MATH 003

ES12FB2
SAT 10:30AM – 12:30PM

GROUP 1 March 03, 2017

Leader: Mauricio, Krizzia Anne C.

Assistant Leader: Celino, Roel Vincent E. Jr.

Members:
Amar, Jobeth Z.
De Ramos, Ahrif Mark C.
Lumbrera, Angelica R.
Tacorda, Princess Marianne E.

Topics to be reported:
- Determinants
- Solution of Linear System by Cramer’s Rule
- Adjoint Matrix
- Differences between Sequences & Series
GROUP 1 March 03, 2017

Leader: Mauricio, Krizzia Anne C.

Assistant Leader: Celino, Roel Vincent E. Jr.

Members:
Amar, Jobeth Z.
De Ramos, Ahrif Mark C.
Lumbrera, Angelica R.
Tacorda, Princess Marianne E.

Topics to be reported:
- Determinants
- Solution of Linear System by Cramer’s Rule
- Adjoint Matrix
- Differences between Sequences & Series
Determinants
The determinant is a useful value that can be computed from the elements of a square matrix. The
determinant of a matrix A is denoted det(A), detA , or |A|. It can be viewed as the scaling factor of the
transformation described by the matrix.

Determinant of a Matrix
The determinant of a matrix is a special number that can be calculated from a square matrix.
A Matrix is an array of numbers:

A Matrix
(This one has 2 Rows and 2 Columns)
The determinant of that matrix is:
3×6 − 8×4 = 18 − 32 = −14
What is it for?
The determinant tells us things about the matrix that are useful in systems of linear equations,
helps us find the inverse of a matrix, useful in calculus and more.
Symbol
The symbol for determinant is two vertical lines either side.

Calculating the Determinant

First of all the matrix must be square (i.e. have the same number of rows as columns). Then it is
just basic arithmetic. Here is how:

For a 2×2 Matrix

For a 2×2 matrix (2 rows and 2 columns):

The determinant is:

|A| = ad – bc
"The determinant of A equals a times d minus b times c"
It is easy to remember when you think of a cross:
• Blue means positive (+ad),

• Red means negative (-bc)

Example:

|B| = 4×8 - 6×3

= 32-18
= 14

For a 3×3 Matrix

For a 3×3 matrix (3 rows and 3 columns):

The determinant is:

|A| = a(ei - fh) - b(di - fg) + c(dh - eg)
"The determinant of A equals ... etc"

It may look complicated, but there is a pattern:

To work out the determinant of a 3×3 matrix:
• Multiply a by the determinant of the 2×2 matrix that is not in a's row or column.
• Likewise for b, and for c
• Add them up, but remember that b has a negative sign!
As a formula (remember the vertical bars || mean "determinant of"):

"The determinant of A equals a times the determinant of ... etc"

Example:

|C| = 6×(-2×7 - 5×8) - 1×(4×7 - 5×2) + 1×(4×8 - -2×2)

= 6×(-54) - 1×(18) + 1×(36)
= -306

The pattern continues for 4×4 matrices and higher. Usually best to use a Matrix Calculator for those!
Solution of Linear System by Cramer’s Rule

Cramer’s Rule
 Can be extended to apply to any system of n linear equation in n variables in which the
determinant of coefficient matrix is not zero
 Another method that can solve systems of linear equations using determinants.

Cramer’s Rule for System in Two Variables

Consider a system of (2 x 2) matrix:
a1x + b1y = C1
a2x + b2y = C2

Cramer's Rule formula for 2x2 matrix is

Cramer's Rule Proof

Consider a system of n linear equations in n unknowns x1x1, x2x2,........xnxn whose coefficient
matrix is A (square matrix), with det(A) assumed to be nonzero.
 The system Ax = b has a unique solution provided the determinant of coefficient, det(A) is nonzero.

The determinant Djj equals det Bjj where matrix Bjj is matrix with column j replaced by b =
(b1,b2,.......,bnb1,b2,.......,bn). The result is called Cramer's Rule for nxn systems.

Cramer's Rule 2x2

Cramer's Rule 3x3
Adjoint Matrix
 The adjugate, classical adjoint, or adjunct of a square matrix is the transpose of its cofactor matrix.
 The adjugate has sometimes been called the "adjoint", but today the "adjoint" of a matrix normally
refers to its corresponding adjoint operator, which is its conjugate transpose.
 The matrix formed by taking the transpose of the cofactor of a given original matrix. The adjoint of
matrix A is often written adj A

Example
Differences between Sequences & Series
Series
 Sequence refers to an arrangement in the particular order in which related terms follow each other.
 An ordered set of objects or numbers, like a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6……an…. are said to be in a
sequence, if, as per certain rule, has a definite value. The members of the sequence are called
term or element which is equal to any value of the natural number. Every term in a sequence is
related to the preceding and succeeding term. In general, sequences have a hidden rules or
pattern, which helps you find out the value of the next term.
 The nth term is the function of integer n (positive), regarded as the general term of the sequence. A
sequence can be finite or infinite.
Example:
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11....n..

Sequences
 The addition of the terms of a sequence (an), is known as series. Like sequence, series can also
be finite or infinite, where a finite series is one that has a finite number of terms written as a1 + a2
+ a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 + ……an. Unlike infinite series, where the number of elements are not finite or
which are unending, written as a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 + ……an +….
 Denotes the summation of the elements of a sequence.
Example:
1+3+5+7+9+11....n..

Basis of Comparison