Ionisation Energy

The amount of energy required to remove one electron from each atom
in one mole of gaseous atoms
the enthalpy change in kJ mol-1 for
M(g) → M+(g) + e–

the trend in first ionisation energy as a Group is descended.

first ionisation energy decreases down a Group despite increase in nuclear charge. The outermost electron
experiences less attraction from the nucleus as the group is descended since down the group, atomic
radius increases and outer electrons are further away from the nucleus.Electrons are added to new shells
,outermost electron is further from nucleus and has greater shielding.
outermost electron experiences less attraction from the nucleus so the reactivity of the elements increase
down the group

the general trend in first ionisation energies across a period.

The first ionization energy increases across a period due to increasing attraction of nucleus for
electrons.As the proton no increases the nuclear charge increases.The electrons are added to the same
shell,and the outer electrons experience the same shielding. Across a period the electrons are closer to the
nucleus as the atomic radius decreases

the first ionisation energy of magnesium is greater than that of aluminium.(Be and B has the same
reason but change the names of orbitals)

The outer electron in Al is in 3p orbital which is further away from the nucleus,at a higher energy level
and more shielded from the nucleus than the outer electron in Mg which is in 3s orbital

first ionisation energy of phosphorus is greater than that of sulfur.(Nand O has the same reason but
change the names of orbitals)

P has a fully half filled 3psubshell. In S,one 3p orbital has paired electron. Because of this electron pair
repulsion, IE of S is less than that of P
increase in the successive ionisation energies
The no of electrons decrease compared with protons with each successive ionization. Cation
charge increases and the attraction of the nucleus over the rest of the electrons increases
Successive ionization energy data helps to deduce in which Group of the Periodic Table an
element is placed.
For eg for all elements of group 2,there is a large increase between the 2nd and 3rd ionisation
energies. Because the 3rd electron for each element is in the inner, ,lower energy level which is
closer to nucleus than the first two..The third electron experience less shielding so there is a large
increase in nuclear attraction

Variation in atomic radius across a period

Atomic radius decreases across a period. nuclear charge increases from left to right,the
electrons are added to the same shell and they have the same shielding
nuclear attraction increases

differences in size between the cations and the corresponding atoms.

cations contain fewer electrons than the corresponding atoms
nucleus has a greater attraction over the electrons compared to that in the corresponding atom

differences in size between the anions and the corresponding atoms.

anions contain more electrons than the corresponding atoms or
anions contain more electrons than they do protons
nucleus has a smaller attraction over the electrons compared to corresponding atom

The
general increase in melting point from Na to Al.
due to increasing number of delocalized electrons and cation charge , charge density ncreases and ionic
radius decreases
metallic bonding strength ie the attraction between the nucleus and delocalized electron increases
from Na–Al ,more energy is needed to break the metallic
bonds
the variation of melting points from P to Ar.
van der Waals’ forces are present between the molecules
relative magnitude of forces are in the order S > P > Cl > Ar because sulfur has the greatest number of
electrons as no. of electrons in the molecules van der waals force decreases.

why Si has a much higher melting point than any of the other elements in the
period.

Si has a giant covalent structure .Covalent bonds are to be broken when they are melted

sketches for elements of the third period (sodium to argon) to show how each property
changes along the period.