Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Albert Sun
Professor Foth
English 4
A Not-so-Tragic Poisoning
tragic heroes (summarized from their requirements) are those who experience change
in fortune following some error in judgement because of their hubris (aka excessive
pride or arrogance), and subsequently experience some fall from nobility. Following
their downfall, these tragic heroes must, usually through a moment of enlightenment,
identify the true nature of the situation, and reverse their fate (usually through sheer
courage, or sometimes trickery). Throughout, the protagonist’s actions must elicit the
feeling of ‘catharsis’ in the audience, usually through intentional dramatic irony which
invoke fear and pity for the protagonist’s impending downfall. For centuries, literary
as King Hamlet versus Hamlet) satisfies Aristotle’s requirements for being a tragic
hero. While others may disagree, I believe that while Hamlet does have some traits and
plot-points which include him in being a ‘tragic hero,’ the inherent lack of others leave
Among many other important requirements for being a tragic hero, what Hamlet
Devi within her academic analysis titled “Tragic Flaw in Shakespeare’s Hamlet,” she
defines a tragic flaw as “a personality trait of the protagonist that leads to his or her
downfall due to the personal defect of character.” (Devi 1) This tragic flaw is what
forces readers to almost instantly pin Hamlet as being a ‘tragic hero,’ with him
satisfying the most glaring requirement for being one. Hamlet’s tragic flaw is fairly
obvious during the play - his chronic indecisiveness during many situations
(well-known because of the omniscient nature of the play) supposedly indirectly
causes the downfall of not just him, but many other innocent bystanders as well. This
of Claudius following the conclusion of the play. While Claudius is praying forgiveness
within the church, Hamlet silently sneaks up behind and attempts to assassinate
forgiveness, he relents killing him, because apparently by killing him while he’s
praying, “I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven.” (Shakespeare 3.3)
praying would send him to Heaven instead of Hell. However, soon as Hamlet leaves
the church, dramatic irony has Claudius explaining that “My words fly up, my thoughts
remain below: Words without thoughts never to heaven go.” (Shakespeare 3.3)
Hamlet’s viewpoint) praying for forgiveness for his sins, he admits that his lust for
power leaves him lacking determination for actually praying. In Hamlet’s view, this
would mean that Claudius never really was praying from the beginning, which would
be ample reason to assassinate him right then and there. Therefore, we can assume
for his father’s poisoning. Indeed, Nicole Smith within her article titled “Shakespeare’s
Hamlet as a Tragic Hero” notes Hamlet as “an introspective character,” (Smith) which
she then explains would not usually be an issue, except his place within the royal
family makes him “prone to negative and stressful situations” (Smith) (basically his
half-anxiety, as shown when Hamlet over-reacts when he discovers he’s being
curtain). Thus, because of Hamlet’s introverted nature, he tends to overly worry about
certain situations and miss opportunities presented to him because of his anxiety.
since this situation was something presented more by dramatic irony than anything.
truly experiences the ‘reversal of fate’ which tragic heroes encounter - from the onset
of Hamlet, Hamlet never really experiences said ‘reversal of fate’ which according to
assassinated and his evil brother Claudius taking the throne, note that Hamlet never
really experiences a true reversal of circumstances. Act I, Scene I of Hamlet already
takes place following King Hamlet’s death, which means that Prince Hamlet doesn’t
experience a reversal of fate, since his fate already started off poorly with King
Aristotle does note that ‘peripeteia,’ the protagonist’s abrupt reversal of fate,
as he eternally stays quick-witted, brash and courageous, sarcastic, and sometimes
over-the-top throughout the entire play. While Hamlet does seem to transform from
someone who spouts sarcasm and utilizes trickery (utilizing his “intense identification
with and understanding of the power of words and language” [Smith]) into someone
we (the reader) know that this is merely the result of Hamlet taking a different
approach to his problems, versus Hamlet’s personality actually changing. Peripeteia,
meant to invoke feelings of pity, empathy and danger in the audience following the
protagonist’s abrupt change in circumstances, while half-apparent is sadly inherently
While Hamlet inherently lacks the peripeteia specific to tragic heroes, he does
eventually suffer because of his tragic flaw (his way with words, and thus his tendency
Sun 5
to overthink and miss opportunities). Following the play titled MouseTrap, Claudius
begins to realize that Hamlet knows the truth about his father’s poisoning, and will
most likely tell everyone the truth if not taken care of. Had Hamlet assassinated King
Claudius while he was praying, the play would have been over, Hamlet would have
because Hamlet decides to spare Claudius out of fear that Claudius would ascend to
heaven, he brings misfortune to himself and other innocent bystanders. Because he’s
reluctant to directly take care of Claudius because of this fear, Hamlet directly causes
the death of Polonius, who was spying on his conversation with his mother behind a
curtain. This gives Claudius an excuse to publicly exile Hamlet to England, and
privately arrange for him to be killed during his exile. Though Hamlet eventually finds
out about King Claudius’s assassination attempt, through rage at finding out that his
friends were spying for his father’s killer, he indirectly sentences them to death, by
changing his name with theirs on the letter to be sent to the English king, such that
they are killed instead of Hamlet. Then, during his duel with Laertes, Hamlet indirectly
sentences even more people to death - by stabbing Laertes with his own poisoned
sword, he poisons him to death. By inciting his mother to drink from the poisoned
as well. And, from being stabbed by Laertes’ sword (before the switch-a-roo and
stabbing Laertes back), Hamlet inevitably poisons himself and causes his own death.
Thus, just because Hamlet couldn’t make the decision to end Claudius’s life once and
Sun 6
for all, and to take revenge for his father right then, he inevitably doomed others to
death - Laertes, his mother Gertrude, his friends, and himself. Though, Claudius was
eventually stabbed by Hamlet and forced to drink from the poisoned goblet and
caused many unnecessary (or to him, necessary) deaths for those around him.
to truly become a tragic hero. While Hamlet is from nobility and occupies the position
words which inevitably leads to chronic indecisiveness) and experiences nemesis by
causing the death of himself and numerous ‘innocent’ bystanders, by lacking
Sun 7
Bibliography
Indira, Devi P. "Tragic Flaw in Shakespeare’s Hamlet" I UP Journal of English Studies.