Edge wave and boundary vorticity layer of vortex matter

A. Bogatskiy and P. Wiegmann∗

Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Chicago, 5620 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
(Dated: December 4, 2018)
We show that a vortex matter, that is a dense assembly of vortices in an incompressible two-dimensional flow,
such as a fast rotating superfluid or turbulent flows with sign-like eddies, exhibits (i) a boundary layer of vorticity
(vorticity layer), and (ii) a nonlinear wave localized within the vorticity layer, the edge wave. Both are solely an
effect of the topological nature of vortices. They disappear in the approximation that treats the vortex matter as
a continuous vorticity. The edge wave is governed by the integrable Benjamin-Davis-Ono equation exhibiting
solitons with a quantized total vorticity. Quantized solitons reveal the topological nature of the vortices through
their dynamics. The edge wave and the vorticity layer are due to odd viscosity exerted by the vortex matter. We
arXiv:1812.00763v1 [physics.flu-dyn] 3 Dec 2018

also identify the dynamics with the action of the Virasoro-Bott group of centrally extended diffeomorphisms of
the circle. Our edge wave is a hydrodynamic analog of the edge states of the fractional quantum Hall effect.

Introduction On many occasions individual properties of
fluid particles affect large scale flows. Among the diverse
range of examples are Cosserat media, where fluid particles
have rotational degrees of freedom, e.g. active rotor media
[1]. In a very special class of fluids the constituents posses
a topological characterization. Examples are isotropic flows
with a dense liquid bundle of point-like solitary topological
textures. Interactions between topological textures, such as the
Magnus force for vortices, are non-local. This makes their flow
different. The simplest example is the vortex matter arising in
quantum and classical fluids. It is the subject of this study.
The standard example of vortex matter is the rotating super-
fluid Helium [2]. In classical fluids the vortex matter arises as
the result of the inverse cascade of a confined turbulent flow
when small eddies congregate into large sign-like Onsager’s
vortex cluster [3]. There are numerous examples in atmospheric,
oceanic, aeronautic and astro physics (tornados, hurricanes,
pulsars). Vortex matter has also been allegedly observed in
atomic Bose condensates [4]. A fundamental importance of
the vortex matter recently arisen in the theory of FQHE [5].
There, electrons are effectively bound to localized magnetic
fluxes and move like vortices. In all listed cases, classical and
quantum alike, the vortex matter is a liquid.
In this paper we focus on an exemplary problem of classical
hydrodynamics: a patch of a dense assembly of sign-like point-
like vortices in 2D incompressible, inviscid fluid, the chiral
flow, Fig. 1. The question we ask is: whether and how a
‘quantization’, or discreteness, of vortices affects the large scale
flow? In other words, is the topological characterization of
micro-scale fluid constituents observable in hydrodynamics.
Apart from numerous physical applications, this question is
also important for utilizing the vortex method in computational
hydrodynamics where continuous distributions of vorticity are
approximated by discrete vortices [6, 7].
The discreteness of the vortex matter is especially pronounced
at the boundary. Recall that a boundary of a uniform vorticity
is unstable, developing violent filaments (see, e.g., [7, 8]). We
will show that discreteness yields a new kind of a boundary
layer, vorticity layer, and an edge mode propagating along the
boundary. It would have been lost had the vortex matter been
treated as a continuous vorticity. The vorticity layer acts toward
stabilization, since at small amplitudes our edge mode is linear.
We find its dispersion to be
Ek = U k + 2ηk |k |, η = Γ/8π . (1)
The wave travels p against the overall rotation of the patch with
velocity U = ΩΓ/16π (Ω is a half of the mean vorticity of the
patch, Γ is the quantum of vortex circulation). The coefficient η
of the non-analytic term in (13) has the dimension of viscosity.
We will identify it with the odd viscosity of [10, 11]. Clearly,
our edge mode is a classical prototype of the edge state in
FQHE [9].
Our main result is the dynamics of the edge mode beyond
the linear approximation. We show that it is governed by
the celebrated Benjamin-Davis-Ono (BDO) equation (often
abbreviated as Benjamin-Ono) [12]. It is integrable and ex-
hibits solitons. A remarkable property of BDO is that the
solitons possess a quantized vorticity, revealing the topological
characteristics of vortices.
It is tempting to think that the vortex flow is not an isolated
example. It is highly likely that in general a topological flow
reveals its quantized topological numbers through a non-linear
soliton dynamics at the boundary.
Vortex patch and Kirchhoff equations The approximation
where the vortex matter is treated as a uniform vorticity is
a classical setting in hydrodynamics. The vortex patch is
sometimes called a Rankine vortex. It is a domain D of a
uniform vorticity, surrounded by an ambient irrotational flow.
The dynamics of the Rankine vortex is the evolution of its
boundary, the vorticity jump. It is governed by the kinematic
boundary condition (KBC). The KBC states that the velocity
of a fluid parcel at the interface (front) equals the velocity
of the ambient flow. We denote the vorticity of a clockwise
vortex (anticyclonic) patch by −2Ω < 0 and use the frame
rotating anticlockwise with the frequency Ω. Then, if z(t) is the
complex coordinate of a parcel at the front and uz = u x − iuy
is the complex velocity of the flow, the KBC reads
Ω
∫
dV 0
zÛ̄ = uz |z(t ) , uz = −iΩz̄ + i . (2)
π D(t ) z − z 0
This equation, called contour dynamics (or CDE), has been
extensively studied (see e.g., [8]). CDE is unstable and if the
 2

wave number k of a boundary deformation of the boundary is Rankine vortex can be seen as a vortex matter whose density
less than its curvature, CDE allows no linear waves. is approximated by a step function ρ 0 (r ) = ρ ∞ Θ(R 0 −r ), with
This changes if the vortex patch is an aggregation of small ρ ∞ = 2Ω/Γ [14]. The true vortex matter possesses a scale, the
−1/2
vortices, a sort of quantized Rankine vortex. The indestructible inter-vortex spacing l = ρ ∞ .
discreteness of vortices yields a linear mode exponentially
decaying like O(e − |ky | ) with the distance y from the boundary. y y=h(x )
We will formulate the problem using the Kirchhoff equations. y=h̄
The velocity of the flow of N vortices (in the rotating frame)
with circulations −Γi y=0
N
i Õ Γi
uz (z, t) = −iΩz̄ + , (3)
2π i=1 z − zi (t) ρ(y)

is a solution of the Euler equation Figure 1. Left: the circular vortex patch with a boundary layer. Right:
The boundary layer; the vortex blob y < 0 is squeezed relative to the
uÛ + (u · ∇)u = −∇p − 2Ω × u, ∇ ·u = 0 (4) continuous vorticity patch y < h̄; illustration of the overshoot in the
vortex density on the side.
iff trajectories of vortices zi (t) obey the Kirchhoff equations
(see e.g. [13]): the velocity of every vortex is the sum of the Vorticity layer The vorticity jump of the Rankine vortex is also
Magnus forces exerted by other vortices the front of the ambient irrotational flow. This is no longer the
case if the spacing, no matter how small, is taken into account.
N
i Õ Γj The vortex density significantly departs from the step function
zÛ i ≡ vi = −iΩz̄i + . (5)
2π i,j zi (t) − z j (t) ρ 0 (r ) within a few spacing units from the boundary of the
equivalent Rankine vortex, forming a boundary singularity, the
If the circulations of all vortices are set equal (they do not overshoot, Fig. 1. Numerical data of the stationary overshoot
change due to the Kelvin theorem) are available from studies of the electronic density in FQHE
(see, e.g., [15]), a problem equivalent to the Onsager vortex
Γi = Γ > 0, (6) ensemble. The data show that the overshoot is an asymmetric
peak centered slightly closer to the center than r = R 0 , with
which is the case we consider, the Kirchhoff equations are the
density oscillations fading into the bulk. A minimal set of
discrete version of the contour dynamics (2). The question we
properties of the overshoot analytically obtained in [16, 17] and
ask is whether CDE (2) correctly captures the hydrodynamics of
also here, plus the principles of continuity commonly used in
the vortex matter. We show that it does not. Even at vanishing
weak solutions of hydrodynamics, suffice for determining the
spacing the behavior of tightly packed vortices described by
dynamics. We outline these properties first, before presenting
the Kirchhoff equations does not match its naive continuous
supportive arguments.
version.
We will see that forces acting within the vortex matter
The naive coarse-grained approximation fails at the bound-
squeeze the patch,
√ pushing the vorticity jump inward by the
ary. In a near-stationary flow the bulk vortices are distributed
distance h̄ = l/ 8π inward. The radius of the vorticity jump is
uniformly and isotropically with the density ρ ∞ = 2Ω/Γ. The
R ≡ R 0 − h̄ [29].
boundary vortices are squeezed in the radial direction and
Similar to the circular Rankine vortex the vorticity jump
elongated along the azimuth. As a result, the actual boundary
does not move, and the vorticity inside the patch may be
is pushed inside forming a singular boundary layer with a sharp
treated as uniform ρ = ρ ∞ . We choose local coordinates
peak of vorticity, the overshoot. We emphasize that unlike
y = r − R, dx = −Rdθ relative to the actual vorticity jump
known boundary layers in rotating fluids, such as Ekman layers,
y = 0. In a weakly nonlinear, long-wave approximation that we
our layer occurs in inviscid fluid.
adopt here, we may neglect the curvature of the blob and treat
The waves in the overshoot are the edge waves we study. To
the squeezed patch as the lower half-plane y < 0.
isolate and emphasize the effect we focus on the circular patch,
The gap that emerges between the vorticity jump and the
whose continuous version, a circular Rankine vortex, shows no
irrotational flow contains the boundary vorticity layer. It is a
dynamics whatsoever.
strip with a fixed bottom and a varying top, which is the front of
Rankine vortex We will considerÍflows with zero angular
the ambient flow, Fig. 1. We denote its graph by y = h(x). The
momentum of vortex matter L ≡ i r i × vi = 0 (vi is the
front oscillates about∮ the boundary of the equivalent Rankine
velocity of a vortex). A ‘naive’ continuum version of such flow
vortex h̄ = (2πR)−1 hdx. Then the vorticity layer is a strip in
is the Rankine vortex: a circular patch of a uniform vorticity
the upper half plane
ω0 = −2ΩΘ(R 0 − r ), circulation −N Γ, and area πR 02 = N Γ/2Ω.
This flow is stationary. B = (0, h(x)]. (7)
Í At equal circulations the density of vortices ρ(r ) =
i ≤N δ (r − r i ) is also the vorticity ω(r ) = −Γρ(r ). Hence, the The hydrodynamics of the edge mode is characterized by the
 3

first two moments of the overshoot, the line density of vortices The sum rule The value of the mean dipole moment (13)
in B and the dipole moment: promptly follows from the sum rule for the angular momentum
∫ Õ
n(x) ≡ [ρ(x, y)−ρ 0 (y)]dy, L= r i × vi . (16)
i
∫ (8)
d(x) = − y [ρ(x, y) − ρ 0 (y)]dy. We multiply the Kirchhoff equations (5) (with all Γi equal) by
zi and sum over all vortices. Thus we obtain the sum rule:
We assume that the near stationary flows are in local equilib- Õ
rium: the number of vortices in a line element is uniform along L=Ω r i2 − (Γ/4π )N (N − 1). (17)
the boundary
The last term is∫ the number of vortex pairs. The term
(Γ/4π )N 2 = Ω ρ 0r 2 dV is the angular momentum of the
∫
ρ(x, y)dy = N /(2πR). (9) continuous Rankine vortex. The sub-leading term (Γ/4π )N
counts the excluded terms i = j in the sum (5). It reflects the
Then discreteness of the vortex matter. Hence,
n(x) ≡ ρ ∞ (h̄ − h(x)).
∫
(10)
L = Ω (ρ − ρ 0 )r 2 dV + (Γ/4π )N . (18)
This is our edge mode.
We will see that in a near stationary flow, where the vorticity Then (8) implies
jump is still, the height h and the moment d move subject to
the relation [30] L = N Γ(−2d¯ + 1/4π ). (19)

d − hd xH = (h/l)2 , (11) We conclude that L = 0 flows possess a dipole moment of

vorticity equal to Γ/8π .
where Stream function A more detailed information encoded by
the relation (11) follows from the balance of force at the still
f (x 0) − f (x) 0
∫
1 vorticity jump. To access it we need the stream function ψ and
fH = dx (12)
π x0 − x velocities u x = ∂yψ , uy = −∂x ψ
is the Hilbert transform, and d x = ∂x d. Furthermore, we ∫
will show∮ that the mean value of the dipole moment d =
¯ ψ (r ) = (Γ/2π ) log |r − r 0 |ρ dr 0 − (Ω/2)r 2 . (20)
(2πR) −1 d(x)dx and the squeezing h̄ have the exact values
The result follows from the expansion of the Newton potential
d¯ = 1/(8π ), h̄ 2 = l 2d.
¯ (13) around r = R
In the limit of the vanishing spacing l → 0, the dipole moment log|r − r 0 | = log |x − x 0 |+
d¯ does not vanish. This yields a boundary singularity, the   1 (y − y 0)2
overshoot. Expanding the step function ρ 0 (y) ≡ ρ ∞ Θ(h̄ − y) in |y − y 0 | πδ x x 0 + R −1 Θ(y − y 0) + ∂x 0 +...
(8) about y = 0, we re-express (8-13) as a singular expansion 2 x −x
about the actual vorticity jump Applying it to the singular expansion of the density (14), and
taking into account (8-10), we obtain the expansion of the
h̄ 2 0
 
ρ|y<B = ρ ∞ Θ(−y) + hδ (y) − δ (y) + dδ 0(y) (14) stream function outside of B
2
Γ
The terms in (14) are: the squeezed patch of a uniform vorticity, y < B : ψ = Ω(2h̄y − y 2 )Θ(y) + (sign(y)d + yd xH ), (21)
2
the simple, and the double layers.
∫ The density in B is restricted Γ Γ
by (10) (equivalent to n(x) = B ρdy, B yρdy = 0).
∫ u x = 2Ω(h̄ − y)Θ(y) + d xH , uy = − sign(y)d x .
2 2
The simple layer causes a jump of the azimuthal velocity
Contrary to the Rankine vortex the stream function is discon-
1 tinuous due to the double layer.
U (x) = disc [u x ], U (x) = Ωh(x). (15)
2 Relation (11) helps us express the boundary values of the
stream function in terms of the height of the front
The layer speeds up with the mean velocity U = Ωh̄ with
respect to the squeezed blob. ψ |h = 2Ωh̄h + 2ηh xH , (22)
An involved structure of the overshoot follows from the Γ
balance of the Coriolis force and the stress of the vortex matter ψ |−0 = − d = −Ωh 2 − ηh xH , (23)
2
which keeps the vorticity jump still. It implies that any initial
data satisfying (11) preserve the form (14) of the density. where η = Γd¯ is the mean dipole moment of vorticity.
 4

Balance of forces The forces the fluid exerts on both sides η = Γd¯ in front of the dispersive term in (27) with the odd
of the still vorticity jump must be in balance. These are the viscosity.
Coriolis force acting on the vorticity jump from the bulk side Pressure, the ambient flow, and Dynamic Boundary Con-
and the centrifugal force, the
∮ effect of squeezing. Consider ditions The vorticity of the flow outside the boundary layer is
the free energy E − 2ΩL = Edx. Up to a constant it reads uniform. Such flows are governed by the Bernoulli equation
 
E = y <0 12 u 2 − 2Ωψ dy + 12 y >0 u 2 dy (the singular point
∫ ∫ (with the Coriolis potential)
should be excluded from the integration). The balance condition 1
y<B: ϕÛ + u 2 + p = 2ΩΘ(−y)ψ , (29)
follows from the requirement that the free energy density be 2
continuous across the jump (which also gives the extremum
where ϕ is the hydrodynamic potential of the irrotational
condition for the energy with respect to h):
part of the flow. Such a flow is completely determined by the
1 boundary value of pressure, also called the Dynamic Bound-
balance at y = 0 : −2Ωψ |−0 = disc [u 2 ]. (24)
2 y=0 x ary Condition (DBC). It is instructive to determine it. The
irrotational flow outside of B is generated by the double layer.
The boundary values of the stream function and the velocity The boundary value of the harmonic hydrodynamic potential
u x |±0 = (Γ/2)d xH + 2U Θ(y) follow from (21) and (15). Hence, follows from (21). It is ϕ | ∂B = (Γ/2)d H . Since we already
the balance reads know the dynamics of d we can compute ϕÛ and read off the pres-
sure from (29). Omitting the algebra we present the Bernoulli
ΩΓd = 2U 2 + ΓU ∂x d H . (25)
equation evaluated at both boundaries
This is relation (11). y ∈ ∂B : (∂t + U ∂x ) ϕ = 2η∂x uy . (30)
Kinematic boundary conditions Once we have the stream
function, we employ the KBC that yields the edge dynamics. Comparing (30) to (29) we find the DBC, also satisfied at both
In the rotating frame the KBC reads boundaries
d 1
KBC: (∂t − U ∂x ) h = − [ψ |h(x ) ]. (26) DBC y ∈ ∂B : p + U 2 = −2η∂x uy . (31)
dx 2
Combining the KBC with (22) we obtain our main result. The centrifugal energy in (31) is an effect of squeezing.
Main result: Benjamin-Davis-Ono equation The number of Anomalous stress, odd viscosity and stress-free boundary
vortices trapped in the line element of B evolves according to conditions The vorticity layer is formed and moves to offset
the BDO equation [12] the stress the vortex matter exerts a on the surrounding fluid. In
  the bulk it was computed in [11] and called there anomalous
BDO : (∂t + U ∂x )n − (Γ/2)∂x n 2 − 4dn ¯ xH = 0. (27) stress. The anomalous stress yields a dissipation-free force
acting normal to a shear flow. Its traceless part reads
The dispersion (1) is the linear approximation of BDO. The
τx x − τyy = 4η∂x uy , τxy = −2η∂x u x . (32)
BDO is an integrable equation with explicit periodic and soli-
tonic solutions [18]. A remarkable property distinguishes BDO The value of the kinetic coefficient η was found to be a universal
from other soliton equations: the first integral of BDO, the fraction of the circulation quantum η = Γ/8π . The phenomeno-
‘charge’, is quantized in units of 8π d.
¯ For d¯ given by (13) the
logical possibility of such stress in fluids had been discussed in
soliton charge is integer [10], where η was called odd viscosity.
∮ The trace of the anomalous stress is the pressure (plus the
quantization: n dx ∈ Z. (28) centrifugal energy) in the Bernoulli equation (29),
1 1
Quantization of solitons is our major result: the edge mode is a p + U 2 = − (τx x + τyy ). (33)
motion of discrete vortices trapped in the overshoot. Naturally, 2 2
their number is integer. Explicitly, the one-soliton solution in Comparing (31) and (32) we observe that the normal component
the frame ξ = x − U t reads of the stress vanishes
8dA
¯ DBC : τyy | ∂B = 0. (34)
soliton : ns (ξ , t) = , vs = η/A.
(ξ + vs t)2 + A2
This is an important conclusion. We may now reverse the logic
It carries precisely one vorticity quantum unit. The constant of the paper. If we impose the no-normal-stress DBC (34) on
|A|  l determines the width, the height and the speed of the physical grounds and use the explicit form of the stress (32) we
soliton. Bumps A > 0 are supersonic, vs > 0, dents A < 0 are will obtain the balance relation, and the entire dynamics.
subsonic, vs < 0. Edge dynamics as action of Virasoro-Bott group The edge
In the remaining part of the paper we discuss the boundary dynamics has an important geometric interpretation; the dynam-
conditions for the vortex matter and identify the coefficient ics is merely the action of the centrally extended orientation

preserving diffeomorphisms of a circle, the Virasoro-Bott
group. We only briefly illustrate this point. Let us considethe
stream function evaluated at the front. We act by the Hilbert
transform on the Bernoulli equation (30) and use the relation
dψ |h = ∂t ψ dt − uy dx + u x dh |h . The result is


 
d d
y =h : +U ψ = Txy [ψ ], (35)
dt dx
where Txy = − 12 u x uy + τxy is the imaginary part Txy =
−(1/2)ImTzz of the holomorphic stress tensor
Tzz = 2(∂zψ )2 + 4η∂z2ψ . (36)
This is the classical version of the stress tensor of the (Liouville)
Conformal Field Theory, known to be a generator of the Virasoro
Poisson-Lie algebra. The odd viscosity shows up as a central
extension.
Literature comments The idea to treat vortices as a continuum
medium goes back to Onsager’s 1949 work [3]; Bulk flows
of the vortex matter similar to ours are a standard subject in
the theory of superfluidity [2]; In independent 1960 papers
Hall [21] and Kemoklidze and Khalatnikov [22] argued that
vortices in rotating superfluid Helium repel from the walls of
the container due to the effect of excluded volume. This is the
bulk version of the squeezing effect; The overshoot was seen
numerically in the FQHE setting, equivalent to the Onsager
ensemble, in [15]. The numerical value (13) of squeezing (10)
has been noticed by A.G. Abanov (unpublished) by examining
the numerical data; The value of the dipole moment has been
obtained in [16] and further analyzed in [9, 17]; The BDO
equation appears in numerous hydrodynamic settings with
vorticity interfaces, see e.g.,[24]. More recently it emerged
as a hydrodynamic description of the Calogero mode [23],
and as a theory of edge states in quantum Hall effect [9];
Motivated by the adiabatic transport in moduli space computed
by Avron, Seiler and Zograf [19] for quantum Hall effect, Avron
[10], discussed a model of compressible hydrodynamics where
odd viscosity was introduced phenomenologically (with no
connection to the vortex matter). A comprehensive list of
references on the recent developments can be found in the paper
[20], which studies the effects of the anomalous stress on free
surface waves. Despite some similarities, there is an important
difference with our study. In [20] the anomalous stress (32) and
the DBC (34) were imposed on a phenomenological basis, and
with no net vorticity. The net vorticity and the anomalous stress
are interconnected parts of the vortex matter, the former can
not be omitted; Finally we mention recent work on assemblies
of active rotors [25]. There again, despite some similarities,
the short range nature of the interactions between rotors makes
them different from the vortex matter.
We acknowledge helpful discussions with A. G. Abanov, G.
Monteiro, S. Ganeshan, W. Irvine, V. Vitelli, S. Llewellyn-
Smith and D. Dritschel and E. Sonin. PW thanks the Brazilian
Ministry of Education (MEC) and the UFRN-FUNPEC for the
hospitality at IIP during the work on this paper.
5
∗ also at IITP RAS, Moscow 127994, Russian Federation
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[29] A balk analog of this effect is known in the theory of superfluids
since 1960’s, see literature comments.
[30] The relation (11) also means that the dipole moment computed
with respect to the moving front y = h(x) is a constant equal to
1/(8π ) in agreement with [16].