building construction I report, september 2018 issue

tutor: mr azim sulaiman

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05
06
CASA DA MUSICA
PORTUGAL
H
HISTORY

OMA collaborated with Porto Office of Metropolitan Architecture, the scene agency Ducks scéno,
the acoustician Renz Van Luxemburg and AFA, while the interiors were designed by Inside
Outside (Petra Blaisse). The site was once a staging area for trams. Construction occurred in the
next four years and cost 100 million Euros. Casa da Música is opened to the public on 14 April 2005,
featuring a 1300-seat auditorium suffused with dayligh. Casa da Música is the only concert hall in
the world with two walls made entirely of glass. Nicolai Ouroussoff (top left), architecture critic
from the New York Times, classified it as the "most attractive project the architect Rem Koolhaas
has ever built" and indicated that it's "a building whose intellectual ardour is matched by its
sensual beauty". In September 2008, the Casa da Música hosted the Orquestra Nacional do Porto,
which took part in explorative public presentations, where performed music was captured
alongside musician's and conductor's expressive gestures. Casa da Musica is a multi-purpose
music and arts space comprising two main auditoriums, rehearsal rooms and recording studios
for the Porto National Opera. A 150-seat restaurant on the building rooftop was opened in August
2006.“Casa da Musica has received its first award – RIBA’s 2007 European Award.

07
CONCEPT
With Koolhaas’ reputation for the
provocative, it was obvious that he would try
to subvert the traditional rectangular
‘shoe-box’ shaped music hall convention.
After researching, however, the acoustic
quality of existing concert halls Koolhaas
was forced to conclude that the best halls in
the world have a shoe box shape. So that’s
what the Casa da Musica got. However, that’s
not to say Koolhaas didn’t let his invention
run riot. The main auditorium is suffused with
daylight from the two walls made entirely of
glass, an oddity in the music world as glass
scatters sound in random directions.
However, Koolhaas’ ingenuity overcame the
problem by making the glass ripple in tightly
curved folds, and setting two glass sheets a
metre apart to insulate the hall from exterior
noise. “The main auditorium is suffused with
daylight from the two walls made entirely of
glass.” Addressing the idea that most
cultural institutions only benefit a minority of
people in any given place, Casa da Musica
has been designed so that the building
reveals its contents to the city, and everyone
inside also has breathtaking views of the city
and the sea. The façade is of concrete and
glass. The 400mm thick faceted shell of the
building bears the load. It holds the
longitudinal direction and acts as an internal
stiffening diaphragm for providing structural
stability. The Casa da Musica is designed to
create relationship between the concert hall
and the public inside and outside the building.

08
ORTHO
GRAPHIC

09
FACADE
The chiselled sculptural form of the
white concrete shell houses the main
1,300 seat concert hall, a small 350
seat hall, rehearsal rooms, and
recording studios for the Oporto
National Orchestra. A terrace carved
out of the sloping roofline and huge
cut-out in the concrete skin connects
the building to city.
10
The structural heart of the building
is formed by four massive walls that
extend from the base to the roof and
connect the tilted external walls
with the core of the structure. The
two one meter thick walls of the
main auditorium act as internal
diaphragms tying the shell together
in the longitudinal direction. The
principal materials are white
concrete, corrugated glass,
travertine, plywood, and aluminium.
 The principal materials
used for the building are
white concrete, travertine,
corrugated glass,
aluminium and plywood.

We highlight the fact that we are dealing here with a

WHITE CONCRETE

building made of white concrete which is, to a large

extent, exposed. The concrete is simultaneously the
structure and the final finishing of the job. This fact
makes it particularly important for the structure to
function well in practice. Indeed, maintaining the
good appearance of exposed white concrete is to a
large part done by controlling crack width by
ensuring the forces at the limit of use are correctly
quantified. The correct specification of the concrete
is particularly important and great care must be
taken in the shuttering and distribution steel work
with the job always being kept clean and the workers
always concentrating fully on their work. After some
research work involving the project team and Secil’s
technical staff it was possible to define a
specification which would enable the obtaining of a
concrete with the colour, final finishing, workability
and strength characteristics sought. The concrete
was of strength class C40/50, had a minimum dose of
380 kg/m3 of 42.5 class white BR I cement, coarse
calcareous inert materials, fine calcareous and
granitic sands and a very fine grained calcareous
filler. It is the presence of the granitic sand that
makes the colour of the concrete slightly greyish and
not yellowish as often happens when it is tried to
make a concrete as white as possible. Given the
special characteristics of this job, notably the
concreting of large exterior panels with inclination
angles of up to 48º with the horizontal, the contract
specifications required the previous construction of
several prototypes in white concrete.
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MAIN
AUDITORIUM
The acoustic isolation of the main
auditorium is done by means of
separating this from the rest of the
structure. This separation is referred to
as being a “box within a box”. In this
separation the floor, walls and ceiling
of the auditorium only come into
contact with the building’s structure
through resilient mounts. The floor
layer is of reinforced concrete, the
walls are structural steel, and the
ceiling is made of a composite slab
supported on metallic beams. The
sizing of the referred mounts was done
in such a way that the frequency of the
mass – spring – mass system is less
than 10 Hz. Each of the two large spaces
at the extreme ends of the main
auditorium is, for acoustic reasons,
made of two glass walls 6.5m apart. The
spaces are 23.2m wide. The East space
is 12.30m high and the West space is
14.70m high. The glass walls consist of The walls in the large hall are lined with
three stacked panels of “s” curved. The plywood panels that are embossed with a
upper two are suspended from the roof gold-leaf pattern that is an enlargement of the
while the lower one is supported on the grain of the plywood itself. The main
base. Wind-load resistance is achieved auditorium, shaped like a simple shoebox, is
by the wavy glass section spanning enclosed at both ends by two layers of
between two discreet horizontal “corrugated” glass walls. The glass,
trusses, located at the lower and upper corrugated for optimal acoustics and sheer
thirds of the height, between the two beauty, brings diffused daylight into the
glass planes. For horizontal loads, the auditorium.ach of the two large spaces at the
glass panels hang over the vertical extreme ends of the main auditorium – glass.
space between open-web girders or
between these and the base or the roof.

12
 The walls in the large hall are

NORTH ZONE
lined with plywood panels that
are embossed with a gold-leaf
pattern that is an enlargement of
the grain of the plywood itself.
The main auditorium, shaped like
a simple shoebox, is enclosed at
both ends by two layers of
“corrugated” glass walls. The
glass, corrugated for optimal
acoustics and sheer beauty,
brings diffused daylight into the
auditorium.ach of the two large
spaces at the extreme ends of
the main auditorium – glass.

On the South side there is the large volume of the entrance

SOUTH ZONE

gallery which is interrupted at its upper part by the small

auditorium. Between this gallery and the south
longitudinal wall of the auditorium there is also a 7 m wide
zone for vertical and horizontal circulation and support
spaces. This strip is bounded to the South by a 0.35m thick
partition wall with a number of major openings. The
vertical support for the South side slabs, which in the
gallery zone are between the foundations and the access
stair level to the main auditorium and in the referred
circulation zone up to the roof, is provided by the exterior
shell, the main South longitudinal wall, the referred
partition wall and also the inclined pillar which trajects the
gallery space. At a higher level spanning over the space
between the exterior shell and the South longitudinal wall,
is the small auditorium. Its main structural elements are
two wall-beams 0.45m thick of variable height. The ceiling
and floor layers are made of slabs with composite steel
and concrete supported on metal beams.

13
14
SHANGHAI CCTV
BUILDING CHINA
H
HISTORY

To support the rapid expansion of China Central Television (CCTV) in 2002 launched an international
competition to design the building that would be headquartered in Beijing. The winner was the
architectural firm OMA Rem Koolhaas, accompanied by engineering firm Arup and Architecture Design
Institute of East China (top right). The structural design of the CCTV posed many technical challenges for
large international team that dictated the design through global collaboration, transcending time zones,
physical distances, cultures, cost centres, and even an outbreak of SARS. Finally, the team gave a
complex design on time and was approved by the panel of experts from the Chinese Ministry of
Construction. CCTV headquarters was officially opened by the President on January 1, 2008, during the
2008 Beijing Olympics, although the works were not completed until May 2012.

15
CONCEPT
Designed by OMA as a reinvention of the
skyscraper as a loop, construction on the
building began in 2004. A loop design
inspired by a bent needle resembling a
typical skyscraper becoming a loop. At
approximately 473, 000m2, CCTV –
accommodating TV studios, offices,
broadcasting and production facilities – is
OMA’s largest ever project and its first major
building in China. CCTV defies the
skyscraper’s typical quest for ultimate
height. Rising from a common platform, two
towers lean towards each other and
eventually merge in a perpendicular, 75-
metre cantilever. The design combines the
entire process of TV-making – formerly
scattered in various locations across the city
– into a loop of interconnected activities. The
design has reconfigured the hierarchy of
normal skyscraper.

16
ORTHO
GRAPHIC

18
EXOSKELETON

The grid system on the

building are designed
diagonally on purpose to
encounter gravitational
and lateral loads. The
positioning of the columns
and diagonal tubes reflects
the distribution of forces in
the surface skin of the
building. The columns of
the diagrid have the same
exposed width, but the
depth varies according to
the load, while the
diagonals are all 1m × 60cm
plate girders, with only the
DIAGRID FRAMING SYSTEM
steel thickness varying. A
butterfly plate links A diagrid ‘exoskeleton’ system was adopted on the
perimeter columns, braces external faces of the building to give a tube
and beams. The irregular structure that resists gravity and other lateral
geometry of steel structure forces.
facade gives it stability to
cope with different load
conditions.

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Steel is chosen for this
steel other than timber or
reinforced concrete is due
to steel’s tensile strength
primarily. The main
purpose of inclusion of
steel is resist tensile
stress in particular
regions of the building that
may cause structural
failure or cracking. Load
transfer primarily
happens through this
system causing internal
cores to bear minimal
gravity loads, floor slabs
do not have to transfer
loads and floor plates do
not have to be same shape
each floor. This diagrid
framing system allows
internal space to be bigger The diagrid system design is
due to lesser internal based on the strength required
columns required. in different parts of the
buildings. The density of the
diagonal grid framing follows
the strength of the areas in the
building where weaker spots
have a higher density of grid
framing and vice versa. This
structure system reduces the
material required normally by
20% compared to typical
moment frame methods. The
architects too used this system
at the facade for aesthetic
purposes as it is pleasing to the
eye. Better ability to
redistribute loads than other
frame system if failure of one
portion does not mean
complete structural failure.
Butterfly plates are used for
the structural system which
assist a smooth load transfer
between the structural steel
beams.

20
INTERNAL
STRUCTURE
Steel is for piles which is used to withstand
the forces of the building transferred down
to the foundation which steel resist high
tensile stress. Concrete is a versatile
construction material: it is plastic and
malleable when newly mixed, yet strong and
durable when hardened. This is why this
material is used throughout its internal as
well as the foundation of the building.
21
Trusses are used s a load transfer
assistance. Some trusses are
placed to strengthen weak spots
throughout the building
especially the high stress areas
of the building. It is linked up with
the external diagrid columns with
internal steel core via pin-joints.
Trusses span the bottom two
floors of the overhang, loads
above are transferred to these
trusses, which subsequently
transfer loads to the diagrid
system. Major trusses located at
the building base, called the
podium, to support the above
loads. Reinforced concrete slabs
are used as floors’ slabs which do
not support much weight due to
the trusses’ support and weight
distribution.
 These spaces are crafted by dividing the open spaces
that is created by the exoskeleton structure, the
trusses, piles and cores.
OFFICE LOBBY
The lobbies are mainly open spaces with
minimal structures in the spaces which
creates a bigger spatial experience.
Material used are mostly timber and
marble which give a softer and more
harmony look and feel in the space to
contrast out the industrial feeling which
the glass windows and the steel structure
give.

Office spaces are kept minimal in

SPACE

terms of material use in

decorating the interior space
which are not needed for a formal
working space. The working
space has used carpets and
typical modular ceilings with
mostly light colours to
complement the brightness and a
bigger spatial feeling with glass
facade and windows which
provide maximum sunlight due to
the steel structures.
TOURIST

Public spaces in the building for leisure

and tourists spots have high ceilings,
big glass surroundings and revealed
SPOT

structures to allow users to appreciate

the view outside the building, the
sunlight which penetrated through the
glass facade and also the structure
engineering of the building.

22
23
SEATTLE CENTRAL
LIBRARY
USA
H
HISTORY
In 2007, the building was voted #108 on the American Institute of Architects' list of Americans' 150 favorite
structures in the US. It was one of two Seattle buildings included on the list of 150 structures, the other being
Safeco Field. 11-story (185 feet or 56.9 meters high) glass and steel building in downtown Seattle, Washington.
Rem Koolhaas and Joshua Prince-Ramus (top right) of OMA/LMN were the principal architects, Magnusson
Klemencic Associates was the structural engineer with Arup; Arup also provided mechanical, electrical, and
plumbing engineering, as well as, fire/life safety, security, IT and communications, and audio visual consulting;
and Hoffman Construction Company of Portland, Oregon, was the general contractor.

CARNEGIE LIBRARY,
1960
The Seattle Carnegie Library, the first library located in its
own dedicated building at Fourth Avenue and Madison
Street, opened in 1906.In 1946, the library was extended to
55,000 square feet. However, due to city population, it
eventually became too small and cramped, it had doubled
the number of city population. Second Seattle Library was
built at the site of old Carnegie Library with 5 stories and
206,000 square feet in 1960, featuring international style
architecture and expanded interior, with feature such as
drive-thru service to offset the lack of available parking.
Library face the same issue just like the first Seattle library.
It became cramped and two-thirds of its material were held
in storage area inaccessible to patrons.

24
CONCEPT
Addressing the idea that most cultural
institutions only benefit a minority of people
in any given place, Casa da Musica has been
designed so that the building reveals its
contents to the city, and everyone inside also
has breathtaking views of the city and the
sea. The façade is of concrete and glass. The
400mm thick faceted shell of the building
bears the load. It holds the longitudinal
direction and acts as an internal stiffening
diaphragm for providing structural stability.
The Casa da Musica is designed to create
relationship between the concert hall and
the public inside and outside the building.

25
ORTHO
GRAPHIC

26
FACADE
Curtain wall glazing system is
comprised of numerous
components, each requiring

MULLIN
function both separately and as
a complete assembly. The
curtain wall system is an outer
covering of a building in which

SYSTEM
the outer walls are
non-structural, utilized to keep
the weather out and the
occupants in. The structure is
also composed of both
load-bearing and seismic Incorporates a diamond module that marries
systems. the most efficient use of non-standard glass
panel shapes with adequate steel spanning
capacity. A thinner overall depth with a
thickened aluminum section to allow for
greater spanning ability and fewer support
connections. Engineered mullion system
relies on only two connection points per
diamond. Adding efficiency to the curtain
wall system, the utilization of seismic steel

27
 In waterproofing the building against Seattle’s rainy climate, Seele designed three levels

WEATHERPROOFING
of defense into the system:
1) the exterior aluminum mullion cap with pre-molded silicone gaskets,
2) insulated glazing panels with flexible butyl tape applied along every joint between
panels, and
3) silicone gasket molded to fit the interior surface of the mullion body. While the mullion
cap, seals and glass keep most of the water from entering the system, the next two layers
channel any remaining moisture to weep holes along the lower edge of each façade.

Even standing water caught at

the lower vertex of each
diamond is addressed by tooling
a slight ramp in the sealant
joints of adjacent mullions
allowing for the water’s release.
To verify these measures
actually worked as designed, a
portion of the building was built
at full scale and forced to
undergo extreme weather
testing in controlled conditions.

Integral to the design development of the curtain wall was the

PERFORMANCE
THERMAL

envelope’s thermal performance. Except for the roof, louvers, and

exposed concrete foundation walls, the exterior envelope is
comprised entirely of vision glass. This posed a considerable
challenge to the design team given the current energy codes and
required thermal properties the curtain wall system would need to
achieve. The entire envelope, including all of its component parts,
was considered in the energy calculations. To help meet the
required performance level, approximately half of the insulated
glazing panels were fabricated with airspaces containing krypton
gas and newly developed high performance low-E coatings. In
addition, to combat increased solar heat gain experienced during
the summer months, an aluminum expanded metal mesh
interlayer was chosen for the glass panels receiving the most sun.
The mesh’s mini-louvers provide shielding of direct sun while at
the same time providing views to the exterior through the mesh.
Not only ideal for shading, the micro diamond pattern of the metal
mesh mimics the larger diamond pattern of the curtain wall
mullions. Originally envisioned to be laminated between sheets of
glass, the metal mesh floats within a 2 mm airspace in the final
design. Clear low-iron glass is used in front of the mesh to brighten
its appearance when viewed from the exterior.

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HEADQUARTERS

29
GLASS Insulated glazed glass units contains a glass is
separated into two or three layers by air or vacuum.
They cannot allow heat through it because of air
between the layers and acts as good insulators. These
are also called as double glazed units that are used in
most part of the space.

Carbon steel is dull and

matte in appearance and is
vulnerable to corrosion.
Carbon steel can contain
other alloys, such as
manganese, silicon, and
copper. There are three
main types of carbon steel:
low carbon steel, medium
carbon steel, and high

STEEL carbon steel. These are

used to support the
exterior glass

CONCRETE
This building also
used a lot of regular
concrete. Regular
concrete is the lay
term for concrete
that is produced by
following the mixing
instructions that are
c o m m o n l y
published on
packets of cement,
typically using sand
or other common
material as the
aggregate, and often
mixed in improvised
containers. The
ingredients in any
particular mix
depends on the
nature of the
application.

30
31
SEOUL NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY MUSEUM
OF ARTS
KOREA
H
HISTORY
Prof. Jong-Sang Lee proposes the establishment of the MoA and the Samsung Cultural foundation promises to fund
the creation of the museum in 1995. The Seoul National University Campus Planning Committee selects the location
for the future museum. In 1996, officials from the Samsung Foundation of Culture and Rem Koolhaas conduct a field
investigation of the building’s site. The schematic design completed in 1997. In 2004, the construction of the
structure begins and completed in 2005.

32
CONCEPT
The design for the Seoul National University
Museum is driven by the relationship of the
campus to the community and serve as a link
between them. The mass restructured in this
way is floating in the air, supported by its
concrete core and cantilevered steel frame.
It has the special building’s feature and
provides the spectacular entry square.

33
ORTHO
GRAPHIC

34
FACADE
Facade of building is mainly covered by u-profile glass. U-profile glass is selected as for
whole facade to harmonize the building as one U-profile glass allow the light to enter the
building and brighten the spaces, such lecture, auditorium, exhibition

The mass
restructured in
this way is
floating in the air,
supported by its
precast concrete
core and
cantilevered
steel frame. It
has the special
building’s
feature and
provides the
spectacular
entry square.

35
 U-GLASS
U glass is a U shaped cast glass. Cast in sheet form whilst still molten, it is
rolled and side wings are formed to create U shaped profile. It is higher thermal
efficiency than double glazing. It has high light scattering efficiency which has
good lighting effects. They can provide light transmittance and good sound
insulation, but also they can have vary patterns for options and they have very
beautiful appearances.

36
STAIRCASE
Reinforced concrete is composed material in which concrete’s relatively low tensile strength and
ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or
ductility. The reinforcement is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets.
Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the
concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure. That is why they uses
reinforced concrete at the stair and also the structure mass of the whole building.

The most important fact that having square

twisted bars of metal packed in thoroughly
developed concrete make for a very strong and
sturdy building component. This is required to
withstand a number of different factors
including wind, weight, gravitational pull and
several other factors that impact the building
both horizontally and vertically.The base of the
building is created using reinforced concrete
which provides a dense and solid foundation to
the overall structure. With the foundation and
initial floors created with reinforced concrete,
the rest of the structure is built using steel to
provide flexibility. This is a great way of reducing
the overall weight of the building and is seen to
be particularly effective in terms of maintaining
structural integrity; especially in any kind of
seismic activity.

37
 DANPALON PANEL

Danpalon is the complete daylighting solution offering exceptional quality of light,

thermal insulation and UV protection with a rich non-industrial visual appeal. The
Danpalon system offers substantial physiological and psychological benefits in all
work and living spaces. This material is high insulation, soundproof, anti-sweating
provide good interior and duct spaces. Danpalon is also a light weight materials, so it
lowers the weight load.
SPATIAL EXPERIENCE

Circulation through the building is a

continuation of the defining slice,
internally the path bifurcate and spirals
inward. As one enters the building the
circulation affords connections to the
different programs.

38
39
DE ROTTERDAM
NETHERLANDS
H
HISTORY
De Rotterdam is conceived as a vertical city:
three interconnected mixed-use towers
accommodating offices, apartments, a hotel,
conference facilities, shops, restaurants, and
cafes. The towers are part of the ongoing
redevelopment of the old harbor district of
Wilhelminapier, next to the Erasmus Bridge,
and aim to reinstate the vibrant urban activity –
trade, transport, leisure – once familiar to the
neighborhood. De Rotterdam is named after
one of the ships on the Holland America Line
(top), which departed from the Wilhelminapier
in decades past, carrying thousands of
Europeans emigrating to the US.

“Despite its scale and apparent solidity, the building’s shifted blocks create a
constantly changing appearance, different from every part of the city. The fact
that it stands today represents a small triumph of persistence for the city, the
developer, the contractor and the architects.” REM KOOLHAAS

40
CONCEPT
De Rotterdam consists of three connected
towers that appear as stacked and shifted
volumes upon a base plinth. The
architectural concept produces more than
sheer size: urban density and diversity – both
in the program and the form – are the guiding
principles of the project. De Rotterdam’s
stacked towers are arranged in a subtly
irregular cluster that refuses to resolve into
a singular form, and produces intriguing new
views from different perspectives. Similarly,
the definition of the building changes
according to its multiple uses internally.

41
ORTHO
GRAPHIC

42
FACADE
De Rotterdam has a glass façade
with vertical aluminium
mullions, which accommodate
the varied requirements of each
programme. The depth of the
mullions is 150mm, while the The façade design
grid is 900mm-deep. The has been kept
maximum glass percentage, neutral and
width of the mullions, floor transparent; the
height and spandrel height d y n a m i c
differ depending on each appearance of the
programme. The façade of the building is
housing tower consists of determined by the
sliding doors and windows while varied day cycles
low-rise offices and hotel of the different
façades have operable mullions. programs. The
Construction of the façades took deep mullions
place unit by unit. A typical allow the glazed
façade unit is 1,800mm wide and facades to appear
one storey-high. more open or
closed, depending
on the
perspective.

43
CURTAIN WALL Stick system curtain wall glass façade with vertical
aluminium mullions, which accommodate the
varied requirements of each programme. The depth
of the mullions is 150mm, while the grid is
900mm-deep. The maximum glass percentage,
width of the mullions, floor height and spandrel
height differ depending on each programme. The
façade of the housing tower consists of sliding
doors and windows while low-rise offices and hotel
façades have operable mullions. Construction of
the façades took place unit by unit. A typical façade
unit is 1,800mm wide and one storey-high. This
slighlines are slimmer than Unitized Curtain
Walling, enabling maximum skylight to enter the
building. Igniting the interior space inside while
also having a glazing effect from the outside with
visible or concealed screws.

SPATIAL
EXPERIENCE
All spaces have floor to ceiling windows and the building ‘opens’ to its
surroundings; the busy shipping route, the Maas, the Erasmus Bridge
and the Rotterdam skyline. The façade design has been kept neutral and
transparent. The deep mullions allow the glazed facades to appear more
open or closed, depending on the perspective. With thousands of floor to
ceiling windows, tons of natural lighting take over the space inside,
giving the users a sense of both being indoor and outdoor, that might
boost the working productivity, while not being bored with artificial
lighting.

44
ATRIUM
STEEL TRANSFER STRUCTURE
Transfer structures are often times
used in tall buildings, usually for
transferring high forces and loads
to other structures that can resist
them. Steel transfer structures are
used to make the concrete columns
and floors. For example, a transfer
beam can transfer loads from
stories above to stories below.
Parallel chord trusses, such as
lattice girders or floor girders, are
usually used for the transfer
structure.

Like the strut and tie truss

model, the steel transfer
truss consists of axially
loaded members which only
transfer axial forces through
pinned joints. The trusses are
lighter in self-weight and can
transfer loads over large
spans. Because the steel
transfer structures are much
thinner compared to concrete
beams, they allow tons of
natural lighting into the
building.

45
SPATIAL
EXPERIENCE

Focusing on the atrium, steel transfer structures are used to support the glass panel
sheltering the area below. The steel transfer structure are thin and light-weight and enabling
large amount of skylight to enter while still serving its purpose of withstanding load. With
natural light shining in and high ceilings give more space for human body to feel small in
comparison to the space, so inducing a feeling of great space/ more openness. When a person
enters the building, the space immediately opens up to high volume ceiling, that is also made of
clear glass, looking all the way up to the floor 200 feets above. You enter into a lofty lobby
space, where banks of escalators rise through a seven-storey atrium, past glazed walls of car
parking – a grittiness that jars nicely with the world of silver marble below.

46
 R
L
CONCLUSION

What really interests Koolhaas is the reality of the contemporary city; that is the subject of
Mutations , a spectacular exhibition that he has organised which opened last week at the Arc en
Reve in Bordeaux. It is an exploration of the world of shopping malls and airports, of urbanism
Lagos and Shenzen style. The message, delivered in Koolhaas's punchy sound bites, is that we had
better get on with it, and start to deal with such places as they are, rather than as architects would
like them to be. The most commonly used construction materials in his buildings are reinforced
concrete, as it has many beneficial effects in terms of construction. For instance, Reinforced
concrete has a high compressive strength compared to other building materials. Due to the
provided reinforcement, reinforced concrete can also withstand a good amount tensile stress. Fire
and weather resistance of reinforced concrete is fair. The reinforced concrete building system is
more durable than any other building system. Besides that, Koolhas also tends to use facades like
curtain walls as he likes to keep the interior of the building sufficiently lit. Not allowing any space
to be dimmed. Using curtain walls, it can keep the weather out and occupants in, natural lighting is
able to feel the space, giving the users a feel of openness and calmness. From the exterior, glazing
effect can be seen, giving the buildings a whole modern look, attracting passers by to take another
closer look at his buildings.

47
REFERENCE
LIST
1. Professir Anne Nichols (2014),
http://faculty.arch.tamu.edu/media/cms_page_media/4433/Seoul%20National%20U
niversity%20Museum%20of%20ArtPresent.pdf
2. Arcspace (2012),
https://arcspace.com/feature/seoul-national-university-museum/
3. https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/seattle-public-library/
4. http://oma.eu/projects/seattle-central-library
5. http://oma.eu/projects/de-rotterdam,
6. https://www.archdaily.com/451377/de-rotterdam-oma,
7. http://derotterdam.nl/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/nov/18/rem-koolhaas-de-rotter
dam-building
8. https://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/de-rotterdam/
9. http://www.afaconsult.com/uploads/FicheirosImprensa/2919_1_EN.pdf
10.
https://www.slideshare.net/peterbach/cctv-building-a-structural-design-overvie
w
Peter Bach, Civil Engineer, Researcher at Monash University
Published on Nov 26, 2009
11. "CCTV Headquarters / OMA" 21 May 2012. ArchDaily. Accessed 27 Sep 2018.
https://www.archdaily.com/236175/cctv-headquarters-oma/
12. : https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/cctv-headquarters/
13. AD Editorial Team. "A Rare Look Inside OMA's CCTV Building in Beijing" 16 Apr
2015. ArchDaily. Accessed 27 Sep 2018.
<https://www.archdaily.com/620101/a-rare-look-inside-oma-s-cctv-building-in-b
eijing/>
14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rotterdam,
15. http://oma.eu/projects/de-rotterdam,
16. https://www.archdaily.com/451377/de-rotterdam-oma,
17. http://derotterdam.nl/
18.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/nov/18/rem-koolhaas-de-rotter
dam-building

48
 Student/ Peer Evaluation Form
 Rate your team members on the relative contributions that were made in preparing and submitting your group project
 In rating your peers, use 1 to 5 point scale
 Every single group member is to fill in this form and be honest and not favor anyone. Form is to be submitted along with the respective
submission
5 = excellent | 4 = good | 3 = average | 2 = below average | 1 = poor
STUDENT’S NAME :
ASSIGNMENT : ………………………………………… MODULE : ……………………………………………………………
If given the
Reliable with meeting opportunity, would
Contribution of useful
Names Participation in group deadlines for work in Quality/ Quantity you want to work
ideas and discussion Leadership qualities Total scores
discussion or meetings progress and final work done with this team
to the group work
submission member again?
(Y/N)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
_______________________
Student’s Signature
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