical
or different space –time period.
At all events, the obvious reason is the
restoration of the broken painting tissue of a
whole (of the work of art) so that the viewer
will be able to see it as an entity, without having
the plethora of the historical elements which
this work of art presents, obliterated, and
without having produced a forged work of art.
On the contrary, the existence of voids in the
tissue of a work of art is disastrous for the visual
perception of the viewer of a museum and
doesn’t agree with the role of the exhibition
space, let alone the role of the work of art itself.
Nevertheless, the subjective intervention
without the knowledge of the aesthetic and
visual perception of the era during which an
intervention takes place, is likely to render it
inopportune and vastly dangerous for the
comprehending the messages and values of the
work of art.
But how do the aesthetic and visual perception
interact? For instance, is the modern visual -
aesthetic perception different from that of the
previous century and by which factors has it
been influenced?
Modern art influences the chromatic restoration
of the works of arts of previous and even distant
centuries.
28
Conservation treatment of icons.
Conditions of their exhibition at a
museum.
Eleni Kavalieratou.
Conservator of works of Art
The condition of an artifact depends on two
main factors – the materials it is composed of,
which may vary enormously, and the conditions
it has been subjected to through its life. The
materials may be broadly divided into two
groups according to whether they are organic or
inorganic in origin. The organic materials are
generally considered to be the ones more
susceptible to deterioration. Every icon presents
a different case of restoration.
As for the icon, bibliographic research as well as
the inspection by photographic methods, are of
great importance. Of equal importance is also
the physicochemical analysis, which is aimed at
identifying the constructing materials and their
condition. Having carried out the research, a
restorer can chose the most suitable materials
to use for the conservation.
Paintings on wood are particularly in need of
steady environmental control because all
wooden panels will naturally expand and
contract.
The primary requirements are: clean
atmosphere, low lighting levels and stable
temperature and humidity levels.
The recommended levels for temperature and
relative humidity are 20 ÔC, with fluctuation
± 2-3 ÔC and 50-55% RH with daily fluctuation
not more than ± 2% RH. A range of 5% is
possible in exceptional cases.
A value of 150 LUX at the icon surface is more
suitable than a value of 200 LUX, which is the
present museum standard and is equivalent to
normal diffused daylight in a domestic setting.
As a conclusion, after analytical research and
suitable restoration of an icon, controlled and
stable environmental conditions in the museum
are important in order to keep the material
construction and to achieve maintenance
through the years.
The business sponsorship and
cultural organizations in Greece.
Peter Zounis
EconomistDoctor of Panteion University in
Business Sponsorship
Business Sponsorship is an important factor in
the development of cultural organizations in
Europe and in Greece as well. We must
mention the fact that the museums are an
executive part of these organizations and the
primary preference of arts sponsors. In Greece,
cultural sponsorship is a new institution and
only during the last decade have Greek
businesses understood the strategic role of
sponsorship in the marketing communication
mix. It is a fact that most of the cultural
organizations in Greece are not prepared to
support their fundraising plans and deal with
the sponsors. The main benefits of sponsorship
for cultural organizations are the following: a) to
fund their projects (exhibitions, programs, etc),
b) to increase their awareness and improve
their image, and c) to strengthen their relations
with the local, cultural, political and business
communities. In order to achieve these results,
they need a sponsorship proposal, an integrated
research of the sponsorship market and a
specific timetable.
Museums and Conservation
Integrity, selection criteria and limits
of intervention
Stavroula Kapelouzou
Art historian - Conservator of antiquities
The concept of integrity of objects under
conservation is composed of at least twelve
interrelated parameters, namely the material,
structural, aesthetic, conceptual, artistic,
historic, integrity of the parts of a whole,
archival, scientific, cultural, religious and the
social. In practice this interrelation mostly takes
the form of conflicts, which obstruct the work
of the conservator and set him before dilemmas
of choices regarding the preferred dimension.
This paper stresses the holistic character of
integrity, identifies conflicts among its
parameters through examples from applications
and proposes a framework of objective criteria
for the resolution of those conflicts. The
objectivity of these criteria rests in their origin,
i.e. they are preferred either because they have
been officially recognized by the international
community, or because they are embedded in
the collective conscience of an entire nation, or,
finally, because they are merely the product of
science. The inclusion of the proposed
framework among the postulates and general
principles of the science of conservation will
provide useful guidelines for decision making as
to the identification, in each case, of the most
salient components of integrity that will in turn
dictate the nature and limits of the conservation
treatment.
The Museum of Mineralogy and
Petrology, Athens Univercity
A. Karerinopoulos
Associate Professor at the Department of
Geology in the University of Athens,
Director of the Museum of Mineralogy and
Petrology of the University of Athens
The original collections of the Museum were
created at the Natural History Society,
established in Athens in 1835. The University
has acquired the collections since its foundation
in 1837.
The Museum today has at least 10,000 mineral
samples and 15,000 samples of rocks and ores,
of which about 3500 mineral and 400 rock
samples are exhibited. It is not only the oldest
collection of minerals and rocks in Greece, but
also one of international repute.
The importance of the collection does not
reside solely in the presentation of particularly
beautiful samples, but in the abundance and
quality of the minerals from "classical" sites
which have today been exhausted and are
known only from literature.
The Museum occupies a total area of about
1100 m2. The collections include among others:
aesthetic minerals, gemstones, meteorites,
radioactive minerals, industrial minerals, a
darkened room to display the luminescence of
minerals and a special section on the Santorini
volcano.
Study of Conservation of the blade
weapons of the Criminal Museum of
the Univercity of Athens
Argiropoulou V. Chemical Engineer, Associate
Professor at the Department of Conservation and
Antiquities and Works of Arts of the
Technological and Educational Institute of Athens
Sakki Z. Conservator of Works of Art of the
Criminal Museum at the School of Medicine of
the University of Athens
Maravelias K. Assistant Professor at the
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
at the University of Athens, Person in charge of
the Criminal Museum of the University of Athens
Koutselinis A. Honorary Professor at the
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
at the University of Athens
The Criminal Museum holds a great collection
of decorated blade weapons connected with
the crimes that took place in Greece during the
19th and 20th century. The Museum functions
under the management of the School of
Medicine, of the University of Athens, which
has been collaborating with the Department of
Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art of
the Technical and Educational Institute in
Athens since 1999 in order to improve the
collection’s preservation and establish its high
value. This article presents the historical survey
concerning the blade weapons used in Greece
in the 19th and 20th century as well as the
classification that has been made, based on
morphological and technological characteristics
of the artifacts. Furthermore, conservation
survey is carried out in order to determine the
causes of rusting that appears on blades in a big
amount of conserved and coated blade
weapons.
29
 It gives us great pleasure to announce in this issue the launch of a series of
lectures, organized by the postgraduate studies course of Museum Studies held
by scientists of different professional specialization and other associates
directly involved in museum domain in Greece as well as abroad. In this way
there will be initiated a fruitful dialog, that will allow the broadness of
knowledge and experiences of museum employees, so that both – postgraduate
students and the wider public, would be able to form a personal opinion, not
only concerning the new role of the museums within the society, but also
about the implementation of museology within the museum domain. During
the first semester of 2004, the General Director of the Ministry of Culture,
Mss. M. Michailidou, launched the cycle of lectures of the postgraduate studies
editorial

by giving the first lecture under the title: Museum: Progress and Prospects of
the 21st Century.
In the 4th issue of “the Museum”, the presented articles deal with the subjects
related to various activities, specifically important, those of development and
maintenance of the museum organizations, as well as of sound preservation of
the museum collections. The article «Business Sponsorship and Cultural
Organizations in Greece» examines the nature of business sponsorship
institution and, in particular, focuses on the evolution of the institution, in the
last two decades, in Greece, in relation to cultural organizations. The article
«Study of conservation of the blade weapons of the Criminal Museum of the
University of Athens» concerns the presentation of the methods and problems
of conservation treatment that occurred during the repair of the damaged part
of the guns collection held by the University Museum of Criminology of
Athens’ University. In addition, L. Karabinis’ article deals with the field of
works of art conservation while it thoroughly examines the impact of culture and
society on the formation of aesthetical and optical views, concerning the restoration
treatment of color damage to works of art, caused by their exposure to light. In her
article, E. Kavalieratou explores the significance of the movable icons’ preservation and
monitors, in detail, the stages of work necessary for their research and conservation
treatment, aiming at the creation of stable environment in the museum field.
Furthermore, the article entitled «Museums and Conservation. Integrity, selection
criteria and limits of intervention» points out the holistic character of integrity and
proposes a framework of intervention criteria concerning objects. In this issue, the
Museum of Petrology and mineralogy is also presented by the Professor A.
Katerinopoulos. At last, the article «Museum: Progress and Prospects of the 21st
Century» presents in eligible manner, the problems, the dilemmas and the possibilities
of the cultural organizations enactment with the aim of their future viability.

30
SEMESTRAL EDITION
OF THE MUSEUMS BOARD
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS

ñ 4th πSSUE
December 2003
ISSN: 1109-7434

EDITORIAL BOARD

ñ Publisher Director:
Professor, Vice Rector of
Economic Affairs and Development
Dr. Michael D. Dermitzakis

ñ Editorial commitee:
ª. J. Papagrigorakis
K. M. Dermitzaki
T. V. Doxanaki

ñ Editing:
M. Zora
H. Papagevrgiou

ñ Phototype & setting:

kapa-sto-tetragono

ñ Printing:
V. & E. Babais

ñ Reviewers:
G. Panagiaris
M. Mouliou

In this issue co-operated:

V. Argiropoulou
P. ∑ounis
∂. ∫avalieratou
S. ∫apelouzou
L. ∫arabinis
A. ∫aterinopoulos
A. Koutselinis
K. Maravelias
ª. ªichailidou
Z. Sakki

∞ddress:
Faculty of Mathematics
Univ. of Athens, School of Sciences
Pane/poli, 157 84, Ilissia
Tel. 210. 727 6465, 210.7276434

Tel:
+30 210 74 61 229, +30 210 72 76 465
E-mail:
manjpap@dent.uoa.gr
adoxana@arch.uoa.gr
aikdermi@arch.uoa.gr

Front cover:
The photos at the cover of the journal
come from Mineralogy and Museun
Petrology of the Univercity of Athens.
 The modern Aesthetic - visual perception in art and
Chromatic restoration of the works of art

Conservation treatment of icons. Conditions of their

exhibition at a museum

The business sponsorship and

the cultural organizations in Greece

Museums and Conservation

Integrity, selection criteria and limits of intervention

The museum of mineralogy and Petrology - Athens University

Study of conservation of the blade weapons of the criminal

museum of the Univercity of Athens