Responder CPG 2012 Version

CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
For Pre-Hospital Emergency Care
2012 Version
CARDIAC FIRST RESPONSE CFR
OCCUPATIONAL FIRST AID OFA
EMERGENCY FIRST RESPONSE EFR
T
EM
AP
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES - Published 2012
The Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council (PHECC) is an
independent statutory body with responsibility for standards,
education and training in the field of pre-hospital emergency
care in Ireland. PHECC’s primary role is to protect the public.
MISSION STATEMENT
The Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council protects the public
by independently specifying, reviewing, maintaining and
monitoring standards of excellence for the delivery of quality
pre-hospital emergency care for people in Ireland.
The Council was established as a body corporate by the

Minister for Health and Children by Statutory Instrument
Number 109 of 2000 (Establishment Order) which was
amended by Statutory Instrument Number 575 of 2004
(Amendment Order). These Orders were made under the Health
(Corporate Bodies) Act, 1961 as amended and the Health
(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2007.
PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

2
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES - 2012 Version
Responder
Cardiac First Response

Occupational First Aid
Emergency First Response
PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines
First Edition 2001
Second Edition 2004
Third Edition 2009
Third Edition Version 2 2011
2012 Edition April 2012
Published by:
Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council
Abbey Moat House, Abbey Street, Naas, Co Kildare, Ireland
Phone: + 353 (0)45 882042

Fax: + 353 (0)45 882089
Email: info@phecc.ie
Web: www.phecc.ie
ISBN 978-0-9571028-1-1
© Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council 2012
Any part of this publication may be reproduced for educational purposes and quality
improvement programmes subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source.
It may not be used for commercial purposes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ACCEPTED ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
IMPLEMENTATION AND USE OF CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES . . . . . . . 12
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES

KEY/CODES EXPLANATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES - INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
SECTION 2 PATIENT ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
SECTION 3 RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
SECTION 4 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
SECTION 5 OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
SECTION 6 TRAUMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
SECTION 7 PAEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Appendix 1 - Medication Formulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Appendix 2 – Medications & Skills Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Appendix 3 – Critical Incident Stress Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Appendix 4 – CPG Updates for Responders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Appendix 5 – Pre-hospital defibrillation position paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

5
FOREWORD
It is my pleasure to write the foreword to this PHECC Clinical

Handbook comprising Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) and
Medication Formulary. There are now 236 CPGs in all, to guide
integrated care across the six levels of Responder and Practitioner.
My understanding is that it is a world first to have a Cardiac First
Responder using guidance from the same integrated set as all levels
of Responders and Practitioners up to Advanced Paramedic. We have
come a long way since the publication of the first set of guidelines
numbering 35 in 2001, and applying to EMTs only at the time.
I was appointed Chair in June 2008 to what is essentially the second
Council since PHECC was established in 2000.
I pay great tribute to the hard work of the previous Medical Advisory Group chaired by Mark
Doyle, in developing these CPGs with oversight from the Clinical Care Committee chaired by
Sean Creamer, and guidance and authority of the first Council chaired by Paul Robinson. The
development and publication of CPGs is an important part of PHECC’s main functions which
are:
1. To ensure training institutions and course content in First Response and Emergency Medical
Technology reflect contemporary best practice.
2. To ensure pre-hospital emergency care Responders and Practitioners achieve and maintain
competency at the appropriate performance standard.
3. To sponsor and promote the implementation of best practice guidelines in pre-hospital
emergency care.
4. To source, sponsor and promote relevant research to guide Council in the development of
pre-hospital emergency care in Ireland.
5. To recommend other pre-hospital emergency care standards as appropriate.
6. To establish and maintain a register of pre-hospital emergency care practitioners.
7. To recognise those pre-hospital emergency care providers which undertake to implement
the clinical practice guidelines.
The CPGs, in conjunction with relevant ongoing training and review of practice, are
fundamental to achieve best practice in pre-hospital emergency care. I welcome this revised
Clinical Handbook and look forward to the contribution Responders and Practitioners will make
with its guidance.
__________________
Mr Tom Mooney, Chair, Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council

6
ACCEPTED ABBREVIATIONS
Advanced Paramedic AP
Advanced Life Support ALS
Airway, breathing & circulation ABC
All terrain vehicle ATV
Altered level of consciousness ALoC
Automated External Defibrillator AED
Bag Valve Mask BVM
Basic Life Support BLS
Blood Glucose BG
Blood Pressure BP
Carbon dioxide CO2
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPR
Cervical spine C-spine
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD
Clinical Practice Guideline CPG
Degree o
Degrees Centigrade o
C
Dextrose 10% in water D10W
Drop (gutta) gtt
Electrocardiogram ECG
Emergency Department ED
Emergency Medical Technician EMT
Endotracheal tube ETT
Foreign body airway obstruction FBAO
Fracture #
General Practitioner GP
Glasgow Coma Scale GCS
Gram g
Greater than >
Greater than or equal to ≥
Heart rate HR
History Hx
Impedance Threshold Device ITD
Inhalation Inh
Intramuscular IM
Intranasal IN
Intraosseous IO
Intravenous IV
Keep vein open KVO
Kilogram Kg
Less than <
7
ACCEPTED ABBREVIATIONS (Cont.)
Less than or equal to ≤

Litre L
Maximum Max
Microgram mcg
Milligram mg
Millilitre mL
Millimole mmol
Minute min
Modified Early Warning Score MEWS
Motor vehicle collision MVC
Myocardial infarction MI
Nasopharyngeal airway NPA
Milliequivalent mEq
Millimetres of mercury mmHg
Nebulised NEB
Negative decadic logarithm of the H+ ion concentration pH
Orally (per os) PO
Oropharyngeal airway OPA
Oxygen O2
Paramedic P
Peak expiratory flow PEF
Per rectum PR
Percutaneous coronary intervention PCI
Personal Protective Equipment PPE
Pulseless electrical activity PEA
Respiration rate RR
Return of spontaneous circulation ROSC
Revised Trauma Score RTS
Saturation of arterial oxygen SpO2
ST elevation myocardial infarction STEMI
Subcutaneous SC
Sublingual SL
Systolic blood pressure SBP
Therefore ∴
Total body surface area TBSA
Ventricular Fibrillation VF
Ventricular Tachycardia VT
When necessary (pro re nata) prn

8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The process of developing CPGs has been Mr Michael Garry, Paramedic, Chair of
long and detailed. The quality of the Accreditation Committee
Mr Macartan Hughes, Advanced Paramedic,
finished product is due to the painstaking
Head of Education & Competency
work of many people, who through their
Assurance, HSE National Ambulance Service
expertise and review of the literature, Mr Lawrence Kenna, Advanced Paramedic,
ensured a world-class publication. Education & Competency Assurance
Manager, HSE National Ambulance Service
PROJECT LEADER & EDITOR Mr Paul Lambert, Advanced Paramedic,
Mr Brian Power, Programme Development Station Officer Dublin Fire Brigade
Officer, PHECC. Mr Declan Lonergan, Advanced Paramedic,
Education & Competency Assurance
INITIAL CLINICAL REVIEW
Manager, HSE National Ambulance Service
Dr Geoff King, Director, PHECC.
Mr Paul Meehan, Regional Training Officer,
Ms Pauline Dempsey, Programme
Northern Ireland Ambulance Service
Development Officer, PHECC.
Dr David Menzies, Medical Director AP
Ms Jacqueline Egan, Programme Development
programme NASC/UCD
Officer, PHECC.
Dr David McManus, Medical Director,
Northern Ireland Ambulance Service
MEDICAL ADVISORY GROUP
Dr Peter O’Connor, Consultant in Emergency
Dr Zelie Gaffney, (Chair) General Practitioner
Medicine, Medical Advisor Dublin Fire
Dr David Janes, (Vice Chair) General
Brigade
Practitioner
Mr Cathal O’Donnell, Consultant in
Prof Gerard Bury, Professor of General
Emergency Medicine, Medical Director HSE
Practitioner University College Dublin
National Ambulance Service
Dr Niamh Collins, Locum Consultant in
Mr John O’Donnell, Consultant in Emergency
Emergency Medicine, St James’s Hospital
Medicine, Area Medical Advisor, National
Prof Stephen Cusack, Consultant in
Ambulance Service West
Emergency Medicine, Area Medical Advisor,
Mr Frank O’Malley, Paramedic, Chair of
National Ambulance Service South
Clinical Care Committee
Mr Mark Doyle, Consultant in Emergency
Mr Martin O’Reilly, Advanced Paramedic,
Medicine, Deputy Medical Director HSE
District Officer Dublin Fire Brigade
National Ambulance Service
Dr Sean O’Rourke, Consultant in Emergency
Mr Conor Egleston, Consultant in Emergency
Medicine, Area Medical Advisor, National
Medicine, Our lady of Lourdes Hospital,
Ambulance Service North Leinster
Drogheda

9
SECTION 2 - PATIENT ASSESSMENT Primary Survey – Adult
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Ms Valerie Small, Nurse Practitioner, St Mr Tony Heffernan, Assistant Director of

James’s Hospital, Vice Chair Council Nursing, HSE Mental Health Services.
Dr Sean Walsh, Consultant in Paediatric Prof Peter Kelly, Consultant Neurologist,
Emergency Medicine, Our Lady’s Hospital Mater University Hospital.
for Sick Children Crumlin Dr Brian Maurer, Director of Cardiology St
Mr Brendan Whelan, Advanced Paramedic, Vincent’s University Hospital.
Education & Competency Assurance Dr Regina McQuillan, Palliative Medicine
Manager, HSE National Ambulance Service Consultant, St James’s Hospital.
Dr Sean Murphy, Consultant Physician in
EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTORS Geriatric Medicine, Midland Regional Hospital,
Mr Fergal Hickey, Consultant in Emergency Mullingar.
Medicine, Sligo General Hospital Ms Annette Thompson, Clinical Nurse
Mr George Little, Consultant in Emergency Specialist, Beaumont Hospital.
Medicine, Naas Hospital Dr Joe Tracey, Director, National Poisons
Mr Richard Lynch, Consultant in Emergency Information Centre.
Medicine, Midlands Regional Hospital Mr Pat O’Riordan, Specialist in Emergency
Mulingar Management, HSE.
Ms Celena Barrett, Chief Fire Officer, Kildare Prof Peter Weedle, Adjunct Prof of Clinical
County Fire Service. Pharmacy, National University of Ireland,
Ms Diane Brady, CNM II, Delivery Suite, Cork.
Castlebar Hospital. Dr John Dowling, General Practitioner,
Dr Donal Collins, Chief Medical Officer, An Donegal
Garda Síochána.
Dr Ronan Collins, Director of Stroke Services, SPECIAL THANKS
Age Related Health Care, Adelaide & Meath A special thanks to all the PHECC team
Hospital, Tallaght. who were involved in this project from
Dr Peter Crean, Consultant Cardiologist, St. time to time, in particular Marion O’Malley,
James’s Hospital. Programme Development Support Officer
Prof Kieran Daly, Consultant Cardiologist, and Marie Ni Mhurchu, Client Services
University Hospital Galway Manager, for their commitment to ensure the
Dr Mark Delargy, Consultant in success of the project.
Rehabilitation, National Rehabilitation
Centre.
Dr Joseph Harbison, Lead Consultant Stroke
Physician and Senior Geriatrician St.
James’s, National Clinical Lead in Stroke
Medicine.

10
SECTION 2 - PATIENT ASSESSMENT Primary Survey – Adult
INTRODUCTION
The development of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) is a

continuous process. The publication of the ILCOR Guidelines
2010 was the principle catalyst for updating these CPGs.
As research leads to evidence, and as practice evolves,
guidelines are updated to offer the best available advice to
those who care for the ill and injured in our pre-hospital
environment.
This 2012 Edition offers current best practice guidance. The guidelines have expanded
in number and scope – with 32 CPGs in total for Responders, covering such topics
as Poisons and Anaphylaxis for the first time. The CPGs continue to recognise the
various levels of Practitioner (Emergency Medical Technician, Paramedic and Advanced
Paramedic) and Responder (Cardiac First Response, Occupational First Aid and
Emergency First Response) who offer care.
The CPGs cover these six levels, reflecting the fact that care is integrated. Each level
of more advanced care is built on the care level preceding it, whether or not provided
by the same person. For ease of reference, a version of the guidelines for each level of
Responder and Practitioner is available on www.phecc.ie Feedback on the experience
of using the guidelines in practice is essential for their ongoing development and
refinement, therefore, your comments and suggestions are welcomed by PHECC. The
Medical Advisory Group believes these guidelines will assist Responders in delivering
excellent pre-hospital care.
__________________________________
Mr Cathal O’Donnell
Chair, Medical Advisory Group (2008-2010)

11
SECTION 2 - PATIENT
IMPLEMENTATION & USE OF CLINICAL
ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
Primary Survey –GUIDELINES
Adult
Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) and the Responder

CPGs are guidelines for best practice and are not intended as a substitute for good
clinical judgment. Unusual patient presentations make it impossible to develop a CPG
to match every possible clinical situation. The Responder decides if a CPG should be
applied based on patient assessment and the clinical impression. The Responder must
work in the best interest of the patient within the scope of practice for his/her clinical
level. Consultation with fellow Responders and/or Practitioners in challenging clinical
situations is strongly advised.
The CPGs herein may be implemented provided:

1 The Responder maintains current certification as outlined in PHECC’s Education &
Training Standard.
2 The Responder is authorised, by the organisation on whose behalf he/she is acting, to
implement the specific CPG.
3 The Responder has received training on, and is competent in, the skills and
medications specified in the CPG being utilised.
The medication dose specified on the relevant CPG shall be the definitive dose in
relation to Responder administration of medications. The onus rests on the Responder
to ensure that he/she is using the latest version of CPGs which are available on the
PHECC website www.phecc.ie
Definitions
Adult a patient of 14 years or greater, unless specified on the CPG.
Child a patient between 1 and less than or equal to (≤) 13 years old,
unless specified on the CPG
Infant a patient between 4 weeks and less than 1 year old, unless
specified on the CPG..
Neonate a patient less than 4 weeks old, unless specified on the CPG..
Paediatric patient any child, infant or neonate

12
IMPLEMENTATION & USE OF CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
Care principles
Care principles are goals of care that apply to all patients. Scene safety, standard
precautions, patient assessment, primary and secondary surveys and the recording
of interventions and medications on a Ambulatory Care Report (ACR) or Patient
Care Report (PCR) are consistent principles throughout the guidelines and reflect
the practice of Responders. Care principles are the foundation for risk management
and the avoidance of error.
Care Principles
1 Ensure the safety of yourself, other responders/practitioners, your patients and
the public:
• consider all environmental factors and approach a scene only when it is safe to
do so.
• identify potential and actual hazards and take the necessary precautions
• request assistance as required.
• ensure the scene is as safe as is practicable.
• take standard infection control precautions.
2 Identify and manage life-threatening conditions:

• locate all patients – if the number of patients is greater than available
resources, ensure additional resources are sought.
• assess the patient’s condition appropriately.
• prioritise and manage the most life-threatening conditions first.
• provide a situation report to Ambulance Control Centre (112/999) using the
RED card process as soon as possible after arrival on the scene.
3 Ensure adequate Airway, Breathing and Circulation.
4 Control all external haemorrhage.
5 Monitor and record patient’s vital observations.
6 Identify and manage other conditions.

13
SECTION 2 - PATIENT
IMPLEMENTATION & USE OF CLINICAL
ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
Primary Survey –GUIDELINES
Adult
7 Place the patient in the appropriate posture according to the presenting

condition.
8 Ensure the maintenance of normal body temperature (unless CPG indicates
otherwise).
9 Provide reassurance at all times.
Completing an ACR/PCR for each patient is paramount in the risk management

process and users of the CPGs must commit to this process.
Minor injuries
Responders must adhere to their individual organisational protocols for treat and
discharge/referral of patients with minor injuries.
CPGs and the pre-hospital emergency care team

The aim of pre-hospital emergency care is to provide a comprehensive and
coordinated approach to patient care management, thus providing each patient
with the most appropriate care in the most efficient time frame.
In Ireland today, providers of emergency care are from a range of disciplines and
include Responders (Cardiac First Response, Occupational First Aid and Emergency
First Response) and Practitioners (Emergency Medical Technicians, Paramedics,
Advanced Paramedics, Nurses and Doctors) from the statutory, private, auxiliary and
voluntary services.
CPGs set a consistent standard of clinical practice within the field of pre-hospital
emergency care. By reinforcing the role of the Responder, in the continuum of
patient care, the chain of survival and the golden hour are supported in medical
and trauma emergencies respectively.
CPGs guide the Responder in presenting to a Practitioner a patient who has been
supported in the very early phase of injury/illness and in whom the danger of
deterioration has lessened by early appropriate clinical care interventions.

14
IMPLEMENTATION & USE OF CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
CPGs presume no intervention has been applied, nor medication administered, prior
to the arrival of the Responder. In the event of another Practitioner or Responder
initiating care during an acute episode, the Responder must be cognisant
of interventions applied and medication doses already administered and act
accordingly.
In this care continuum, the duty of care is shared among all Responders/
Practitioners of whom each is accountable for his/her own actions. The most
qualified Responder/Practitioner on the scene shall take the role of clinical leader.
Explicit handover between Responders/Practitioners is essential and will eliminate
confusion regarding the responsibility for care.
Defibrillation policy
The Medical Advisory Group has recommended the following pre-hospital
defibrillation policy;
• Advanced Paramedics should use manual defibrillation for all age groups.
• Paramedics may consider use of manual defibrillation for all age groups.
• EMTs and Responders shall use AED mode for all age groups.
Using 2012 Edition CPGs

The 2012 Edition CPGs continue to be published in sections.
• Appendix 1, the Medication Formulary, is an important adjunct supporting
decision-making by the Responder.
• Appendix 2, lists the care management and medications matrix for the six levels
of Practitioner and Responder.
• Appendix 3, outlines important guidance for critical incident stress management
(CISM) from the Ambulance Service CISM committee.
• Appendix 4, outlines changes to medications and skills as a result of updating to
version 2 and the introduction of new CPGs.
• Appendix 5, outlines the pre-hospital defibrillation position from PHECC.

15
SECTION 2 -EXPLANATION
KEY/CODES PATIENT ASSESSMENT Primary Survey – Adult
Clinical Practice Guidelines

for
Responders
Codes explanation
CFR Cardiac First Responder (Community)

(Level 1) for which the CPG pertains A parallel process
Cardiac First Responder (Advanced) Which may be carried out in parallel
CFR - A with other sequence steps
(Level 1) for which the CPG pertains
Occupational First Aider

OFA A cyclical process in which a number
of sequence steps are completed
Emergency First Responder
EFR
Occupational First Aider or lower
OFA
Sequence step A sequence (skill) to be performed clinical levels not permitted this route
Mandatory
sequence step A mandatory sequence (skill) to be performed
Ring ambulance control Instructions An instruction box for information
Request Request an AED from local area Special instructions

AED Special
instructions Which the Responder must follow
A decision process EFR A skill or sequence that only pertains

The Responder must follow one route to EFR or higher clinical levels
Given the clinical Special authorisation

Special
Consider treatment presentation consider This authorises the Responder to perform
authorisation
options an intervention under specified conditions
the treatment option
specified
Reassess Reassess the patient

following intervention
1/2/3.4.1 CPG numbering system

Version 2, 07/11
1/2/3 = clinical levels to which the CPG pertains
1/2/3.x.y x = section in CPG manual, y = CPG number in sequence
Version 2, mm/yy
mm/yy = month/year CPG published
Medication, dose & route A medication which may be administered by a CFR or higher clinical level
The medication name, dose and route is specified
Medication, dose & route A medication which may be administered by an EFR or higher clinical level
The medication name, dose and route is specified
A direction to go to a specific CPG following a decision process

Go to xxx
CPG Note: only go to the CPGs that pertain to your clinical level
Start
from A clinical condition that may precipitate entry into the specific CPG

16
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES - INDEX
SECTION 2 PATIENT ASSESSMENT

Primary Survey – Adult 18
Secondary Survey Medical – Adult 19
Secondary Survey Trauma – Adult 20
SECTION 3 RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES

Advanced Airway Management – Adult 21
Inadequate Respirations – Adult 22
SECTION 4 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

Basic Life Support – Adult 23
Basic Life Support – Paediatric 24
Foreign Body Airway Obstruction – Adult 25
Foreign Body Airway Obstruction – Paediatric 26
Post-Resuscitation Care 27
Recognition of Death – Resuscitation not Indicated 28
Cardiac Chest Pain – Acute Coronary Syndrome 29
Anaphylaxis – Adult 30
Glycaemic Emergency – Adult 31
Seizure/Convulsion – Adult 32
Stroke 33
Poisons 34
Hypothermia 35
Decompression Illness 36
Altered Level of Consciousness – Adult 37
Heat-related Illness 38
SECTION 5 OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES

Pre-Hospital Emergency Childbirth 39
SECTION 6 TRAUMA
External Haemorrhage 40
Spinal Immobilisation – Adult 41
Burns 42
Limb Injury 43
Submersion Incident 44
SECTION 7 PAEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES

Primary Survey – Paediatric 45
Inadequate Respirations – Paediatric 46
Anaphylaxis – Paediatric 47
Seizure/Convulsion – Paediatric 48
Spinal Immobilisation – Paediatric 49

17
SECTION 2 - PATIENT ASSESSMENT
2/3.2.3
Version 2, 03/11
Primary Survey - Adult OFA EFR
Trauma Take standard infection control precautions
Consider pre-arrival information

Primary Survey - Adult
Scene safety
Scene survey
Scene situation
PATIENT ASSESSMENT
Control catastrophic
external haemorrhage
Mechanism of
Yes C-spine
No injury suggestive
control
of spinal injury
S2 Assess responsiveness Unresponsive

999 / 112
Responsive
Request
AED
EFR
Suction, Head tilt/chin lift,
OPA No Airway patent Yes Maintain
Jaw thrust
EFR
Go to
Airway
FBAO Yes No
obstructed
CPG
Go to BLS Commence CPR

No Breathing Consider
CPG
Oxygen therapy
Oxygen therapy
Yes
Treat life threatening injuries only

at this point
RED Card
Information and sequence required by Ambulance Control
when requesting an emergency ambulance response: Consider expose & examine
1 Phone number you are calling from
2 Location of incident
3 Chief complaint Pulse, Respiration &
4 Number of patients Normal rates
AVPU assessment
5 Age (approximate) Pulse: 60 – 100
6 Gender Respirations: 12 – 20
7 Conscious? Yes/no
Formulate RED card
8 Breathing normally? Yes/no
information
If over 35 years – Chest Pain? Yes/no
If trauma – Severe bleeding? Yes/no
999 / 112
Appropriate Practitioner
Registered Medical Practitioner
Maintain care Registered Nurse
Go to
until handover Registered Advanced Paramedic
appropriate
to appropriate Registered Paramedic
CPG
Reference: ILCOR Guidelines 2010 Practitioner Registered EMT

18
2/3.2.4 Secondary Survey Medical – Adult OFA EFR
Secondary Survey Medical - Adult

05/08
Primary
Survey
Record vital signs
Markers identifying acutely unwell

Cardiac chest pain
Systolic BP < 90 mmHg
PATIENT ASSESSMENT
Patient acutely
Respiratory rate < 10 or > 29 Yes
unwell
AVPU = P or U on scale
Acute pain > 5
No
Focused medical
history of presenting
complaint
Go to Identify positive findings

appropriate and initiate care SAMPLE history
CPG management
S2
Check for medications
carried or medical
alert jewellery
Formulate RED card

information
999 / 112
Maintain care
until handover
to appropriate
Practitioner
Go to
appropriate
CPG
RED Card
Information and sequence required by Ambulance Control Analogue Pain Scale
when requesting an emergency ambulance response: 0 = no pain……..10 = unbearable
3 Chief complaint
4 Number of patients
5 Age (approximate) Appropriate Practitioner
6 Gender Registered Medical Practitioner
7 Conscious? Yes/no Registered Nurse
8 Breathing normally? Yes/no Registered Advanced Paramedic
Registered Paramedic
If over 35 years – Chest Pain? Yes/no Registered EMT
Reference: Bergeron, D, et al, 2001, First Responder 6th Edition, Brady

Mohun J, 2003, First Aid Manual 8th Edition, Irish Red Cross & Order of Malta Ambulance Corps

19
2/3.2.5 Secondary Survey Trauma – Adult OFA EFR

Secondary Survey Trauma - Adult
05/08
Primary
Survey
Follow
Obvious minor organisational
Yes
injury protocols for
minor injuries
No
PATIENT ASSESSMENT
Examination of
obvious injuries
Record vital signs
Go to Identify positive findings SAMPLE history

appropriate and initiate care
CPG management
Complete a head to toe
survey as history dictates
S2
carried or medical
alert jewellery
Formulate RED card

information
999 / 112
Maintain care
until handover
to appropriate
Practitioner
RED Card
when requesting an emergency ambulance response:
3 Chief complaint
Appropriate Practitioner
4 Number of patients
Registered Medical Practitioner
5 Age (approximate)
Registered Nurse
6 Gender
Registered Advanced Paramedic
7 Conscious? Yes/no
Registered EMT
Reference: Bergeron, D, et al, 2001, First Responder 6th Edition, Brady

Mohun J, 2003, First Aid Manual 8th Edition, Irish Red Cross & Order of Malta Ambulance Corps

20
SECTION 3 - RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
4.3.1
03/11
Advanced Airway Management – Adult CFR - A EMT
Adult
Cardiac
Advanced Airway Management - Adult

arrest
Able to Consider
No
ventilate FBAO
Yes
Go to Consider option
BLS-Adult No of advanced
CPG airway
Yes
RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
Equipment list
Supraglottic Airway Non-inflatable supraglottic airway

Minimum interruptions of insertion
chest compressions
Maximum hands off time
10 seconds
Successful Yes
No
2nd attempt
Supraglottic Airway
insertion
Maintain adequate S3
ventilation and Successful Yes
oxygenation throughout
procedures No
Check supraglottic airway

Revert to basic airway placement after each patient
management movement or if any patient
deterioration
Following successful Advanced

Airway management:- Continue ventilation and oxygenation
i) Ventilate at 8 to 10 per minute.
ii) Unsynchronised chest
compressions continuous at 100
to 120 per minute
Go to
appropriate
CPG
Reference: ILCOR Guidelines 2010

21
SECTION 3 - RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
3.3.2
05/08
Inadequate Respirations – Adult EFR
Respiratory
difficulties
Regard each emergency asthma call
as for acute severe asthma until it is
Assess and maintain airway shown otherwise
Inadequate Respirations – Adult
Oxygen therapy
999 / 112
Respiratory
assessment
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Inadequate rate or depth Audible

RR < 10 No
wheeze
Yes
History of
No
Asthma
S3 Yes
Prescribed
Positive pressure ventilations Salbutamol No
Max 10 per minute previously
Yes
Special Authorisation: Assist patient to administer

EFRs may use a BVM to Salbutamol, 2 puffs,
ventilate provided that it (0.2 mg) metered aerosol
is a two person operation
Reassess
Maintain
care until
handover to
appropriate
Practitioner
Acute severe asthma

Life threatening asthma
Any one of;
Any one of the following in a patient with severe asthma;
Respiratory rate ≥ 25/ min
Silent chest
Heart rate ≥ 110/ min
Cyanosis
Inability to complete sentences in one breath
Feeble respiratory effort
Exhaustion
Confusion
Unresponsive
Moderate asthma exacerbation
Increasing symptoms
No features of acute severe asthma
Reference: British Thoracic Society, 2005, British Guidelines on the Management of Asthma, a national clinical guideline

22
SECTION 4 - MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
1/2/3.4.1
Version 3, 06/11 Basic Life Support – Adult CFR OFA
EFR
Collapse
999 / 112
Responsive Yes
Patient
No
Shout for help Request

AED
Basic Life Support – Adult

Open Airway
Not breathing normally?
i.e. only gasping
Minimum interruptions of
chest compressions.
Maximum hands off time
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
999 / 112
10 seconds.
CFR-A Commence chest Compressions

Suction Continue CPR (30:2) until AED is attached or patient Chest compressions
EFR OPA starts to move Rate: 100 to 120/ min
CFR-A Oxygen therapy Depth: at least 5 cm
Ventilations
Rate: 10/ min
Apply AED pads
S4
Volume: 500 to 600 mL
AED
Assesses
Rhythm
CFR-A Shock advised No Shock advised

Consider insertion Continue
of non-inflatable CPR while
supraglottic airway, AED is
however do not Give 1 charging
delay 1st shock or shock
stop CPR Breathing normally?
Immediately resume CPR Immediately resume CPR

30 compressions: 2 breaths 30 compressions: 2 breaths
x 2 minutes (5 cycles) x 2 minutes (5 cycles)
Go to Post
Resuscitation
Care CPG
Continue CPR until an If an Implantable Cardioverter

appropriate Practitioner Defibrillator (ICD) is fitted in
takes over or patient starts the patient treat as per CPG.
to move It is safe to touch a patient
If unable to ventilate perform
with an ICD fitted even if it is
compression only CPR
firing.

23
1/2/3.4.4 CFR OFA

Version 4, 06/11 Basic Life Support – Paediatric (≤ 13 Years)
EFR
Collapse
999 / 112
Responsive Yes
Patient
No
Shout for help Request

AED
Basic Life Support – Paediatric
Open Airway
Not breathing normally
i.e. only gasping
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Chest compressions
CFR-A Suction Rate: 100 to 120/ min
Commence chest Compressions Depth: 1/3 depth of chest
EFR OPA Continue CPR (30:2) for approximately 2 minutes Child; two hands
CFR-A Oxygen therapy Small child; one hand
Infant (< 1); two fingers
999 / 112
For < 8 years use paediatric Apply AED pads

S4 defibrillation system
(if not available use adult pads)
AED
Assesses
Rhythm
Continue
CPR while Shock advised No Shock advised
AED is
charging
Give 1 Minimum
shock
Breathing normally? interruptions of
chest
Immediately resume CPR Immediately resume CPR compressions.
30 compressions: 2 breaths 30 compressions: 2 breaths
x 2 minutes (5 cycles) x 2 minutes (5 cycles) Maximum hands
Go to Post off time 10
Resuscitation seconds.
Care CPG Continue CPR until an
appropriate Practitioner
takes over or patient starts
to move
If unable to ventilate perform
compression only CPR
Infant AED
It is extremely unlikely to ever have to defibrillate a child less than 1 year old. Nevertheless, if this
were to occur the approach would be the same as for a child over the age of 1. The only likely
difference being, the need to place the defibrillation pads anterior (front) and posterior (back),
because of the infant’s small size.

24
1/2/3.4.5
Version 3, 03/11 Foreign Body Airway Obstruction – Adult CFR OFA
EFR
Are you
FBAO choking?
Severe FBAO Mild

(ineffective cough) Severity (effective cough)
Foreign Body Airway Obstruction – Adult

No Conscious Yes
Encourage cough
1 to 5 back blows
No Effective Yes
1 to 5 abdominal thrusts
(or chest thrusts for
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
obese or pregnant
patients)
No Effective Yes
If patient becomes
unresponsive
Open Airway
999 / 112 S4
One cycle of CPR
Effective Yes
No
CFR-A
Consider
Oxygen therapy
Go to
BLS Adult After each cycle of CPR open
CPG mouth and look for object.
If visible attempt once to remove it 999 / 112
Maintain
care until
handover to
appropiate
Practitioner
ILCOR Guidelines 2010: Chest thrusts, back blows, or abdominal thrusts are effective for relieving FBAO in conscious adults and children > 1 year of age

25
1/2/3.4.6
Version 3, 03/11 Foreign Body Airway Obstruction – Paediatric (≤ 13 years) CFR OFA
EFR
Are you
FBAO choking?
Foreign Body Airway Obstruction – Paediatric
Severe FBAO Mild

(ineffective cough) Severity (effective cough)
No Conscious Yes
Encourage cough
1 to 5 back blows
No Effective Yes
1 to 5 thrusts
(child – abdominal thrusts)
(infant – chest thrusts)
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
No Effective Yes
If patient becomes
unresponsive
Open Airway
S4
999 / 112
one cycle of CPR
Effective Yes
CFR-A
No Consider
Oxygen therapy
Go to BLS
Paediatric
CPG 999 /112
Maintain
care until
handover to
appropiate
After each cycle of CPR open Practitioner
mouth and look for object.
If visible attempt once to remove it
ILCOR Guidelines 2010: Chest thrusts, back blows, or abdominal thrusts are effective for relieving FBAO in conscious adults and children > 1 year of age

26
1/2/3.4.14
Version 3, 03/11
Post-Resuscitation Care CFR OFA
EFR
Return normal
spontaneous
If registered healthcare professional,
breathing and pulse oximetry available, titrate
oxygen to maintain SpO2;
CFR-A Maintain Adult: 94% to 98%
Oxygen therapy Paediatric: 96% to 98%
999 / 112 if not

already contacted
Conscious Yes
No
Post Resuscitation Care

Recovery position
(if no trauma)
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Maintain patient at rest
OFA
Monitor vital signs
Maintain
care until
handover to
appropriate
S4
Practitioner
Special Authorisation:
CFR-As, linked to EMS, may be authorised to For active cooling place
actively cool unresponsive patients following return cold packs in arm pits,
of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) groin & abdomen

27
1/2/3.4.15
Version 2, 05/08 Recognition of Death – Resuscitation not Indicated CFR OFA
EFR
Recognition of Death – Resuscitation not Indicated
Apparent
dead body
Go to BLS
Signs of Life Yes
CPG
No
Definitive
indicators of No
Death
Yes Definitive indicators of death:

1. Decomposition
2. Obvious rigor mortis
3. Obvious pooling (hypostasis)
4. Incineration
It is inappropriate to 5. Decapitation
commence resuscitation 6. Injuries totally incompatible with life
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
999 / 112
Inform Ambulance
Control
Complete all
appropriate
documentation
Await arrival of
S4 appropriate
Practitioner
and / or Gardaí

28
1/2/3.4.16
Version 2, 03/11 Cardiac Chest Pain – Acute Coronary Syndrome CFR OFA
EFR
Cardiac
chest pain
Cardiac Chest Pain – Acute Coronary Syndrome

999 / 112 if not
already contacted
CFR-A If registered healthcare professional,

Oxygen therapy and pulse oximetry available, titrate
Adult: 94% to 98%
Aspirin, 300 mg PO
Chest pain
Yes
ongoing
Patient No
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
prescribed No
GTN
Yes
Assist patient to administer

GTN 0.4 mg SL
Monitor vital signs
Maintain
care until
handover to
appropiate
S4
Practitioner

29
2/3.4.18
12/11 Anaphylaxis – Adult OFA EFR
Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis is a life threatening

condition identified by the
following criteria:
Patient’s name • Sudden onset and rapid progression
999/ 112 of symptoms
Responder’s name
• Difficulty breathing
Doctor’s name • Diminished consciousness
• Red, blotchy skin
Oxygen therapy
Collapsed
No Yes
state
Place in semi-
Lie flat with
recumbent position
legs raised
Breathing
No Yes Patient prescribed
difficulty
Yes Epinephrine auto
injection
Anaphylaxis - Adult
Assist patient to administer own

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Epinephrine (1:1 000) 300 mcg IM No

Patient Auto injection
Yes prescribed
Salbutamol
No
Salbutamol 2 puffs
(0.2 mg) metered aerosol
Reassess
S4 Monitor vital signs
Maintain
care until
handover to • Exposure to a known allergen for
appropriate the patient reinforces the diagnosis
Practitioner of anaphylaxis
Be aware that:
• Skin or mouth/ tongue changes
alone are not a sign of an
anaphylactic reaction
• There may also be vomiting,
abdominal pain or incontinence
Special Authorisation: Special Authorisation:

Responders who have received training Responders who have received training
and are authorised by a Medical and are authorised by a Medical
Practitioner for a named patient may Practitioner for a named patient may
administer Salbutamol via an aerosol administer Epinephrine via an auto
measured dose. injector.
Reference: Immunisation Guidelines for Ireland 2008 RCPI,

ILCOR Guidelines 2010

30
2/3.4.19
05/08 Glycaemic Emergency – Adult OFA EFR
Known diabetic with

confusion or altered levels
of consciousness
999 / 112
A or V on
No
AVPU scale
Yes
Glycaemic Emergency – Adult

Sweetened drink Recovery position
Or
Glucose gel, 10-20 g buccal
Allow 5 minutes to elapse following
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
administration of sweetened drink or
Glucose gel
Reassess
Improvement
No
in condition
Yes
Maintain
care until
handover to
S4
appropriate
Practitioner
Reference: Mohun J, 2003, First Aid Manual 8th Edition, Irish Red Cross & Order of Malta Ambulance Corps

31
2/3.4.20
Version 2, 07/11 Seizure/Convulsion – Adult OFA EFR
Seizure / convulsion
Consider other causes Protect from harm

of seizures
Meningitis
Head injury 999 / 112
Hypoglycaemia
Eclampsia
Fever
Poisons
Alcohol/drug withdrawal
Oxygen therapy
Seizure / Convulsion - Adult
Seizing currently Seizure status Post seizure

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Support head Alert Yes
No
Recovery position
Airway
management
S4 Reassess
Maintain
care until
handover to
appropriate
Practitioner

32
1/2/3.4.22
Version 2, 03/11
Stroke CFR OFA
EFR
Acute neurological
symptoms
Complete a FAST assessment
999 or 112
Maintain airway
If registered healthcare professional,

CFR-A and pulse oximetry available, titrate
Oxygen therapy
Adult: 94% to 98%
Maintain
care until
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
handover to
appropriate
Practitioner
Stroke
F – facial weakness
Can the patient smile?, Has their mouth or eye drooped? Which side?
A – arm weakness
Can the patient raise both arms and maintain for 5 seconds?
S – speech problems
S4
Can the patient speak clearly and understand what you say?
T – time to call 112 now if positive FAST

33
2/3.4.23 OFA EFR

12/11 Poisons
Poisoning
Scene safety
is paramount 999/ 112
Poison
source
Inhalation, ingestion or injection Absorption
No Site burns Yes

Cleanse/ clear/ For decontamination
decontaminate follow local protocol
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Consider
Always be No A on AVPU Oxygen therapy
cognisant of
Airway, Recovery
Breathing Yes
Position
and
Circulation
issues
Poisons
following
poison
Monitor vital signs
Maintain poison source package for

inspection by EMS
S4
Maintain
care until
handover to
appropriate
Practitioner
If suspected tablet overdose

locate tablet container and hand it
over to appropriate practitioner

34
3.4.24 Hypothermia EFR

05/08
Query
hypothermia
Immersion Yes
Members of rescue teams Remove patient horizontally from liquid

No
should have a clinical (Provided it is safe to do so)
leader of at least EFR level
Protect patient from wind chill
Pulse check for

Complete primary survey 30 to 45 seconds
(Commence CPR if appropriate)
Warmed O2
Hypothermic patients if possible
should be handled gently Oxygen therapy
& not permitted to walk
Ensure Ambulance control is
informed 999 / 112
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Hypothermia
Remove wet clothing by cutting
Place patient in dry blankets/ sleeping

bag with outer layer of insulation
Yes Alert and able

to swallow
Give hot sweet No

drinks
S4
If Cardiac Arrest follow CPGs but
- no active re-warming
Hot packs to armpits & groin
Equipment list
Maintain
Survival bag care until Transport in head down position
Space blanket handover to Helicopter: head forward
Warm air rebreather appropiate Boat: head aft
Practitioner
Reference: Golden, F & Tipton M, 2002, Essentials of Sea Survival, Human Kinetics
AHA, 2005, Part 10.4: Hypothermia, Circulation 2005:112;136-138
Soar, J et al, 2005, European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2005, Section 7. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances,
Resuscitation (2005) 6751, S135-S170
Pennington M, et al, 1994, Wilderness EMT, Wilderness EMS Institute

35
3.4.26
05/08 Decompression Illness (DCI) EFR
SCUBA diving
within 48 hours
Complete primary survey
(Commence CPR if appropriate)
Consider diving
buddy as possible
patient also Treat in supine position
Oxygen therapy
100% O2
Ensure Ambulance Control is

notified 999 / 112
Decompression Illness
Conscious No
Maintain airway
Yes
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Maintain
care until
handover to
appropiate
Practitioner
Transport dive computer Transport is completed at

and diving equipment an altitude of < 300 metres
above incident site or
S4 with patient, if possible
aircraft pressurised
equivalent to sea level
Reference: The Primary Clinical Care Manual 3rd Edition, 2003, Queensland Health and the Royal Flying Doctor Service (Queensland Section)

36
2/3.4.27
05/08
Altered Level of Consciousness – Adult OFA EFR
V, P or U on
AVPU scale
999 / 112
Maintain airway
Altered Level of Consciousness – Adult

Trauma Yes
No Consider
Cervical Spine
Airway
No
maintained
Yes
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Recovery Position
Complete a FAST assessment
Obtain SAMPLE history from

patient, relative or bystander

carried or medical
alert jewellery
S4
Maintain care
until handover
to appropriate
Practitioner
F – facial weakness
Can the patient smile?, Has their mouth or eye drooped?
A – arm weakness
Can the patient raise both arms?
S – speech problems
Can the patient speak clearly and understand what you say?
T – time to call 112 (if positive FAST)

37
2/3.4.32
02/12 Heat Related Illnesses OFA EFR
Collapse from heat

related condition
Remove/ protect from hot 999 / 112

environment
(providing it is safe to do so)
Yes Conscious No
Exercise related dehydration

should be treated with oral fluids. Give cool fluids to Recovery position
(caution with over hydration with drink (maintain airway)
water)
Cooling may be achieved by:

Heat Related Illness
Cool patient Removing clothing

Fanning
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Tepid sponging
Monitor vital signs
Maintain
care until
handover to
appropriate
Practitioner
S4

RFDS, 2009, Primary Clinical Care Manual

38
SECTION 5 - OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES
3.5.1
05/08 Pre-Hospital Emergency Childbirth EFR
Query labour
999 or 112
Take SAMPLE history
Patient in
No
labour
Yes
Position mother
Pre-Hospital Emergency Childbirth

Monitor vital signs
Birth
Complications Yes
No
OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES
Support baby
throughout delivery
Dry baby and

check ABCs
Go to BLS
Baby
Infant No
stable
CPG
Yes
Wrap baby to
maintain temperature
Go to
S5
Primary Mother
No
Survey stable
CPG
Yes
If placenta delivers,
retain for inspection
Maintain
Reassess care until
handover to
appropriate
Practitioner

39
SECTION 6 - TRAUMA
2/3.6.1
02/12 External Haemorrhage OFA EFR
Open
wound
Yes Active bleeding
Posture No
Elevation
Examination
Pressure
Apply sterile dressing
Haemorrhage
No
controlled
Yes Apply additional

pressure dressing(s)
Monitor vital signs
Clinical signs 999 / 112

Yes
of shock
External Haemorrhage
No
Prevent chilling and elevate
lower limbs (if possible)
Consider
Oxygen therapy
TRAUMA
Maintain
care until
handover to
S6 appropriate
Practitioner

40
SECTION 6 - TRAUMA
2/3.6.3
05/08 Spinal Immobilisation – Adult OFA EFR
Trauma
Indications for spinal
If in doubt, immobilisation Do not forcibly restrain a
patient that is combatitive
treat as
spinal injury
999 / 112
Return head to neutral position unless on

movement there is Increase in
Pain, Resistance or Neurological symptoms
Equipment list
Rigid cervical collar

Stabilise cervical spine
EFR
Remove helmet
(if worn)
EFR
Apply cervical collar
Spinal Immobalisation – Adult

Maintain
care until
handover to
appropriate
Practitioner
TRAUMA
EFR
S6
EFR’s may extricate a patient on a long board in the absence of a Practitioner if;
1 an unstable environment prohibits the attendance of a Practitioner, or
2 while awaiting the arrival of a Practitioner the patient requires rapid extrication to initiate emergency care

41
SECTION 6 - TRAUMA
2/3.6.4
Version 2, 10/11 Burns OFA EFR
Burn or
Cease contact with heat source
Scald
F: face
H: hands
F: feet
F: flexion points
Isolated
No P: perineum
Yes superficial injury 999 / 112
(excluding FHFFP)
Inhalation
and or Yes
facial injury
No
Minimum 15 minutes cooling Airway management
of area is recommended.
Caution with hypothermia
Go to
Respiratory Inadequate
distress
Yes OFA Respirations
CPG
No
Caution blisters
Consider humidified
should be left intact
Oxygen therapy
Commence local Brush off powder & irrigate Commence local

cooling of burn area chemical burns cooling of burn area
Follow local expert direction
Remove burnt clothing (unless stuck) & jewellery

Dressing/ covering
of burn area
Dressing/ covering
of burn area
Pain > 2/10 Yes Equipment list

Acceptable dressings
No Burns gel (caution for > 10% TBSA)
Cling film
Sterile dressing
TRAUMA
Burns
Clean sheet
Appropriate
history and burn No
area ≤ 1%
Yes Prevent chilling

(monitor body temperature)
S6 Ensure ambulance control

Caution with the elderly, very young, has been notified
circumferential & electrical burns
Maintain
Follow
care until
organisational
handover to
protocols for
appropriate
minor injuries
Practitioner
Reference: Allison, K et al, 2004, Consensus on the prehospital approach to burns patient management, Emerg Med J 2004; 21:112-114
Sanders, M, 2001, Paramedic Textbook 2nd Edition, Mosby

42
SECTION 6 - TRAUMA
2/3.6.5
Version 2, 12/11 Limb Injury OFA EFR
Limb injury
Expose and examine limb
Equipment list
Dressings Dress open wounds
Triangular bandages
Splinting devices
Compression bandages
Ice packs
Go to
Haemorrhage
No Haemorrhage
controlled
Control CPG
Yes
Provide manual stabilisation for

injured limb
EFR
Check CSMs distal to
injury site
Injury
type
999 / 112
Fracture Soft tissue injury Dislocation
Rest
Apply appropriate Splint/support
Ice
splinting device in position
Compression
/sling found
Elevation
Limb Injury
TRAUMA
EFR
Recheck CSMs
Maintain
care until
handover to S6
appropriate
Practitioner

43
SECTION 6 - TRAUMA
1/2/3.6.7
Version 2, 05/08
Submersion Incident CFR OFA
Submerged EFR
in liquid
Spinal injury indicators

History of; Remove patient from liquid Ensure Ambulance Control is
- diving (Provided it is safe to do so) informed 999 / 112
- trauma
- water slide use
- alcohol intoxication
Remove horizontally if possible

(consider C-spine injury) Request
AED
Ventilations may be
commenced while the
patient is still in water
by trained rescuers
Unresponsive Go to BLS
Yes
& not breathing CPG
No
Oxygen therapy Higher pressure may be

required for ventilation
because of poor
Monitor compliance resulting from
Respirations pulmonary oedema
& Pulse
OFA
Go to
Patient is
hypothermic
Yes OFA Hypothermia
CPG
No
Submersion Incident
Maintain
care until
handover to
appropriate
Practitioner
TRAUMA
Transportation to Emergency
Department is required for
investigation of secondary
S6 drowning insult
Reference: Golden, F & Tipton M, 2002, Essentials of Sea Survival, Human Kinetics
Verie, M, 2007, Near Drowning, E medicine, www.emedicine.com/ped/topic20570.htm
Shepherd, S, 2005, Submersion Injury, Near Drowning, E Medicine, www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic744.htm

44
SECTION 7 - PAEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES
3.7.3
Version 2, 03/11
Primary Survey – Paediatric (≤ 13 years) EFR
Trauma Take standard infection control precautions
Consider pre-arrival information
Scene safety
Scene survey
Scene situation
Control catastrophic
external haemorrhage
Mechanism of
Yes C-spine
No injury suggestive
control
of spinal injury
Assess responsiveness
Suction, Head tilt/chin lift,

OPA No Airway patent Yes Maintain
Jaw thrust
Go to
Airway
FBAO Yes No
obstructed
CPG
Normal rates
Age Pulse Respirations
Go to BLS
Infant 100 – 160 30 – 60
Paediatric No Breathing
Toddler 90 – 150 24 – 40
Primary Survey – Paediatric

CPG
Pre school 80 – 140 22 – 34
Yes School age 70 – 120 18 – 30
Consider
PAEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES
Oxygen therapy
RED Card
when requesting an emergency ambulance response:
1 Phone number you are calling from Formulate RED card
2 Location of incident information
3 Chief complaint
4 Number of patients 999 / 112
5 Age (approximate)
6 Gender
7 Conscious? Yes/no
Consider expose & examine
Pulse, Respiration &
AVPU assessment
S7
Maintain
care until Go to
handover to appropriate
Appropriate Practitioner appropiate CPG
Registered Medical Practitioner Practitioner
Registered Nurse
Registered Advanced Paramedic
Registered EMT
Reference: ILCOR Guidelines 2010, American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000, Pediatric Education for Prehospital Professionals

45
3.7.5
05/08 Inadequate Respirations – Paediatric (≤ 13 years) EFR
Respiratory
difficulties
Regard each emergency asthma call
as for acute severe asthma until it is
Assess and maintain airway shown otherwise
Do not distress
Permit child to adopt
position of comfort
Go to
Consider FBAO FBAO
CPG
Life threatening asthma

Any one of the following in a patient with severe asthma; Oxygen therapy
Silent chest
Cyanosis
Poor respiratory effort
Hypotension 999 / 112
Exhaustion
Confusion
Unresponsive
Unresponsive patient with

Audible
a falling respiratory rate No
wheeze
Yes
History of
No
Inadequate Respirations – Paediatric
Asthma
Yes
Patient
Positive pressure ventilations prescribed No
12 to 20 per minute Salbutamol
Yes

EFRs may use a BVM to Salbutamol, 2 puffs
ventilate provided that it (0.2 mg) metered aerosol
is a two person operation
Reassess
Maintain
care until
handover to
Acute severe asthma appropriate Moderate asthma exacerbation (2)
Any one of; Practitioner
Inability to complete sentences in one breath or too Increasing symptoms
S7 breathless to talk or feed
Respiratory rate > 30/ min for > 5 years old
No features of acute severe asthma
> 50/ min for 2 to 5 years old
Heart rate > 120/ min for > 5 years old

> 130/ min for 2 to 5 years old
Reference: British Thoracic Society, 2005, British Guidelines on the Management of Asthma, a national clinical guideline

46
2/3.7.8 OFA EFR

12/11 Anaphylaxis – Paediatric (≤ 13 years)
Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis is a life threatening

condition identified by the
following criteria:
Patient’s name
999/ 112 • Sudden onset and rapid progression
Responder’s name of symptoms
• Difficulty breathing
Doctor’s name • Diminished consciousness
Oxygen therapy • Red, blotchy skin
Collapsed
No Yes
state
Place in semi-
Lie flat with
recumbent position
legs raised
Breathing Patient prescribed

No Yes
difficulty Yes Epinephrine auto
injection
Assist patient to administer own

Epinephrine (1: 1 000) IM No
Patient 6 mts to < 10 yrs use junior auto injector
Yes prescribed ≥ 10 yrs use auto injector
Salbutamol
No
Salbutamol 2 puffs
(0.2 mg) metered aerosol
Reassess
Monitor vital signs
Anaphylaxis – Paediatric
Maintain
care until PAEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES
handover to
appropriate • Exposure to a known allergen for
Practitioner the patient reinforces the diagnosis
of anaphylaxis
Be aware that:
• Skin or mouth/ tongue changes
alone are not a sign of an
anaphylactic reaction
• There may also be vomiting,
abdominal pain or incontinence
Special Authorisation: Special Authorisation:

Responders who have received training Responders who have received training S7
and are authorised by a Medical and are authorised by a Medical
Practitioner for a named patient may Practitioner for a named patient may
administer Salbutamol via an aerosol administer Epinephrine via an auto
measured dose. injector.
Reference: Immunisation Guidelines for Ireland 2008 RCPI,


47
2/3.7.10
Version 2, 07/11 Seizure/Convulsion – Paediatric (≤ 13 years) OFA EFR
Seizure / convulsion
Consider other causes

of seizures
Protect from harm
Meningitis
Head injury
Hypoglycaemia
999 / 112
Fever
Poisons
Alcohol/drug withdrawal
Oxygen therapy
Seizing currently Seizure status Post seizure
Support head Alert Yes
No
Recovery position
Airway
management
If pyrexial – cool child

Seizure Convulsion – Paediatric
Reassess
Maintain
care until
handover to
appropriate
Practitioner
S7

48
3.7.15
05/08
Spinal Immobilisation – Paediatric (≤ 13 years) EFR
Paediatric spinal injury indications include

Trauma Pedestrian v auto
Indications for spinal Passenger in high speed vehicle collision
If in doubt, immobilisation Ejection from vehicle
treat as Sports/ playground injuries
Falls from a height
spinal injury Axial load to head
999 / 112
Return head to neutral position unless on Do not forcibly restrain

movement there is Increase in a paediatric patient that
Pain, Resistance or Neurological symptoms is combatitive
Equipment list
Rigid cervical collar
Note: equipment must be

Stabilise cervical spine
age appropriate
Remove helmet
(if worn)
Apply cervical collar
Patient in
undamaged No
child seat
Spinal Immobilisation – Paediatric

Yes
Immobilise in child seat
Maintain PAEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES

care until
handover to
appropriate
Practitioner
EFR
Special Instruction:
EFR’s may extricate a patient on a long board in the absence of a Practitioner if;
1 an unstable environment prohibits the attendance of a Practitioner, or
2 while awaiting the arrival of a Practitioner the patient requires rapid extrication to initiate emergency care
S7
References;
Viccellio, P, et al, 2001, A Prospective Multicentre Study of Cervical Spine Injury in Children, Pediatrics vol 108, e20
Slack, S. & Clancy, M, 2004, Clearing the cervical spine of paediatric trauma patients, EMJ 21; 189-193

49
APPENDIX 1 - MEDICATION FORMULARY
The medication formulary is published by the Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council

(PHECC) to enable pre-hospital emergency care Responders to be competent in the use
of medications permitted under Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs).
The Medication Formulary is recommended by the Medical Advisory Group (MAG) and
ratified by the Clinical Care Committee (CCC) prior to publication by Council.
The medications herein may be administered provided:

1 The Responder complies with the CPGs published by PHECC.
2 The Responder is acting on behalf of an organisation (paid or voluntary) that is
approved by PHECC to implement the CPGs.
3 The Responder is authorised, by the organisation on whose behalf he/she is acting, to
administer the medications.
4 The Responder has received training on – and is competent in – the administration
of the medication.
The context for administration of the medications listed here is outlined in the CPGs.
Every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of the medication doses herein. The
dose specified on the relevant CPG shall be the definitive dose in relation to Responder
administration of medications. The principle of titrating the dose to the desired effect
shall be applied. The onus rests on the Responder to ensure that he/she is using the
latest versions of CPGs which are available on the PHECC website www.phecc.ie
All medication doses for patients ≤ 13 years shall be calculated on a weight basis unless
an age-related dose is specified for that medication.
THE DOSE FOR PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS MAY NEVER EXCEED THE ADULT DOSE.
Reviewed on behalf of PHECC by Prof Peter Weedle, Adjunct Professor of Clinical

Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork.
This edition contains 5 medications for Responder level.

Please visit www.phecc.ie to verify the current version.

50
Index of medication formulary (Adult ≥ 14 and Paediatric ≤ 13 unless otherwise stated)

Aspirin 53
Glucose gel 54
Glyceryl Trinitrate 55
Oxygen 56
Salbutamol 57

51
AMENDEMENTS TO THE 3RD EDITION VERSION 2 INCLUDE:
Aspirin
Heading Add Delete
Additional If the patient has swallowed an aspirin (enteric
information coated) preparation without chewing it, the
patient should be regarded as not having taken
any aspirin; administer 300 mg PO.
Oxygen
Heading Add Delete
Indications SpO2 < 94% adults & < 96% paediatrics SpO2 < 97%
Usual Adult: Life threats identified during primary survey; Adult: via BVM,
dosages 100% until a reliable SpO2 measurement obtained Pneumothorax;
then titrate O2 to achieve SpO2 of 94% - 98%. 100 % via high
All other acute medical and trauma titrate O2 to concentration
achieve SpO2 94% -98%. reservoir mask.
All other acute
Paediatric: Life threats identified during primary medical and trauma
survey; 100% until a reliable SpO2 measurement titrate to SpO2 >
obtained then titrate O2 to achieve SpO2 of 96% - 97%.
98%. Paediatric: via BVM,
All other acute medical and trauma titrate O2 to All other acute
achieve SpO2 of 96% - 98%. medical and trauma
titrate to SpO2 >
97%.
Additional If an oxygen driven nebuliser is used to administer
information Salbutamol for a patient with acute exacerbation
of COPD it should be limited to 6 minutes
maximum.

52
APPENDIX
APPENDIX1 1- MEDICATION
- MEDICATIONFORMULARY
FORMULARY
CLINICAL LEVEL: CFR OFA EFR EMT P AP
DRUG NAME ASPIRIN

Class Platelet aggregator inhibitor.
Descriptions Anti-inflammatory agent and an inhibitor of platelet function.
Useful agent in the treatment of various thromboembolic
diseases such as acute myocardial infarction.
Presentation 300 mg soluble tablet.
Administration Orally (PO) - dispersed
If soluble in water – if
- disperse in soluble
water, or to be chewed, if
not soluble. if not soluble - to be chewed.
(CPG: 5/6.4.16, 4.4.16, 1/2/3.4.16).
Indications Cardiac chest pain or suspected Myocardial Infarction.
Contra-Indications Active symptomatic gastrointestinal (GI) ulcer.
Bleeding disorder (e.g. haemophilia).
Known severe adverse reaction.
Patients <16 years old.
Usual Dosages Adult: 300 mg tablet.
Paediatric: Not indicated.
Pharmacology/ Antithrombotic.
Action Inhibits the formation of thromboxane A2, which stimulates
platelet aggregation and artery constriction. This reduces clot/
thrombus formation in an MI.
Side effects Epigastric pain and discomfort.
Bronchospasm.
Gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
Long-term side Generally mild and infrequent but high incidence of gastro-
effects intestinal irritation with slight asymptomatic blood loss,
increased bleeding time, bronchospasm and skin reaction in
hypersensitive patients.
Additional Aspirin 300 mg is indicated for cardiac chest pain regardless if
information patient has taken anti coagulants or is already on aspirin.
One 300 mg tablet in 24 hours.
If the patient has swallowed an aspirin (enteric coated)
preparation without chewing it, the patient should be regarded
as not having taken any aspirin; administer 300 mg PO.

53
CLINICAL OFA
CFR LEVEL: EFR EMT P AP
DRUG NAME GLUCOSE GEL

Class Antihypoglycaemic.
Descriptions Synthetic glucose paste.
Presentation Glucose gel in a tube or sachet.
Administration Buccal administration:
Administer gel to the inside of the patient’s cheek and gently
massage the outside of the cheek.
(CPG: 5/6.4.19, 5/6.7.9, 4.4.19, 4.7.9, 2/3.4.19).
Indications Hypoglycaemia.
Blood Glucose < 4 mmol/L.
EFR: Known diabetic with confusion or altered levels of
consciousness.
Contra-Indications Known severe adverse reaction.
Usual Dosages Adult: 10 – 20 g buccal.
Repeat prn.
Paediatric: ≤ 8 years; 5 – 10 g buccal,
>8 years; 10 – 20 g buccal.
Repeat prn.
Pharmacology/Action Increases blood glucose levels.
Side effects May cause vomiting in patients under the age of five if
administered too quickly.
Additional information Glucose gel will maintain glucose levels once raised but
should be used secondary to Dextrose or Glucagon to reverse
hypoglycaemia.
Proceed with caution:
- patients with airway compromise.
- altered level of consciousness.

54
CLINICAL
CFR LEVEL:
OFA EFR EMT P AP
DRUG NAME GLYCERYL TRINITRATE (GTN)

Class Nitrate.
Descriptions Special preparation of Glyceryl trinitrate in an aerosol form that
delivers precisely 0.4 mg of Glyceryl trinitrate per spray.
Presentation Aerosol spray: metered dose 0.4 mg (400 mcg).
Administration Sublingual (SL): Hold the pump spray vertically with the valve head
uppermost. Place as close to the mouth as possible and spray under
the tongue. The mouth should be closed after each dose.
(CPG: 5/6.3.2, 5/6.4.16, 4.4.16, 1/2/3.4.16).
Indications Angina.
Suspected Myocardial Infarction (MI).
EFR: may assist with administration.
Advanced Paramedic and Paramedic: Pulmonary oedema.
Contra- SBP < 90 mmHg.
Indications Viagra or other phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (Sildenafil,
Tadalafil and Vardenafil) used within previous 24 hr.
Known severe adverse reaction.
Usual Dosages Adult: Angina or MI; 0.4 mg (400 mcg) Sublingual.
Repeat at 3-5 min intervals, Max: 1.2 mg.
EFR: 0.4 mg sublingual max.
Pulmonary oedema; 0.8 mg (800 mcg) sublingual.
Repeat x 1.
Paediatric: Not indicated.
Pharmacology/ Vasodilator.
Action Releases nitric oxide which acts as a vasodilator. Dilates coronary
arteries particularly if in spasm increasing blood flow to myocardium.
Dilates systemic veins reducing venous return to the heart (pre load)
and thus reduces the heart workload.
Reduces BP.
Side effects Headache, Transient Hypotension, Flushing, Dizziness.
Additional If the pump is new or it has not been used for a week or more the
information first spray should be released into the air.

55
APPENDIX 1 -1MEDICATION
APPENDIX FORMULARY
- MEDICATION FORMULARY
CliniCal level: CFR - A EFR EMT P AP
MediCation Oxygen
Class Gas.
descriptions Odourless, tasteless, colourless gas necessary for life.
Presentation D, E or F cylinders, coloured black with white shoulders.
CD cylinder; white cylinder.
Medical gas.
administration Inhalation via:
- high concentration reservoir (non-rebreather) mask
- simple face mask
- venturi mask
- tracheostomy mask
- nasal cannulae
- Bag Valve Mask
(CPG: Oxygen is used extensively throughout the CPGs)
indications Absent/inadequate ventilation following an acute medical or traumatic event.
SpO2 < 94% adults and < 96% paediatrics.
SpO2 < 92% for patients with acute exacerbation of COPD.
Contra-indications Paraquat poisoning & Bleomycin lung injury.

Usual dosages Adult:
Cardiac and respiratory arrest: 100%.
Life threats identified during primary survey: 100% until a reliable SpO2
measurement obtained then titrate O2 to achieve SpO2 of 94% - 98%.
For patients with acute exacerbation of COPD, administer O2 titrate to achieve
SpO2 92% or as specified on COPD Oxygen Alert Card.
All other acute medical and trauma titrate O2 to achieve SpO2 94% -98%.
Paediatric:
Cardiac and respiratory arrest: 100%.
Life threats identified during primary survey; 100% until a reliable SpO2
measurement obtained then titrate O2 to achieve SpO2 of 96% - 98%.
All other acute medical and trauma titrate O2 to achieve SpO2 of 96% - 98%.
Pharmacology/ Oxygenation of tissue/organs.
action
Side effects Prolonged use of O2 with chronic COPD patients may lead to reduction in
ventilation stimulus.
additional A written record must be made of what oxygen therapy is given to every
information patient. Documentation recording oximetry measurements should state
whether the patient is breathing air or a specified dose of supplemental
oxygen. Consider humidifier if oxygen therapy for paediatric patients is >30
minute duration. Avoid naked flames, powerful oxidising agent.

56
CLINICAL
CFR LEVEL:
OFA EFR EMT P AP
DRUG NAME SALBUTAMOL

Class Sympathetic agonist.
Descriptions Sympathomimetic that is selective for beta-two adrenergic receptors.
Presentation Nebule 2.5 mg in 2.5 mL.
Nebule 5 mg in 2.5 mL.
Aerosol inhaler: metered dose 0.1 mg (100 mcg).
Administration Nebuliser (NEB).
Inhalation via aerosol inhaler.
Advanced Paramedics may repeat Salbutamol x 3.
(CPG: 5/6.3.2, 5/6.3.3, 5/6.4.18, 4/5/6.6.7, 5/6.7.5, 5/6.7.8, 4.3.2, 4.4.18,
4.7.5, 4.7.8, 3.3.2, 3.7.5).
Indications Bronchospasm.
Exacerbation of COPD.
Respiratory distress following submersion incident.
Contra-Indications Known severe adverse reaction.
Usual Dosages Adult: 5 mg NEB.
Repeat at 5 min prn (APs x 3 and Ps x 1).
EMT & EFR: 0.1 mg metered aerosol spray x 2.
Paediatric: < 5 yrs - 2.5 mg NEB.
≥ 5 yrs - 5 mg NEB.
Repeat at 5 min prn (APs x 3 and Ps x 1).
EMT & EFR: 0.1 mg metered aerosol spray x 2.
Pharmacology/ Beta 2 agonist.
Action Bronchodilation.
Relaxation of smooth muscle.
Side effects Tachycardia.
Tremors.
Tachyarrthymias.
Long-term side High doses may cause hypokalaemia.
effects
Additional It is more efficient to use a volumizer in conjunction with an aerosol
information inhaler when administering Salbutamol.
If an oxygen driven nebulizer is used to administer Salbutamol for
a patient with acute exacerbation of COPD it should be limited to 6
minutes maximum

57
APPENDIX 2 - MEDICATION & SKILLS MATRIX
NEW FOR 2012:

Clopidogrel PSA
Pelvic splinting device P P P
Care management including the administration of medications as per level of training

and division on the PHECC Register and Responder levels.
Pre-Hospital Responders and Practitioners shall only provide care management

including medication administration for which they have received specific training.
Key:
P Authorised under PHECC CPGs
URMPIO Authorised under PHECC CPGs under registered medical practitioner’s
instructions only
APO Authorised under PHECC CPGs to assist practitioners only (when applied
to EMT, to assist Paramedic or higher clinical levels)
PSA Authorised subject to special authorisation as per CPG
CFR CFR OFA EFR EMT P AP

CLINICAL LEVEL
–C –A
Medication
Aspirin PO P P P P P P P
Oxygen P P P P P
Glucose Gel Buccal PSA P P P
GTN SL PSA P P P
Salbutamol Aerosol PSA P P P
Epinephrine (1:1,000) auto
P P P
injector
Glucagon IM P P P
Nitrous oxide & Oxygen
P P P
(Entonox ®)

58

CLINICAL LEVEL
–C –A
Medication
Paracetamol PO P P P
Morphine IM URMPIO URMPIO PSA
Epinephrine
P P
(1: 1,000) IM
Ibuprofen PO P P
Midazolam IM/Buccal/IN P P
Naloxone IM P P
Salbutamol nebule P P
Clopidogrel PO PSA P
Dextrose 10% IV PSA P
Hartmann’s Solution IV/IO PSA P
Sodium Chloride 0.9% IV/IO PSA P
Amiodarone IV/IO P
Atropine IV/IO P
Benzylpenicillin IM/IV/IO P
Cyclizine IV P
Diazepam IV/PR P
Enoxaparin IV/SC P
Epinephrine (1:10,000) IV/IO P
Furosemide IV/IM P
Hydrocortisone IV/IM P
Ipratropium bromide Nebule P
Lorazepam PO P
Magnesium Sulphate IV P
Midazolam IV P
Morphine IV/PO P
Naloxone IV/IO P
Nifedipine PO P
Ondansetron IV P
Paracetamol PR P

59

CLINICAL LEVEL
–C –A
Medication
Sodium Bicarbonate IV/ IO P
Syntometrine IM P
Tenecteplase IV P
Lidocaine IV PSA

CLINICAL LEVEL
–C –A
Airway & Breathing Management
FBAO management P P P P P P P
Head tilt chin lift P P P P P P P
Pocket mask P P P P P P P
Recovery position P P P P P P P
Non rebreather mask P P P P P
OPA P P P P P
Suctioning P P P P P
Venturi mask P P P P P
Jaw Thrust P P P P
BVM P PSA P P P
Nasal cannula P P P P
Supraglottic airway adult P P P P
SpO2 monitoring PSA P P P
Cricoid pressure P P P
Oxygen humidification P P P
Flow restricted oxygen
P P
powered ventilation device
NPA P P
Peak Expiratory flow P P
End Tidal CO2 monitoring P

60

CLINICAL LEVEL
–C –A
Endotracheal intubation P
Laryngoscopy and Magill
P
forceps
Supraglottic airway child P
Nasogastric tube P
Needle cricothyrotomy P
Needle thoracocentesis P
Cardiac
AED adult & paediatric P P P P P P P
CPR adult, child & infant P P P P P P P
Emotional support P P P P P P P
Recognise death and
P P P P P P P
resuscitation not indicated
2-rescuer CPR P P P P
Active cooling PSA P P P
CPR newly born P P P
ECG monitoring (lead II) P P P
Mechanical assist CPR device P P P
12 lead ECG P P
Cease resuscitation P P
Manual defibrillation P P
Haemorrhage control
Direct pressure P P P P P
Nose bleed P P P P P
Pressure points P P
Tourniquet use P P
Medication administration
Oral P P P P P P P
Buccal route PSA P P P
Per aerosol PSA P P P

61

CLINICAL LEVEL
–C –A
Sublingual PSA P P P
Intramuscular injection P P P
Per nebuliser P P
Intranasal P P
IV & IO Infusion
PSA P
maintenance
Infusion calculations P
Intraosseous injection/
P
infusion
Intravenous injection/
P
infusion
Per rectum P
Subcutaneous injection P
Trauma
Cervical spine manual
P P P P P
stabilisation
Application of a sling P P P P P
Cervical collar application P P P P
Helmet stabilisation/removal P P P P
Splinting device application
P P P P
to upper limb
Move and secure patient to
PSA P P P
a long board
Rapid Extraction PSA P P P
Log roll APO P P P
Move patient with a carrying
APO P P P
sheet
Move patient with an
APO P P P
orthopaedic stretcher
Splinting device application
APO P P P
to lower limb

62

CLINICAL LEVEL
–C –A
Secure and move a patient
APO APO P P
with an extrication device
Active
P P P
re-warming
Move and secure patient
P P P
into a vacuum mattress
Pelvic Splinting device P P P
Traction splint application APO P P
Move and secure a patient to
P P
a paediatric board
Spinal Injury Decision P P
Taser gun barb removal P P
Other
Assist in the normal delivery
APO P P P
of a baby
De-escalation and
P P P
breakaway skills
Glucometry P P P
Broselow tape P P
Delivery Complications P P
External massage of uterus P P
Intraosseous cannulisation P
Intravenous cannulisation P
Urinary catheterisation P
Patient assessment
Assess responsiveness P P P P P P P
Check breathing P P P P P P P
FAST assessment P P P P P P P
AVPU P P P P P
Breathing & pulse rate P P P P P
Primary survey P P P P P

63

CLINICAL LEVEL
–C –A
SAMPLE history P P P P P
Secondary survey P P P P P
Capillary refill P P P P
CSM assessment P P P P
Rule of Nines P P P P
Pulse check (cardiac arrest) PSA P P P
Assess pupils P P P
Blood pressure P P P
Capacity evaluation P P P
Do Not Resuscitate P P P
Pre-hospital Early Warning
P P P
Score
Paediatric Assessment
P P P
Triangle
Patient Clinical Status P P P
Temperature 0C P P P
Triage sieve P P P
Chest auscultation P P
GCS P P
Revised Trauma Score P P
Triage sort P P

64
APPENDIX 3 - CRITICAL INCIDENT STRESS MANAGEMENT
CRITICAL INCIDENT STRESS AWARENESS
Your psychological well being

As a Practitioner/Responder it is extremely important for your psychological well
being that you do not expect to save every critically ill or injured patient that you
treat. For a patient who is not in hospital, whether they survive a cardiac arrest
or multiple trauma depends on a number of factors including any other medical
condition the patient has. Your aim should be to perform your interventions well
and to administer the appropriate medications within your scope of practice. You
are successful as a Practitioner/Responder if you follow your CPGs well. However
sometimes you may encounter a situation which is highly stressful for you, giving
rise to Critical Incident Stress (CIS).
A critical incident is an incident or event which may overwhelm or threaten to

overwhelm our normal coping responses. As a result of this we can experience CIS.
Symptoms of CIS include some or all of the following:
Examples of physical symptoms: Examples of psychological symptoms:

• Feeling hot and flushed, sweating a lot • Feeling overwhelmed
• Dry mouth, churning stomach • Loss of motivation
• Diarrhoea and digestive problems • Dreading going to work
• Becoming withdrawn
• Needing to urinate often
• Racing thoughts
• Muscle tension
• Confusion
• Restlessness, tiredness, sleep • Not looking after yourself properly
difficulties, headaches • Difficulty making decisions
• Increased drinking or smoking • Poor concentration
• Overeating, or loss of appetite • Poor memory
• Loss of interest in sex • Anger
• Racing heart, breathlessness and • Anxiety
rapid breathing • Depression

65
Post-traumatic stress reactions
Normally the symptoms listed above subside within a few weeks or less. Sometimes,
however, they may persist and develop into a post-traumatic stress reaction and you
may also experience the following emotional reactions:
Anger at the injustice and senselessness of it all.

Sadness and depression caused by an awareness of how little can be done
for people who are severely injured and dying, sense of a shortened future, poor
concentration, not being able to remember things as well as before.
Guilt caused by believing that you should have been able to do more or that you
could have acted differently.
Fear of ‘breaking down’ or ‘losing control’, not having done all you could have done,
being blamed for something or a similar event happening to you or your loved ones.
Avoiding the scene of the trauma or anything that reminds you of it.
Intrusive thoughts in the form of memories or flashbacks which cause distress and
the same emotions as you felt at the time.
Irritability outbursts of anger, being easily startled and constantly being on guard
for threats.
Feeling numb leading to a loss of your normal range of feelings, for example, being
unable to show affection, feeling detached from others.
Experiencing signs of excessive stress

If the range of physical, emotional and behavioural signs and symptoms already
mentioned do not reduce over time (for example, after two weeks), it is important
that you get support and help.

66
Where to find help?
• Your own CPG approved organisation will have a support network or

system. We recommend that you contact them for help and advice.
• Speak to your GP.
• See a private counsellor who has specialised in traumatic stress. (You can
get names and contact numbers for these counsellors from your local co-
ordinator or from the www.cism.ie).
• For a self-help guide, please go to the website: www.cism.ie
• The National Ambulance Service CISM committee has recently published a

booklet called ‘Critical Incident Stress Management for Emergency Personnel’
and you can buy it by emailing info@cismnetworkireland.ie.
We would like to thank the National Ambulance Service CISM Committee for
their help in preparing this section.

67
APPENDIX 4 - CPG UPDATES FOR RESPONDERS
CPG updates for Responders 3rd Edition version 2
i) A policy decision has been made in relation to Oxygen Therapy, which is a generic
term used on the CPGs to describe the administration of oxygen. Oxygen is a
medication that is recommended on the majority of CPGs at EFR level and should
always be considered. If you are a registered healthcare professional and pulse
oximetry is available, oxygen therapy should be titrated to between 94% & 98% for
adults and 96% & 98% for paediatric patients. For patients with acute exacerbation
of COPD, administer O2 titrated to SpO2 92% or as specified on COPD Oxygen Alert
Card.
The oxygen therapy policy has identified the need to update the following CPGs.
CPGs The principal differences are

CPG 1/2/3.4.16 • If a registered healthcare professional and pulse oximetry
Cardiac Chest Pain available, oxygen therapy should be titrated to between
– Acute Coronary 94% & 98%.
Syndrome
CPG 1/2/3.4.22 • If a registered healthcare professional and pulse oximetry
Stroke available, oxygen therapy should be titrated to between
94% & 98%.
ii) Following the publication of ILCOR guidelines 2010, PHECC has updated several
CPGs to reflect best international practice. The following describe the changes of
the affected CPGs.

68

CPG 2/3.2.3 • Control of catastrophic external haemorrhage is the first
Primary Survey – Adult intervention during the primary survey.
• If, following the check for breathing, the patient is not
breathing the two initial ventilations are no longer
recommended. The Responder should commence with
chest compressions.
CPG 1/2/3.4.1 • Differentiation between ERC and AHA routes for the
Basic Life Support – initial response to cardiac arrest has been removed.
Adult • ‘i.e. only gasping’ has been added to reinforce that
gasping is not normal breathing.
• The responder should commence CPR with chest
compressions and continue at 30:2, compressions to
rescue breaths, until the AED is available.
• The AED pads should be attached as soon as the AED
arrives on scene. If a second responder is present CPR
should be ongoing during this process.
• The compression rate has been increased to between 100
and 120 per minute. The depth has been increased to ‘at
least 5 cm’.
• The responder is directed to continue CPR while the
defibrillator is charging.
• A minimum interruption of chest compressions is the
aim; maximum ‘hands off time’ while assessing the
patient/ analysing should not exceed 10 seconds.
• CFR – Advanced responders should consider insertion of
a supraglottic airway after the 1st shock is delivered or
attempted.
• Responders are advised that if they are not able to
ventilate, compression only CPR should be performed.
• For information; if an implantable cardioverter
defibrillator (ICD) is fitted in the patient, treat the patient
as per CPG. It is safe to touch a patient with an ICD fitted
even if it is firing.

69

CPG 1/2/3.4.4 • Basic Life Support – Infant & Child and CFR+ CPGs have
Basic Life Support – been incorporated into this one CPG. ‘Paediatric’ includes
Paediatric all patients under 14 years old.
• An AED may be applied for all paediatric patients in
cardiac arrest.
• A paediatric AED system should be used for patients
under 8 years old and an adult AED used for patients 8 to
14 years old. If a paediatric AED system is not available
use an adult AED.
• Resuscitation no longer commences with 2 to 5
rescue breaths. Responders are directed to commence
chest compressions and then continue CPR at 30:2,
compressions to rescue breaths.
• The compression rate has been increased to between 100
and 120 per minute. The depth is specified as being ‘1/3
depth of chest’.
• The responder is directed to continue CPR while the
defibrillator is charging if the AED permits.
• A minimum interruption of chest compressions is the
aim; maximum ‘hands off time’ while assessing the
patient/ analysing should not exceed 10 seconds.
• Responders are advised that if they are not able to
ventilate, compression only CPR should be performed.
CPG 1/2/3.4.5 • This CPG has been redesigned to ensure compatibility
Foreign Body Airway with the BLS CPGs. ‘Open airway’ has been added
Obstruction – Adult following unconsciousness.
• ‘Breathing normally’ has been removed to avoid
confusion.
CPG 1/2/3.4.6 • This CPG has been redesigned to ensure compatibility
Foreign Body Airway with the BLS CPGs. ‘Open airway’ has been added
Obstruction – Paediatric following unconsciousness.
• ‘Breathing normally’ has been removed to avoid
confusion.

70

CPG 1/2/3.4.14 • This CPG has been updated to include paediatric patients.
Post Resuscitation Care • If a registered healthcare professional and pulse oximetry
available, oxygen therapy should be titrated to between
94% & 98% for adults and 96% & 98% for paediatric
patients.
• The recovery position is indicated only if no trauma
involved.
• CFR-Advanced responders linked to EMS may be
authorised to actively cool unresponsive patients
following return to spontaneous circulation.
CPG 3.7.3 • Control of catastrophic external haemorrhage is the first
Primary Survey – intervention during the primary survey.
Paediatric • If, following the check for breathing, the patient is not
breathing the responder is directed to the BLS paediatric
CPG. There is no longer a differentiation between less
than 8 and greater than 8 years old patients on this CPG.
iii) Operational practice has identified the need to update the following CPGs.
CPG 2/3.4.20 • ‘Alcohol/drug withdrawal’ has been added as possible

Seizure/Convulsion – causes of seizure.
Adult
2/3.6.4 Burns • Burns – Adult and Burns – Paediatric CPGs have been
combined onto one CPG.
2/3.6.5 Limb Injury • Limb fracture – Adult has been replaced with this CPG.
• It combines the treatment of both adult and paediatric
patients.
• It has three pathways, fracture, soft tissue injury and
dislocation.
• It no longer differentiates between upper and lower limb
for the application of appropriate splints.
CPG 2/3.7.10 • ‘Alcohol/drug withdrawal’ has been added as possible
Seizure/Convulsion – causes of seizure.
Paediatric

71
New CPGs introduced into this version include
New CPGs The new skills and medications incorporated

into the CPG are;
CPG 4.3.1 • This is a new CPG developed for patients who are in cardiac
Advanced Airway arrest. CFR - Advanced are authorised to insert a non-inflatable
Management – supraglottic airway following appropriate skills training.
Adult • The key consideration when inserting an advanced airway is to
ensure that CPR is ongoing. A maximum of 10 seconds ‘hands
off time’ is permitted.
• Two attempts at insertion of the supraglottic airway are
permitted, failing that the CFR-Advanced must revert a basic
airway management.
• Once the supraglottic airway is successfully inserted the patient
should be ventilated at 8 to 10 ventilations per minute, one
every six seconds.
• Unsynchronised chest compressions should be performed
continuously at 100 to 120 per minute.
CPG 2/3.4.18 • With the increased use of Epi-pens in the community a CPG has
Anaphylaxis – been developed to give direction to the responders.
Adult • A feature of this CPG is the patient’s name, responder’s name
and doctor’s name can be inserted onto the CPG when a doctor
has prescribed the medications specified for a named patient
and authorised a named responder to administer the medication.
2/3.4.23 Poisons • The Poisons CPG covers both adult and paediatric patients.
• Responders are reminded of the potential safety issues
associated with poisons.
• Responders are also reminded of the high risk of airway,
breathing and circulation issues that result following a
poisoning episode.
• To minimise time on scene responders are encouraged to collect
packaging/container of poison source for the practitioners.

72
New CPGs The new skills and medications incorporated

into the CPG are;
2/3.4.31 • The Heat Related Emergencies CPG covers both adult and
Heat Related paediatric patients.
Emergencies • Active cooling and oral fluid replacement is encouraged.
2/3.6.1 External • The External Haemorrhage CPG covers both adult and paediatric
Haemorrhage patients.
• The PEEP method of controlling haemorrhage is first line
treatment.
• Early recognition of shock following haemorrhage is paramount
to survival.
CPG 2/3.7.8 • With the increased use of Epi-pens in the community a CPG has
Anaphylaxis – been developed to give direction to the responders.
Paediatric • A feature of this CPG is that the patient’s name, responder’s
name and doctor’s name can be inserted onto the CPG when
a doctor has prescribed the medications specified for a named
patient and authorised a named responder to administer the
medication.

73
APPENDIX 5 - PRE-HOSPITAL DEFIBRILLATION
Pre-hospital Defibrillation position paper
Defibrillation is a lifesaving intervention for victims of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA).

Defibrillation in isolation is unlikely to reverse SCA unless it is integrated into the
chain of survival. The chain of survival should not be regarded as a linear process
with each link as a separate entity but once commenced with ‘early access’ the other
links, other than ‘post return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) care’, should be
operated in parallel subject to the number of people and clinical skills available.
Cardiac arrest management process
Early
Access
Early Early Early

CPR Defibrillation ALS
Post
ROSC
Care
ILCOR guidelines 2010 identified that without ongoing CPR, survival with good
neurological function from SCA is highly unlikely. Defibrillators in AED mode can
take up to 30 seconds between analysing and charging during which time no CPR
is typically being performed. The position below is outlined to ensure maximum
resuscitation efficiency and safety.

74
Position
1. Defibrillation mode
1.1 Advanced Paramedics, and health care professionals whose scope of
practice permits, should use defibrillators in manual mode for all age groups.
1.2 Paramedics may consider using defibrillators in manual mode for all age
groups.
1.3 EMTs and Responders shall use defibrillators in AED mode for all age groups.
2. Hands off time (time when chest compressions are stopped)

2.1 Minimise hands off time, absolute maximum 10 seconds.
2.2 Rhythm and/or pulse checks in manual mode should take no more than 5 to
10 seconds and CPR should be recommenced immediately.
2.3 When defibrillators are charging CPR should be ongoing and only stopped
for the time it takes to press the defibrillation button and recommenced
immediately without reference to rhythm or pulse checks.
2.4 It is necessary to stop CPR to enable some AEDs to analyse the rhythm.
Unfortunately this time frame is not standard with all AEDs. As soon as
the analysing phase is completed and the charging phase has begun CPR
should be recommenced.
3 Energy
3.1 Biphasic defibrillation is the method of choice.
3.2 Biphasic truncated exponential (BTE) waveform energy commencing at 150
to 200 joules shall be used.
3.3 If unsuccessful the energy on second and subsequent shocks shall be as per
manufacturer of defibrillator instructions.
3.4 Monophasic defibrillators currently in use, although not as effective as
biphasic defibrillators, may continue to be used until they reach the end of
their lifespan.
4 Safety
4.1 For the short number of seconds while a patient is being defibrillated no
person should be in contact with the patient.
4.2 The person pressing the defibrillation button is responsible for defibrillation
safety.
4.3 Defibrillation pads should be used as opposed to defibrillation paddles for
pre-hospital defibrillation.
PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines -

75
5 Defibrillation pad placement

5.1 The right defibrillation pad should be placed mid clavicular directly under
the right clavicle.
5.2 The left defibrillation pad should be placed mid-axillary with the top border
directly under the left nipple.
5.3 If a pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) is fitted,
defibrillator pads should be placed at least 8 cm away from these devices.
This may result in anterior and posterior pad placement which is acceptable.
6 Paediatric defibrillation
6.1 Paediatric defibrillation refers to patients less than 8 years of age.
6.2 Manual defibrillator energy shall commence and continue with 4 joules/Kg.
6.3 AEDs should use paediatric energy attenuator systems.
6.4 If a paediatric energy attenuator system is not available an adult AED may be
used.
6.5 It is extremely unlikely to ever have to defibrillate a child less than 1 year old.
Nevertheless, if this were to occur the approach would be the same as for
a child over the age of 1. The only likely difference being, the need to place
the defibrillation pads anterior and posterior, because of the infant’s small
size.
7 Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)

7.1 If an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) is fitted in the patient, treat
as per CPG. It is safe to touch a patient with an ICD fitted even if it is firing.

76
Published by:
Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council
Abbey Moat House, Abbey Street,
Naas, Co Kildare, Ireland.
Phone: + 353 (0)45 882042

Fax: + 353 (0)45 882089
Email: info@phecc.ie
Web: www.phecc.ie

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CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES

For Pre-Hospital Emergency Care

CARDIAC FIRST RESPONSE CFR

OCCUPATIONAL FIRST AID OFA

EMERGENCY FIRST RESPONSE EFR

The Council was established as a body corporate by the

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

Cardiac First Response

Phone: + 353 (0)45 882042

© Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council 2012

CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES

SECTION 5 OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Appendix 1 - Medication Formulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Appendix 4 – CPG Updates for Responders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

It is my pleasure to write the foreword to this PHECC Clinical

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

Less than or equal to ≤

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

Ms Valerie Small, Nurse Practitioner, St Mr Tony Heffernan, Assistant Director of

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

The development of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) is a

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) and the Responder

The CPGs herein may be implemented provided:

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

2 Identify and manage life-threatening conditions:

3 Ensure adequate Airway, Breathing and Circulation.

4 Control all external haemorrhage.

5 Monitor and record patient’s vital observations.

6 Identify and manage other conditions.

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

7 Place the patient in the appropriate posture according to the presenting

Completing an ACR/PCR for each patient is paramount in the risk management

CPGs and the pre-hospital emergency care team

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

Using 2012 Edition CPGs

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

Clinical Practice Guidelines

CFR Cardiac First Responder (Community)

Occupational First Aider

Ring ambulance control Instructions An instruction box for information

Request Request an AED from local area Special instructions

A decision process EFR A skill or sequence that only pertains

Given the clinical Special authorisation

Reassess Reassess the patient

1/2/3.4.1 CPG numbering system

A direction to go to a specific CPG following a decision process

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

SECTION 2 PATIENT ASSESSMENT

SECTION 3 RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES

SECTION 4 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

SECTION 5 OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES

SECTION 7 PAEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

Trauma Take standard infection control precautions

Consider pre-arrival information

S2 Assess responsiveness Unresponsive

Go to BLS Commence CPR

Treat life threatening injuries only

PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines - Responder

2/3.2.4 Secondary Survey Medical – Adult OFA EFR

Secondary Survey Medical - Adult