26;64

0.9 FLEXURE W/O AXIAL LOAD

0.9 AXIAL TENSION AND TENSION W/ FLEXURE
0.85 SHEAR AND TORSION
0.75 AXIAL COMPRESSION AND AXIAL COMPRESSION W/ FLEXURE (SPIRAL)
0.7 AXIAL COMPRESSION AND AXIAL COMP. W/ FLEXURE (OTHER MEMBER)
0.7 BEARING ON CONCRETE

ASTM 36
SHEAR .40 Fy
COMPRESSION .60 Fy
BENDING .66 Fy

CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT

CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE (NON PRESTRESSED)
75mm Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth
Concrete exposed to earth or weather
50mm 20mm bar and larger
40mm 16mm bar, W31 or D31 wire and smaller

Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground

Slabs, walls, joist
20mm 32mm bar and smaller
Beams, columns
40mm Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals
20mm Shells, folded plate members 20mm bar and larger
15mm 16mm bar and smaller

PRECAST CONCRETE (MANUFACTURED UNDER PLANT CONTROL)

Concrete exposed to earth or weather
Wall panels
20mm 32mm bar and smaller
Other members
40mm 20mm through 32mm bars
30mm 16mm bar, W31 or D31 wire and smaller

Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with grounds

Slabs, walls, joist
15mm 32mm and smaller
Beams , columns,
db but not less than 15 Primary reinforcement
and not exceed 40
10mm Ties, stirrups, spirals
Shells folded plate members
15mm 20mm bar and larger
10mm 16mm bar, w31 or d31 wire and smaller

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
75mm Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth
Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
25mm Walls, panels, slab joist
40mm Other members
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
20mm Slabs, walls, joists
 Beams, columns
40mm Priimary reinforcement
25mm Ties, stirrups, spirals
Shells, folded plate members
10mm 16mm bar, w31 or d31 wire and smaller
db but not less than 40mm Other reinforcement

BASIC WIND SPEED Is the fastest kilometer wind speed associated with an annual probability of
0.02 measured at a point 10 meters above the ground for an area category C
EXPOSURE B Has terrain with buildings, forest or surface irregularities 6 meters or more in heigh
covering at least 20% of the area extending 1.5 kilometers or more from the site
EXPOSURE C Has terrain which is flat and generally open, extending ½ mile or more from
the site in any full quadrant
EXPOSURE D Represents the most severe exposure areas with basic wind speeds of 130
kph or greater and has a terrain which is flat and unobstructed facing large bodies
water over 1.5 km or more in width relative to any quadrant of the building site
OPEN STRUCTURE Is partially enclosed structure that has a greater area of exterior wall
OR STORY openings on any one wall than the sum of the areas of the openings on all
other walls and has more than 15% of the wall area open
WOOD
BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM A diaphragm in which all sheating edges not occurring on framing members
are supported on and connected to blocking
FIREBOARD A fibrous felted homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers (usually
wood or cane) and having density of less than 490 kg/m3
GLUED BUILT UP MEMBERS Are structural elements, the sections of which are composed of built-up lumber,
plywood or plywood in combination with lumber, all parts bonded together with ad
GRADE (LUMBER) The classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility in accordance with
the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency
HARDBOARD A fibrous felted, homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers consolidated
under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 490 kg/cu.m.
NOMINAL SIZE The commercial size designation of width and depth, in standard sawn lumber
and glued laminated lumber grades; somewhat larger than the standard net
size of dressed lumber in accordance with PNS 194 for sawn lumber
NORMAL LOADING A design load that stresses a member or fastening to the full allowable stress
This loading may be applied approximately for 10 years, either continously or
cumulatively,and 90% of this load may be applied for the remainder of the membe
fastening
PARTICLEBOARD Is a mat-formed panel consisting of particles and wood fibers bonded together
with synthetic resins or other suitable bonding system by a bonding process
PLYWOOD A built-up panel of laminated veneers conforming to PNS 196 (1988)
ROTATION Is the torsional movement of a diaphragm about a vertical axis
STRUCTURAL GLUED Any member comprising an assembly of laminations of lumber in which the
grain of all laminations is approximately parallel longitudinally, in which the
LAMINATED TIMBER laminations are bonded with adhesives
SUBDIAPHRAGM Is a portion of larger diaphragm about a vertical axis
TREATED WOOD Wood treated with an approved preservative under the treating and quality
control requirements specified in SAO 223 (1975) preparation for all timber
products prior to preservative treatment by pressure process
WOOD OF NATURAL The heartwood of bald cypress, black locust, black walnut, the cdars and redwood
RESISTANCE TO DECAY
WOOD WOOL CEMENT Is a non-structural material in low cost housing constructions which may be
BOARD used for heat insulation and sound absorption
LATERAL SUPPORT TO PREVENT ROTATION DISPLACEMENT
RATIO OF DEPTH TO THICKNESS
 2:01 no lateral support is required
3:1 or 4:1 the ends shall be held in position, as by full depth solid blocking, bridging, nailing o
bolting to other framing members, approved hangers or other acceptable means
5:01 one edge shall be held in line for its entire length
6:01 bridging, full depth solid blocking or cross bracing shall be installed at
intervals not exceeding 2.4m unless both edges are held in line
7:01 both edges shall be held in line for their entire length
MASONRY
CHASE A continuous recess built into or against a wall to receive pipes, ducts
CONCRETE BLOCK A hollow or solid concrete masonry unit made from Portland cement and
suitable aggregates such as sand gravel, crushed stone bituminous or
anthracite cinders, burned clay or shale
CORBEL A shelf or ledge formed by projecting successive courses of masonry out
from the face of the wall
COURSE A continuous horizontal layer of masonry unit
DEEP BEAM A beam where the span to depth ratio is equal to or less than 3:1
FACED WALL A wall which the facing and backing are so bonded together that they
act as a composite element
FLOW OF MORTAR Measure of mortar consistency (sometimes termed the initial flow)
determined on the flow table
GROSS SECTIONAL AREA The total area including cells of section perpendicular to the direction of
OF HOLLOW UNITS loading. Re-entrant spaces are included in the gross area, unless these
spaces are to be occupied in masonry by portions of adjacent units
NET CROSS SECTIONAL AREAThe gross cross sectional area of a section minus the average area of
OF HOLLOW UNITS ungrouted course of cellular spaces
GROUT A fluid mixture of Portland cement, aggregate and water which is poured into hollo
cells or joints of the masonry walls, to encase steel and bond units together
HEAD JOINT The vertical mortar joint between ends of masonry units
HOLLOW MASONRY UNIT A masonry unit whose net cross sectional area in any plane parallel to the bearing
surface is less than 75% of its gross cross sectional area measured in the same pla
LINTEL BEAM A beam placed over an opening to carry the superimposed above
MASONRY UNIT Brick, block, tile or stone or other similar building units or combination
thereof; made to be bonded together by a cementitiuos agent
MORTAR A plastic mixture of cementitious materials, fine aggregate and water
PILASTER A portion of the wall which projects on one or both sides and acts as a
vertical beam or a column or both
PACKING A method of building the end of a wall by stepping back each course, so that
it can be built into and against adjacent walls without toothers
POINTING The filling of mortar into the joint after the masonry units are laid
REINFORCEMENT MASONRY Masonry in which the reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the
component material act together with the masonry units in the resisting forces
SOLID MASONRY UNIT A unit whose cross sectional area in any place parallel to the bearing surface
is 75% or more of its gross cross sectional area measured in the same plane
TOOTHING The temporary ending of a wall wherein the units in alternate courses project
GRADING AND EARTHWORKS
BEDROCK Is in place solid rock
BENCH Is relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed
BORROW Is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use in grading of the site
COMPACTION Is the densification of a fill by mechanical means
EARTH MATERIAL Is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination thereof
EROSION Is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of the
wind or water
EXCAVATION Is the mechanical removal of earth material
FILL Is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means
GRADE Is the vertical location of a ground surface
ROUGH GRADE Is the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to the approved plan
FINISH GRADE Is the final grade of the site which conforms to the approved plan
GRADING Is any excavating or filling of combination thereof
KEY is a designed compacted fill place in a trench excavated in each
Material beneath the toe of a proposed fill slope
TERRACE Is relatively level step constructed in the face of a graded slope
surface for drainage and maintenance purpose

STEEL AND METAL

CHEVRON BRACING Is the type of bracing where a pair of braces located either both above or both
below a beam, terminates at a single point within the clear beam span
CONNECTIONS Is the group of elements that connects the members to the joint
DIAGONAL BRACING Is that form of bracing that diagonally connects joints at different levels
ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAME Is that form of braced frame where at least one end of each brace intersects
a beam at a point away from the column girder joint
GIRDER Is the horizontal member in frame system
JOINT Is the entire assemblage of intersection of the members
K-BRACING Is that form of bracing where a pair of braces located on one side of column
terminates at a single point within the clear column height
LINK BEAM Is a part of a beam in an eccentric braced frame which is designed to yield in
shear or bending to preclude buckling to bracing members
V-BRACING Is that form of chevron bracing that intersects a beam from above; or below
X-BRACING Is that form of bracing where a pair of diagonal braces cross near mid-length
of the bracing members

CROSS TIE A continuous bar having a hook not less than 135 deg with at least 6 dia (but
not less than 75mm) extension at one end and a block not less than 90 deg.
with at least a 6 dia. extension at the other end
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH The shortest distance between the critical section (where the strength of the
OF A STANDARD HOOK bar is to be developed) and a tangent to the outer edge of the 90 deg. hook
HOOP Is closed tie or continuously wound tie
LATERAL FORCE That portion of the structure composed of members proportioned to resist
RESISTING SYSTEM forces related to earthquake effects
LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE Or sanded lightweight aggregate
CONCRETE
SHELL CONCRETE Concrete outside the transverse reinforcement confining the concrete
SPECIFIED LATERAL FORCES lateral forces corresponding to the appropriate distribution of the design base
Shear forces to lateral force resisting members
STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGMS Structural members such as floor and roof slabs, which transmit inertial
forces to lateral force resisting members
STRUCTURAL TRUSSES Assemblage of reinforced concrete members subjected primarily to axial force
STRUCTURAL WALLS walls proportion to resist combinations of shears moments and axial forces
induced by earthquake motions
STRUT An element of a structural diaphragm used to provide continuity around an
opening in the diaphragm
TIE ELEMENTS Elements which serve to transmit inertial forces and prevent separation of
such building components as footings and walls
LATERAL FORCES
BASE levels at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the
structure or level at which the structure, as a dynamic vibrator is supported
BASE SHEAR is the total designed lateral force or shear at the base of the structure
BEARING WALL a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame
BOUNDARY ELEMENT an element at edges of opening or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms
BRACED FRAME is essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type
which is provided to resist lateral forces
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame which provides support for gravity load
COLLECTOR a structure or level at which the structure, as a dynamic vibrator is supported
of a structure to vertical elements of lateral force resisting system
CONCENTRIC BASE FRAME a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial force
DIAPHRAGM a horizontal or nearl y horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces
to the vertical resisting elements. It includes horizontal bracing system
DIAPHRAGM CHORD is a boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take
axial sresses analogous to the flange of a beam
DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, tie, collector) is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load
which collects and transfer diaphragm shear to vertical resisting elements or
distributes load within the diaphragm. Such member may take axial tension
or compression
DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame
and Shear Wall or Braced Frame
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose deformation under lateral load is significantly larger
than adjoining parts of the system
HORIZONTAL BRACING a horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm
SYSTEM
INTERMEDIATE MOMENT a concrete space frame designed system
RESISTING SPACE FRAME
LATERAL FORCE is a part of a structural system assigned to resist lateral forces
RESISTING SPACE SYSTEM
MOMENT RESISTING is a space frame in which the members and joints are capable to resisting force
SPACE SYSTEM primarily by flexure
ORDINARY MOMENT is moment resisting space frame not meeting the special detailing requirements
RESISTING SPACE FRAME for ductile behavior
ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the effects on the structure due to earthquake motions acting in direction
other than parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration
P-DELTA EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears and moment of frame members induced by
the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame
PLATFORM is the lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination
of structural systems
SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel in the plane of the wall
SOFT STORY one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the story abov
SOIL STRUCTURE is the coincidence of the natural period of a structure with a dominant
RESONANCE frequency in the ground system
SPACE FRAME is a three dimensional sructural system without bearing walls composed of
members interconnected so as to function as a complete self contained unit
w/ or w/o the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor bracing system
SPECIAL MOMENT is a moment resisting space frame especially detailed to provide ductile
RESISTING SPACE FRAME behavior
STORY is the space between levels
STORY DRIFT is the displacement of one level relative to the level below or above
STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by the story height
STORY, SHEAR V is the summation of design lateral forces above the story under considerations
STRENGTH is the usable capacity of the structure or its members to resist loads within
the deformation limits
STRUCTURE is assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and
resist lateral forces
TOWER is the upper flexible portion of a structure having a vertical combination
of structural system
VERTICAL LOAD CARRYING is space frame designed to carry all vertical (gravity) loads
SPACE FRAME
WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that of the story above
CONCRETE
ADMIXTURE material other than water, aggregate or hydraulic cement used as ingredient of
concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its property
AGGREGATE granular material such as sand gravel, crushed stone and iron blast furnace slag, u
with a cementing medium to form a hydraulic contact cement concrete or mortar
AGGREGATE LIGHTWEIGHT aggregate with a dry loose weight of 1100 kg/m or less
ANCHORAGE in post-tensioning a device used to anchor tendon to concrete member,
in pre-tensioning a device used to anchor tendon during hardening of concrete
BONDED TENDON pre-stressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting
COLUMN member with a ratio of height-to-least lateral dimension of or greater used primari
to support axial compression load
COMPOSITE CONCRETE concrete flexural members of pre-cast or cast-in-place concrete elements construc
FLEXURAL MEMBERS in separate place but so interconnected that all elements respond to load as a unit
CONCRETE mixture of portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate and wat
w/ or w/o admixture
CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL concrete containing lightweight aggregate and has an air-dried unit, not exceeding
LIGHTWEIGHT 1900 kg/m
CURVATURE FRICTION friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile
DEFORMED deformed reinforcing bars, bar mats, deformed wire, welded plain wire fabric and
REINFORCEMENT welded deformed wire fabric
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH length embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of
reinforcement at a critical section
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF distance measure from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
SECTION reinforcement at a critical section
EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all loses have occurred, excluding
effects of dead loads and super imposed loads
EMBEDMENT LENGTH length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section
JACKING FORCE in prestress concrete, temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension
into prestressing tendons
LOAD, DEAD dead weight suppported by a member
LOAD, FACTORED load multiplied by appropriate load factors used to proportion members by the
strength design method
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses
below proportional limit of a material
PEDESTAL upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least
lateral dimension of less than 3
PLAIN CONCRETE concrete that does not conform to the definition of reinforced concrete
POST TENSIONING method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardene
PRECAST CONCRETE plain or reinforced concrete element cast elsewhere than its final position in
the structure
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE reinforced concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to reduce
potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting from loads
PRETENSIONING methods of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned before concrete is placed
REINFORCED CONCRETE concrete reinforced with no less than amount the minimum required
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT continously wound reinforcement in the form of cylindrical helix
SPLITTING TENSILE tensile strength of concrete determined in accordance with PNS/ASTM C496
STRENGTH described in Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Conc
STIRRUP reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in structural member;
typical bars, wires or welded wire fabric (smooth or deformed) either single bent or
bent into L, U or rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to longitudinal bars
STRENGTH, DESIGN nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor,@
STRENGTH, NOMINAL strength of a member or cross section calculated in accordance with provision
 and asumptions of the strength design method
STRENGTH, REQUIRED strength of a member or cross section required to resist factor loads or related
internal moments and forces in such combinations
STRESS intensity of force per unit area
TENDON steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod, or strand or a bundle of such elements,
used to impart prestress to concrete
TIE loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement
TRANSFER act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks or pretensioning bed
to concrete member
WALL member usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces
WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed concrete, friction caused by unintended deviation of prestressing
sheath or duct from its specified profile
YIELD STRENGTH specified minimum yield strength or yield point of reinforcement in megapascals
DEFINITIONS
STRESS Internal force per unit area of an object's cross-section
AXIAL STRESS The longitudinal compressive or tensile stress in a beam
145 psi A stress of 1Mpa
ULTIMATE STRENGTH Is the result of multiplying the allowable working stress by the factor of safety
CONTROL)
al probability of
n area category C
meters or more in height
or more from the site
ile or more from

speeds of 130
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than 490 kg/cu.m.
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l allowable stress
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bonding process

ber in which the

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ting and quality

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movement of the
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PNS/ASTM C496
tes for Structural Concrete
ructural member;
d) either single bent or
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 or loads or related

undle of such elements,

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ment in megapascals

he factor of safety
pass
FLEXURE W/O AXIAL LOAD WRONG! IF(B2=B1,E2=B2," ")
AXIAL TENSION AND TENSION W/ FLEXURE WRONG!
SHEAR AND TORSION WRONG!
AXIAL COMPRESSION AND AXIAL COMPRESSION W/ FLEXURE (SPIRAL) WRONG!
AXIAL COMPRESSION AND AXIAL COMP. W/ FLEXURE (OTHER MEMBER) WRONG!
BEARING ON CONCRETE WRONG!

ASTM 36
.40 Fy WRONG!
.60 Fy WRONG!
.66 Fy WRONG!

CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT

CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE (NON PRESTRESSED)
Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth WRONG!
Concrete exposed to earth or weather
20mm bar and larger WRONG!
16mm bar, W31 or D31 wire and smaller WRONG!

Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground

Slabs, walls, joist
32mm bar and smaller WRONG!
Beams, columns
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals WRONG!
Shells, folded plate members 20mm bar and larger WRONG!
16mm bar and smaller WRONG!

PRECAST CONCRETE (MANUFACTURED UNDER PLANT CONTROL)

Concrete exposed to earth or weather
Wall panels
32mm bar and smaller WRONG!
Other members
20mm through 32mm bars WRONG!
16mm bar, W31 or D31 wire and smaller WRONG!

Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with grounds

Slabs, walls, joist
32mm and smaller WRONG!
Beams , columns,
Primary reinforcement WRONG!
WRONG!
Ties, stirrups, spirals WRONG!
Shells folded plate members
20mm bar and larger WRONG!
16mm bar, w31 or d31 wire and smaller WRONG!

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth WRONG!
Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
Walls, panels, slab joist WRONG!
Other members WRONG!
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
Slabs, walls, joists WRONG!
Beams, columns
Priimary reinforcement WRONG!
Ties, stirrups, spirals WRONG!
Shells, folded plate members
16mm bar, w31 or d31 wire and smaller WRONG!
Other reinforcement WRONG!

Is the fastest kilometer wind speed associated with an annual probability of WRONG!
0.02 measured at a point 10 meters above the ground for an area category C
Has terrain with buildings, forest or surface irregularities 6 meters or more in height WRONG!
covering at least 20% of the area extending 1.5 kilometers or more from the site
Has terrain which is flat and generally open, extending ½ mile or more from WRONG!
the site in any full quadrant
Represents the most severe exposure areas with basic wind speeds of 130 WRONG!
kph or greater and has a terrain which is flat and unobstructed facing large bodies of
water over 1.5 km or more in width relative to any quadrant of the building site
Is partially enclosed structure that has a greater area of exterior wall WRONG!
openings on any one wall than the sum of the areas of the openings on all WRONG!
other walls and has more than 15% of the wall area open

A diaphragm in which all sheating edges not occurring on framing members WRONG!
are supported on and connected to blocking
A fibrous felted homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers (usually WRONG!
wood or cane) and having density of less than 490 kg/m3
Are structural elements, the sections of which are composed of built-up lumber, WRONG!
plywood or plywood in combination with lumber, all parts bonded together with adhesives
The classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility in accordance with WRONG!
the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency
A fibrous felted, homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers consolidated WRONG!
under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 490 kg/cu.m.
The commercial size designation of width and depth, in standard sawn lumber WRONG!
and glued laminated lumber grades; somewhat larger than the standard net
size of dressed lumber in accordance with PNS 194 for sawn lumber
A design load that stresses a member or fastening to the full allowable stress WRONG!
This loading may be applied approximately for 10 years, either continously or
cumulatively,and 90% of this load may be applied for the remainder of the member
fastening
Is a mat-formed panel consisting of particles and wood fibers bonded together WRONG!
with synthetic resins or other suitable bonding system by a bonding process
A built-up panel of laminated veneers conforming to PNS 196 (1988) WRONG!
Is the torsional movement of a diaphragm about a vertical axis WRONG!
Any member comprising an assembly of laminations of lumber in which the WRONG!
grain of all laminations is approximately parallel longitudinally, in which the
laminations are bonded with adhesives WRONG!
Is a portion of larger diaphragm about a vertical axis WRONG!
Wood treated with an approved preservative under the treating and quality WRONG!
control requirements specified in SAO 223 (1975) preparation for all timber
products prior to preservative treatment by pressure process
The heartwood of bald cypress, black locust, black walnut, the cdars and redwood WRONG!
WRONG!
Is a non-structural material in low cost housing constructions which may be WRONG!
used for heat insulation and sound absorption WRONG!
LATERAL SUPPORT TO PREVENT ROTATION DISPLACEMENT
WRONG!
no lateral support is required WRONG!
the ends shall be held in position, as by full depth solid blocking, bridging, nailing or WRONG!
bolting to other framing members, approved hangers or other acceptable means
one edge shall be held in line for its entire length WRONG!
bridging, full depth solid blocking or cross bracing shall be installed at WRONG!
intervals not exceeding 2.4m unless both edges are held in line
both edges shall be held in line for their entire length WRONG!

A continuous recess built into or against a wall to receive pipes, ducts WRONG!
A hollow or solid concrete masonry unit made from Portland cement and WRONG!
suitable aggregates such as sand gravel, crushed stone bituminous or
anthracite cinders, burned clay or shale
A shelf or ledge formed by projecting successive courses of masonry out WRONG!
from the face of the wall
A continuous horizontal layer of masonry unit WRONG!
A beam where the span to depth ratio is equal to or less than 3:1 WRONG!
A wall which the facing and backing are so bonded together that they WRONG!
act as a composite element
Measure of mortar consistency (sometimes termed the initial flow) WRONG!
determined on the flow table
The total area including cells of section perpendicular to the direction of WRONG!
loading. Re-entrant spaces are included in the gross area, unless these WRONG!
spaces are to be occupied in masonry by portions of adjacent units
The gross cross sectional area of a section minus the average area of WRONG!
ungrouted course of cellular spaces WRONG!
A fluid mixture of Portland cement, aggregate and water which is poured into hollow WRONG!
cells or joints of the masonry walls, to encase steel and bond units together
The vertical mortar joint between ends of masonry units WRONG!
A masonry unit whose net cross sectional area in any plane parallel to the bearing WRONG!
surface is less than 75% of its gross cross sectional area measured in the same plane
A beam placed over an opening to carry the superimposed above WRONG!
Brick, block, tile or stone or other similar building units or combination WRONG!
thereof; made to be bonded together by a cementitiuos agent
A plastic mixture of cementitious materials, fine aggregate and water WRONG!
A portion of the wall which projects on one or both sides and acts as a WRONG!
vertical beam or a column or both
A method of building the end of a wall by stepping back each course, so that WRONG!
it can be built into and against adjacent walls without toothers
The filling of mortar into the joint after the masonry units are laid WRONG!
Masonry in which the reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the WRONG!
component material act together with the masonry units in the resisting forces
A unit whose cross sectional area in any place parallel to the bearing surface WRONG!
is 75% or more of its gross cross sectional area measured in the same plane
The temporary ending of a wall wherein the units in alternate courses project WRONG!

Is in place solid rock WRONG!

Is relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed WRONG!
Is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use in grading of the site WRONG!
Is the densification of a fill by mechanical means WRONG!
Is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination thereof WRONG!
Is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of the WRONG!
wind or water
Is the mechanical removal of earth material WRONG!
Is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means WRONG!
Is the vertical location of a ground surface WRONG!
Is the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to the approved plan WRONG!
Is the final grade of the site which conforms to the approved plan WRONG!
Is any excavating or filling of combination thereof WRONG!
is a designed compacted fill place in a trench excavated in each WRONG!
Material beneath the toe of a proposed fill slope
Is relatively level step constructed in the face of a graded slope WRONG!
surface for drainage and maintenance purpose

Is the type of bracing where a pair of braces located either both above or both WRONG!
below a beam, terminates at a single point within the clear beam span
Is the group of elements that connects the members to the joint WRONG!
Is that form of bracing that diagonally connects joints at different levels WRONG!
Is that form of braced frame where at least one end of each brace intersects WRONG!
a beam at a point away from the column girder joint
Is the horizontal member in frame system WRONG!
Is the entire assemblage of intersection of the members WRONG!
Is that form of bracing where a pair of braces located on one side of column WRONG!
terminates at a single point within the clear column height
Is a part of a beam in an eccentric braced frame which is designed to yield in WRONG!
shear or bending to preclude buckling to bracing members
Is that form of chevron bracing that intersects a beam from above; or below WRONG!
Is that form of bracing where a pair of diagonal braces cross near mid-length WRONG!
of the bracing members

A continuous bar having a hook not less than 135 deg with at least 6 dia (but WRONG!
not less than 75mm) extension at one end and a block not less than 90 deg.
with at least a 6 dia. extension at the other end
The shortest distance between the critical section (where the strength of the WRONG!
bar is to be developed) and a tangent to the outer edge of the 90 deg. hook WRONG!
Is closed tie or continuously wound tie WRONG!
That portion of the structure composed of members proportioned to resist WRONG!
forces related to earthquake effects WRONG!
Or sanded lightweight aggregate WRONG!
WRONG!
Concrete outside the transverse reinforcement confining the concrete WRONG!
lateral forces corresponding to the appropriate distribution of the design base WRONG!
Shear forces to lateral force resisting members
Structural members such as floor and roof slabs, which transmit inertial WRONG!
forces to lateral force resisting members
Assemblage of reinforced concrete members subjected primarily to axial force WRONG!
walls proportion to resist combinations of shears moments and axial forces WRONG!
induced by earthquake motions
An element of a structural diaphragm used to provide continuity around an WRONG!
opening in the diaphragm
Elements which serve to transmit inertial forces and prevent separation of WRONG!
such building components as footings and walls

levels at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the WRONG!
structure or level at which the structure, as a dynamic vibrator is supported
is the total designed lateral force or shear at the base of the structure WRONG!
a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame WRONG!
an element at edges of opening or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms WRONG!
is essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type WRONG!
which is provided to resist lateral forces
is an essentially complete space frame which provides support for gravity load WRONG!
a structure or level at which the structure, as a dynamic vibrator is supported WRONG!
of a structure to vertical elements of lateral force resisting system
a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial force WRONG!
a horizontal or nearl y horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces WRONG!
to the vertical resisting elements. It includes horizontal bracing system
is a boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take WRONG!
axial sresses analogous to the flange of a beam
(drag strut, tie, collector) is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load WRONG!
which collects and transfer diaphragm shear to vertical resisting elements or
distributes load within the diaphragm. Such member may take axial tension
or compression
is a combination of Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame WRONG!
and Shear Wall or Braced Frame
or system is one whose deformation under lateral load is significantly larger WRONG!
than adjoining parts of the system
a horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm WRONG!
WRONG!
a concrete space frame designed system WRONG!
WRONG!
is a part of a structural system assigned to resist lateral forces WRONG!
WRONG!
is a space frame in which the members and joints are capable to resisting force WRONG!
primarily by flexure WRONG!
is moment resisting space frame not meeting the special detailing requirements WRONG!
for ductile behavior WRONG!
are the effects on the structure due to earthquake motions acting in direction WRONG!
other than parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration
is the secondary effect on shears and moment of frame members induced by WRONG!
the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame
is the lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination WRONG!
of structural systems
is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel in the plane of the wall WRONG!
one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the story above WRONG!
is the coincidence of the natural period of a structure with a dominant WRONG!
frequency in the ground system WRONG!
is a three dimensional sructural system without bearing walls composed of WRONG!
members interconnected so as to function as a complete self contained unit
w/ or w/o the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor bracing system
is a moment resisting space frame especially detailed to provide ductile WRONG!
behavior WRONG!
is the space between levels WRONG!
is the displacement of one level relative to the level below or above WRONG!
is the story drift divided by the story height WRONG!
is the summation of design lateral forces above the story under considerations WRONG!
is the usable capacity of the structure or its members to resist loads within WRONG!
the deformation limits
is assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and WRONG!
resist lateral forces
is the upper flexible portion of a structure having a vertical combination WRONG!
of structural system
is space frame designed to carry all vertical (gravity) loads WRONG!
WRONG!
is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that of the story above WRONG!

material other than water, aggregate or hydraulic cement used as ingredient of WRONG!
concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its property
granular material such as sand gravel, crushed stone and iron blast furnace slag, used WRONG!
with a cementing medium to form a hydraulic contact cement concrete or mortar
aggregate with a dry loose weight of 1100 kg/m or less WRONG!
in post-tensioning a device used to anchor tendon to concrete member, WRONG!
in pre-tensioning a device used to anchor tendon during hardening of concrete
pre-stressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting WRONG!
member with a ratio of height-to-least lateral dimension of or greater used primarily WRONG!
to support axial compression load
concrete flexural members of pre-cast or cast-in-place concrete elements constructed WRONG!
in separate place but so interconnected that all elements respond to load as a unit WRONG!
mixture of portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate and water WRONG!
w/ or w/o admixture
concrete containing lightweight aggregate and has an air-dried unit, not exceeding WRONG!
1900 kg/m WRONG!
friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile WRONG!
deformed reinforcing bars, bar mats, deformed wire, welded plain wire fabric and WRONG!
welded deformed wire fabric WRONG!
length embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of WRONG!
reinforcement at a critical section
distance measure from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension WRONG!
reinforcement at a critical section WRONG!
stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all loses have occurred, excluding WRONG!
effects of dead loads and super imposed loads
length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section WRONG!
in prestress concrete, temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension WRONG!
into prestressing tendons
dead weight suppported by a member WRONG!
load multiplied by appropriate load factors used to proportion members by the WRONG!
strength design method
ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses WRONG!
below proportional limit of a material
upRIGHT! compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least WRONG!
lateral dimension of less than 3
concrete that does not conform to the definition of reinforced concrete WRONG!
method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardened WRONG!
plain or reinforced concrete element cast elsewhere than its final position in WRONG!
the structure
reinforced concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to reduce WRONG!
potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting from loads
methods of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned before concrete is placed WRONG!
concrete reinforced with no less than amount the minimum required WRONG!
continously wound reinforcement in the form of cylindrical helix WRONG!
tensile strength of concrete determined in accordance with PNS/ASTM C496 WRONG!
described in Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete WRONG!
reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in structural member; WRONG!
typical bars, wires or welded wire fabric (smooth or deformed) either single bent or
bent into L, U or rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to longitudinal bars
nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor,@ WRONG!
strength of a member or cross section calculated in accordance with provision WRONG!
and asumptions of the strength design method
strength of a member or cross section required to resist factor loads or related WRONG!
internal moments and forces in such combinations
intensity of force per unit area WRONG!
steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod, or strand or a bundle of such elements, WRONG!
used to impart prestress to concrete
loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement WRONG!
act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks or pretensioning bed WRONG!
to concrete member
member usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces WRONG!
in prestressed concrete, friction caused by unintended deviation of prestressing WRONG!
sheath or duct from its specified profile
specified minimum yield strength or yield point of reinforcement in megapascals WRONG!
DEFINITIONS
Internal force per unit area of an object's cross-section WRONG!
The longitudinal compressive or tensile stress in a beam WRONG!
A stress of 1Mpa WRONG!
Is the result of multiplying the allowable working stress by the factor of safety WRONG!

0
IF(B2=B1,E2=B2," ")