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Thickness x
0.001 50 mm
y
0.002 30 mm z
100
0.003 15 mm
0.004
0.005 7 mm
t x z x z
x
7 0.01 -0.005 63.5 0
y
15 0.01 -0.003 70.6 14.1
z
30 0.01 -0.002 73.0 21.8
50 0.01 -0.001 75.1 29.3
a r
r r
r
r
3
=1
2
1 =0
0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-1
Angle
-2
= -1
-3
-4
32 45
Kt = 3 Kt = 3.41 Kt = 4
1 = 1 = 1.72 1 =
In-phase Out-of-phase
Kt = 3 Kt = 4
MT
MX
MY
MX
T 1
t1 t3
MT z z
T
MX
T T
t2 t4
MT
z
T 1 T
t1 t2 t3 t4
1.5
=0
1.0
r
xy
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5
r
a
r
1.33
1.4 a
=0
1.0
r
xy
0.6
0.2
1.50
1.25
1.00
F 0.75
R
0.50
a
0.25
0.00
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
a
R
da m
C K eq KI F a
dN
Multiaxial Fatigue © 2008-2014 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 18 of 85
Cracks from Holes
Sines
Findley
Dang Van
Octahedral stress
Principal stress
0.5
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Shear stress in torsion
1/2 Bending fatigue limit
1.5
Fatigue strength
Axial stress
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
0
0.5 1.0 1.5
Maximum Shear Stress
Shear Yield Strength
Multiaxial Fatigue © 2008-2014 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 27 of 85
Cyclic Tension with Static Torsion
1.5
Bending Fatigue Strength
Bending Stress
1.0
0.5
1.5
Shear fatigue strength
Torsion shear stress
1.0
0.5
oct
(3 h )
2
1
( x y )2 ( x z )2 ( y z )2 6( 2
xy
2
xz
2
yz )
6
mean mean mean
( x y z )
k n f
2 max
tension torsion
Multiaxial Fatigue © 2008-2014 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 32 of 85
Bending Torsion Correlation
Octahedral stress
Principal stress
0.5
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Shear stress in torsion
1/2 Bending fatigue limit
(t) a h (t ) b
ij(M,t) Eij(M,t)
ij(m,t)
ij(m,t)
m
V(M)
Yield domain
expands and
translates
Co
Oo Oo
2 2
Ro
1 1
c) d)
CL
3 3
Loading
path
RL
OL
Oo Oo
1 2 1 2
t a h t =b
Failure
predicted
h h
Loading path
Sines: oct
(3 h )
2
Findley: k n f
2 max
Goodman
1
0.1 Findley
0.01 Sines
0.001
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Torsion Tension Biaxial Tension
Stress ratio,
Multiaxial Fatigue © 2008-2014 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 39 of 85
Outline
2 x103
Fatigue Life, Cycles = 0.03
103
5 x102
2 x102
102
ax i al
Uni
Equ
ibia
x ial
max S n
'
max f 2 n , mean
S n A ( 2N f ) b B '
f ( 2N f ) c
2 E
max
n
C F G
H I J
100
% of applied stress
90
80
-20 -10 0 10 20
Tension
C F G
3 3 3
G-304
1.5
0.5
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Cycles
Multiaxial Fatigue © 2008-2014 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 53 of 85
Fatemi and Socie
'
n,max
1 k f
(2Nf )bo '
f (2Nf )co
2 y G
1= xy
1
1
'2
n
1 f
(2Nf )2b ' '
f f (2Nf )b c
2 E
0 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
10
11 12 13
0 0 0
Shear Stress ( MPa )
0 0 0
1000
200 2
10 103 104
Fatigue Life, Nf
Nonproportional hardening results in lower fatigue lives
Multiaxial Fatigue © 2008-2014 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 61 of 85
Summary
shear stress
slip bands
10 m
( From Murakami )
Cyclic Torsion
Shear Damage Tensile Damage
0.003
Shear strain
-0.003
Mode II
Mode I
da/dN mm/cycle
10-4 10-4
10-5 10-5
10-6 10-6
10 20 50 100 200 10 20 50 100 200
K, MPa m K, MPa m
10-3
da/dN, mm/cycle
10-4 KI
10-5 KIII
10-6
5 10 20 50 100
KI , KIII MPa m
Multiaxial Fatigue © 2008-2014 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 77 of 85
Mode I and Mode II Growth
7075 T6 Aluminum
10-2 Mode I R = 0
Mode II R = -1
10-3
da/dN, mm/cycle
10-4
10-5
10-6
SNCM Steel
10-7 Mode I R = -1
Mode II R = -1
1 10 100
KI , KII MPa m
Multiaxial Fatigue © 2008-2014 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 78 of 85
Fracture Surfaces
Bending Torsion
Multiaxial Fatigue © 2008-2014 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 79 of 85
Mode III Growth
K = 14.9
10-4 K = 12.0
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Crack length, mm
2 2 0.5
K eq K I K I K II K II
0.5
E
K eq ( ) (FII )2 (FIE )2 a
2(1 )
n,max
K eq FG 1 k a
ys
25 1010 Steel
20 tensile growth
15 K
KII 10
K
5 shear
no growth growth
0 5 10 15 20 25
KI
Tensile growth:
2 3
K cos K I cos K II sin
2 2 2
Shear growth:
1
K cos K I sin K II 3 cos 1
2 2 2
S 2 [a 11 ( o ) K Imean K I a 12 ( o ) ( K II
mean
KI K Imean K II )
mean mean
a 22 ( o ) K II K II a 33 ( o ) K III K III ]
Sih, G.C and Barthelemy, B.M. “Mixed Mode Fatigue Crack Growth Predictions” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 13, 1980
Multiaxial Fatigue © 2008-2014 Darrell Socie, All Rights Reserved 84 of 85
Summary