Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
QUESTION BANK
CLASS XII
POLITICAL SCIENCE
(CODE NO: 028)
SESSION : 2016-17
2
Rationale
At the senior secondary level students who opt Political Science are given an opportunity to get
introduced to the diverse concerns of a Political Scientist. At this level there is a need to enable
students to engage with political processes that surround them and provide them with an
understanding of the historical context that has shaped the present. The different courses
introduce the students to the various streams of the discipline of Political Science: Political Theory,
Indian Politics and International Politics. Concerns of the other two streams - Comparative Politics
and Public Administration- are accommodated at different places
in these courses. In introducing these streams, special care has been taken not to burden the
students with the current jargon of the discipline. The basic idea here is to lay the foundations for
a serious engagement with the discipline at the under graduation stage.
Objectives:
Enable the students to expand their horizons beyond India and make sense of the political map
of contemporary world.
Familiarize the students with some of the key political events and processes in the post cold war
era.
Equip students to be conscious of the way in which global events and processes shape our
everyday lives.
Strengthen their capacity for political analysis by thinking of contemporary developments in a
historical perspective.
Enable students to become familiar with some of the key political events and figures in the post
independence period.
Develop skills of political analysis through an understanding of events and processes of recent
history.
Develop their capacity to link macro processes with micro situations and their own life.
Encourage the students to take a historical perspective of making sense of contemporary India.
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SYLLABUS/COURSE STRUCTURE
10 Challenges of Nation-Building 13
17 Regional aspirations 11 16
COURSE CONTENT
Part A: Contemporary World Politics
Part B: Politics in India since Independence
Challenges of Nation- Building
10 Nehru's approach to nation-building; Legacy of partition: challenge of 'refugee' 13
resettlement, the Kashmir problem, Organization and reorganization of states; Political Periods
Conflicts over language.
Era of One-Party Dominance
11 First three general elections, nature of Congress dominance at the national level, 12
Uneven dominance at the state level, coalitional nature of Congress. Major opposition Periods
Parties.
Prescribed Books:
1. Contemporary World Politics, Class XII, Published by NCERT
2. Politics in India since Independence, Class XII, Published by NCERT
Note: The above textbooks are also available in Hindi and Urdu
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WEIGHTAGE OF CONTENT
Part A: Contemporary World Politics
The weightage or the distribution of marks over the different dimensions paper shall be as follows:-
6 International Organizations 10
7 Security in Contemporary World
Total 50
Total 50
3. Internal Choice :
There is internal choice for long answer questions.
Map question has choice only with another map.
There are three passage- based or picture- based questions.
There is internal choice for long answer questions. They mainly concentrate on the
following chapters:
The Cold War Era
NAM
Alliance Systems
The End of Bipolarity
Soviet System- Functioning
Disintegration
Consequences of Shock Therapy
International Organisations
Restructuring of Security Council
Functioning of Council
Organs of UN
Globalisation
Causes
Consequences
Challenges of Nation Building
Challenges
Integration of Princely States
Reorganisation of Linguistic States
Regional Aspirations
Assam Accord/ Punjab Accord
Kashmir Issue
Secessionism/ Regionalism
3.In order to assess different mental abilities of learners, question paper is likely to
include questions based on passages,visuals such as maps, cartoons etc.
"
. Total 180 min I
I
STUDY SCHEDULE
CHAPTER 1
THE WORLD WAR ERA
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Name the two international personalities who played an important role in the Cuban missile crisis?
Answer. Following are the two international personalities who played an important role in the
Cuban missile crisis: (a) Johan F. Kennedy (b) Nikita Khrushchev
4. Why did India not join either of the two camps during the cold war?
Ans. India did not join either of the two camps during the cold war because India played an active
role in mediating between the two rival alliances for the sake of peace and stability. Their strength
was based on unity of NAM members and their resolve to remain non- aligned despite the
attempts made by two superpowers to bring them into their alliances.
1. What was the difference in the ideology of western alliances and that of eastern alliances?
Ans. The western alliance headed by the US represented ideology of liberal democracy and
capitalism while the eastern alliance headed by Soviet Union committed to socialism and
communism.
2. How were the military alliances beneficial to smaller nations during the cold war?
Ans. Smaller nations got the promise of protection, weapons and economic aid against their local
and regional rivals. A state was supposed to remain tied to its protective superpower to limit
influence of other superpower and its allies.
12 SALT – II
Ans:- The second round started in Nov 1972. The US President Jimmy carter and Soviet leaders
Brezhnev signed the treaty on the limitation of strategic offensive arms in Vienna on 18 June 1979
14:- START II
Ans:-This treaty was signed by the Russian President Bari’s Yeltsin and he US president George
Bush(Senior) on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms in Moscow on 31 Jan
1993.
2. Which core values keep non- alignment relevant after cold war has ended?
Ans. Non-aligned movement was based on recognition that decolonized states shared a historical
affiliation and can become powerful force if they come together. It meant that could pursue an
independent foreign policy also besides attempting to democratize the international system to
redress existing inequities also.
2. What is cold war? Why did the super powers depend on military alliances with smaller
countries?
Ans. It is meant by a situation among the nations of the world, when a tense atmosphere
prevails but there is no actual fighting. The cold war referred to the competition, the tension
and a series of confrontations between the United States and the Soviet Union backed by their
respective allies. The cold war was a real ideological conflict. It was a difference over the best
and the most appropriate way of organizing political, economic and social life all over the
world.
Super power depends on military alliances with smaller countries due to following reasons;
1. To defend their own ideology:
2. To establish superiority or hegemony:
3. Could gain location for spying:
declared that armed attack on any one of them would be regarded as an attack on all of them. The
eastern alliance known as Warsaw Pact was led by Soviet Union, created in 1955 and its principal
function was to counter NATO’s forces in Europe.
Questions
1. What does NATO stand for?
2. What was NATO’s policy?
3. What was Warsaw Pact?
4. Mention function of Warsaw pact.
Answers
1. NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
2. NATO was an association of twelve states which declared that armed attack on any one of
them would be regarded as an attack on all of them would be obliged to help each other
3. Warsaw Pact was eastern alliance, led by Soviet Union , created in 1955.
4. Main function of Warsaw pact was to counter NATO’s forces in Europe.
2. Five marks Map based questions
Study the given map showing how Europe was divided into rival alliances during the cold
war and answer the following question:
Questions
1. Write the name of eight countries who were the NATO members during the cold war.
2. Write the name of four countries who were the Warsaw Pact members during the
cold war.
3. Write the name of one other communist nation who was not the member of Warsaw
pact.
4. Write the name of two other nations (not related with the above three questions).
Answers.
1. NATO members were: USA, Britain, Portugal, Spain, France, West Germany, Italy,
Turkey.
2. Warsaw pact members: USSR, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania,
Bulgaria,
3. Other communist nation was Yugoslavia.
4. Other category nations were: Finland, Sweden.
CHAPTER -2
THE END OF BIPOLARITY
4. To what extent was Gorbachev responsible for the disintegration the Soviet Union?
Ans. A) When Gorbachev carried out his reforms and opened the system, the whole political
scenario disturbed and went out of control.
B) However some sections of society maintained that Gorbachev should have moved much faster.
In this tug of war Gorbachev lost support on all sides.
2. Explain six factors which helped Soviet Union becoming superpower after Second World War.
Ans. The following factors helped Soviet Union becoming superpower after Second World War:
1. The East European countries the Soviet Army had liberated from the fascist forces came under
the control of the USSR.
2. The Warsaw pact a military alliance held them together and the USSR was the leader of the
bloc.
3. The political and economic systems of all these countries were modeled after the USSR and
collectively were called the second world.
4. The soviet economy was then more developed than the rest of the world except for the US.
5. It has a complex communication network, vast energy resources including oil, iron and steel
production and a transport sector that connected its remotest areas with efficiency.
6. It had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to cars to make
themselves self dependent.
1. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions:
In Eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia split peacefully into two, with the Czech and the Slovaks forming
independent countries. But the most secure conflict took place in the republics of Yugoslavian.
After 1991, it broke apart with several provinces like Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Harzegovin
declaring independence. Ethnic Serbs opposed this and a massacre of non-Serbs Bosnians followed.
The NATO intervention and the bombing of Yugoslavia followed inter ethnic civil war.
Question
1. In Eastern Europe which republic split into two?
2. Name the republic place where severe conflict took place.
3. Name various provinces with which Yugoslavia had been broken in 1991?
4. Which incidents resulted in inter-ethnic civil war?
Answers
1. Czechoslovakia split into two Czechs and Slovaks.
2. Balkan republics of Yugoslavia.
3. Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Herzegovina.
4. A) Ethnic Serbs opposed the breaking up of several provinces independently following a massacre
of non- Serb Bosnians.
b) NATO intervention and bombing of Yugoslavia.
Questions
1. A republic of Eastern Europe split into two peacefully.
2. Most dominating republic of Soviet Union.
3. Identify two major oil and gas producers of Soviet Union.
4. Republic where severe conflict took place after 1991.
5. Two countries that were declared founder members of commonwealth of independent states.
Answers
1. Czechoslovakia Czech(1) and Slovakia(2)
2. Russia(3)
3. Turkmenistan (4) and Uzbekistan(5)
4. Yugoslavia(6)
5. Ukraine (7) and Belarus(8).
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CHAPTER -3
US HEGEMONY IN WORLD POLITICS
1. Gulf war was fought against………….. in which troops from ………………… countries fought.
Ans. Iraq, 34
12 What is Esperanto?
Ans- Esperanto was a world language created in hope of encouraging world wide communication
and global identity
2. How far is it correct to say that the 9/11 attack on the world trade centre was the attack on the US
hegemony? Explain.
Ans. The US had established its hegemony through the launch of two operations namely Operation
desert storm where 75 percent of the coalition force were from the US and operation infinite reach
a series of Cruise missile strikes on Al-Qaeda. These operations made the US more confident of the
establishment of the US hegemony that no one could dare to challenge the US. But, suddenly
hijackers from Arab countries attacked on world trade centre on 11 Sep 2001 along with the other
important building also as pentagon building and the capital building of US congress. It was the
most severe attack on the US soil since the founding of the country in 1776. Thus, it can be
concluded that the 9/11 attack was the attack on US hegemony which challenged the US in its own
way.
2. Explain the strategies which may be performed by Indian to maintain Indo – US relations.
Ans. In today’s scenario India is supposed to decide what type of relations to have with the US.
Moreover, the three strategies have been debated by Indian analysts:
a) Indian analysts observed military nature of US hegemony and suggested that India should
maintain its aloofness from Washington and focus upon increasing its own comprehensive
national power.
b) The analysts secondly suggest that India should take advantage of US hegemony and the
mutual convergences to establish the best possible options for itself in future perspective.
c) The third strategy is suggested that India should lead in establishing a coalition from the
developing countries to become powerful and work out in weaning the hegemony away from
its dominating ways.
Moreover, it cannot be concluded that India may opt for one strategy to maintain Indo-US
relations, but it needs a mix of strategies to maintain its own identity.
b. Hide Strategy- the other strategy open to states is to hide. This means to keep a safe distance
from hegemony
c. Media & NGO’s – certain scholars believes that the challenge to US hegemony would not come
from other powerless states. Rather, this challenge may come from non-state-actor, such as
Media & NGO’s
Question
1. What is prudent during a period of hegemony?
2. What benefits can be acquired within the hegemonic system?
3. What is the bandwagon strategy?
Answer
1. To take advantage of opportunities that a hegemony creates.
2. Increased trade, technology transfers and investment.
3. To extract benefits by operating within hegemonic system in place of being engaged in the
opposed activities.
2. Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Questions
1. The mighty soldier with weapons represents which country?
2. Why do name of various countries appear on his uniform?
3. What important message does the cartoon convey to the world?
Answers
1. United States of America.
2. In the case of world politics what steps are taken by the US government to gain control on a
country and efforts are made to retain on it.
The cartoon convey to the world:
3. The bedrock of contemporary US power lies in the overwhelming superiority its military power.
American military dominance today is both absolute and relative. In absolute terms the US today
has military capabilities that can reach any point on the planet accurately, lethally and in real time,
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thereby crippling the adversary while its own forces are sheltered to the maximum extent possible
from the dangers of war.
CHAPTER -4
ALTERNATIVE CENTRE OF POWER
3. What does the circle with golden stars on the European Union flag stand for?
Ans. The circle with golden stars on the European Union flag stands for4 solidarity and harmony
between the people of Europe.
2. Which four common symbols make the European Union look like a nation state?
Ans. The European Union has its own flag, on them, founding date and currency.
1. To create common market and production based activities within ASEAN states.
2. To aid social and economic development.
3. To resolve economic disputes, the existing dispute settlement mechanism has been improved
4. Free trade areas for investment, labour and services have also been created.
6 What is EU?
Ans- European Union is an economic politer union of 28 members states that are located primarily in
Europe. It operates through a hybrid system of super national and inter-governmental decision
making the EU was formed in 1992.
2. Both the countries should move hand in hand to fight against terrorism nuclear race and
economic disparities.
3. Both the countries should develop mutual understanding and respect.
4. Hence, both of them have signed agreements on cultural exchange and cooperation in science
and technology.
Answer.
1. Due to territorial claims principally in Arunchal Pradesh and Aksaichin region of Ladakh.
2. From the mid to late 1970s
3. China’s policy became more pragmatic and less ideological in the seventies.
4. A) It prepared to put off settlements of contentious issues.
b) A series of talks to resolve the border issues were initiated in 1981.
2. Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Questions
1. The given cartoon is related to which country?
2. Which two symbols in this cartoon helped in identifying the country?
3. What message does this cartoon convey to the world?
Answers
1. China
2. A large wall and dragon.
3. China adopted communism according to communist ideology, capitalist exploit working
class. That is why for a very long period china was cut off from capitalist world. But after
1978, china ended its isolationism and developed its relation with America. This policy may
be good convey to the world.
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CHAPTER -5
CONTEMPORARY SOUTH ASIA
2. Who mediation resolved the Indus River water dispute between India and Pakistan?
Ans. The World Bank.
6 What is LTTE?
Ans- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam
7 What is IPKF?
Ans – Indian peace keeping force
2. When and why did India sign the twenty years Treaty of peace and friendship with the Soviet
Union?
Ans. India signed a 20 years Treaty of peace and friendship with the Soviet Union in August 1971.
The purpose of the treaty was to counter the US – Pakistan –China axis. Now, India was assured of
soviet support if the country faced any attack.
4. Mention any two factors that have contributed to Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy.
Ans. Two factors that have contributed to Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy.
A) The social dominance of the military.
B) Stiff confrontation for coming to power among political parties.
5. In the European Union flag, what does the symbol of twelve gold stars in a circle signify?
Ans. In the European flag, the symbol of twelve gold stars in a circle signifies and stands for
solidarity and harmony between the people of Europe.
6 Mention some of the confidence building measures between India and Pakistan?
Ans- Some of the confidence building measures between India & Pakistan were; Delhi-Lahore bus
service, cross LOC trade.
2. Describe any two major issues of conflicts between India and Pakistan leading the war of 1971.
Ans. The e1947-48 war resulted in the division of the province into Pakistan occupied Kashmir (pok)
and the Indian province of Jammu and Kashmir divided by the line of control (Loc). Pakistan claims
Kashmir to be its part but India presumes it to be its integral part. Hence, these conflicts led to war
on 1971 and India won but the issues remain unsettled.
Ans- India shares a special relationship with Bhutan with whom we do not have any element of
hostility. In fact India is involved in many hydroelectric projects of Bhutan and is the principal
provider of development aids to Bhutan. Bhutan’s efforts to weed out terrorists and gueriellas
operating from North-East India have been quite helpful for India
7 Discuss briefly Mumbai attack 2008 and Indian parliament attacks in 2001?
Ans- the 2001 Indian parliament attack was an attack at the parliament of India in New Delhi on 13
dec 2001., during which 14 people including the 5 men who attacked the building were killed
The 2008 Mumbai attack by 10 Pakistani terrorist killed over 173 & wound 308. The sole surviving
gunman Ajmal kasab who was arrested was found to be a Pakistani national.
2. What are the major differences between SAARC and European Union as alternative centers of
poor?
Ans. The major differences between SAARC and European Union.
1. The European Union bears economic political diplomatic and military influence all over the
region and its closest neighbors whereas SAARC is limited towards its South Asian Region only.
2. The member states of European Union are maximum from among the developed countries
while SAARC members are from among least developed countries.
3. The EU behaves like a nation state by having its own anthem and currency but SARRC does not
enjoy these.
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3 What was Gujral Doctrine? What were the five principles of Gujarat doctrine?
Ans- The Gujral doctrine is a set of five principles to guide the conduct of foreign relations
with India’s immediate neighbours, notable Pakistan as spelt out by then Union Minister of
external affair Mr I.K Gujral in 1996-1997. The doctrine emphasized on the importance of
unilateral accommodation for friendly and warm relations with India’s neighbours.
The five principles of Gujral doctrine were
1. With neighbours like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Srilanka, India does
not ask for reciprocity but gives and accommodates what can be in good faith & trust
2. No south Asian country should allow its territory to be used against the interest of
another country of the region.
3. No country should interfare in the internal affairs of another
4. All south Asian countries must respect each other’s territorial integrity and
sovereignty
5. They should settle all their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations. The
essence of Gujaral doctrine has been that being the largest country in south Asia, India can
extend unilateral concession to its neighbours.
development and globalization have brought the Asian giants closer and their economic ties have
multiplied rapidly since 1991.
Questions
1. Which two countries have been referred to as outside powers?
2. Which are the two Asian giants and why they have been called so?
3. China’s strategic partnership with Pakistan is a major irritant for which country and why?
Answers
1. The US and China.
2. India and China, because both of them have been considered as rising economic powers in the
world.
3. India, because china has been seen as contributor to Pakistan’s nuclear programme.
2. Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Questions
1. What does the cartoon represent?
2. Which animals do represent Sinhala and LTTE?
3. What does Sri Lanka leadership speak in the cartoon?
Answers
1. Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict between LTTE and Sinhala.
2. Sinhala by lion, LTTE by tiger.
3. Sri Lankan leadership is supposed to balance both Sinhala hardliners and Tamil Micitomb while
negotiating peace.
2. Mention any two factors that have contributed to Pakistan’s failure in building a stable
democracy.
Ans. Two factors that have contributed to Pakistan’s failure in building a stable
democracy are:
1. The social dominance of the military clergy and landowning aristocracy has led to
the frequent overthrow of elected governments and the establishment of military
government.
2. Pakistan conflict with India has made the pro-military groups more powerful.
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CHAPTER -6
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
4. Name any two member states of the European Union who are permanent members of the UN
Security Council.
Ans. Britain and France.
7. Name an international Non- Governmental Organization that campaigns for the protection of
Human Rights.
Ans. Amnesty International.
9. How many permanent and non- permanent members does the UN Security Council have?
Ans. Five permanent and ten non-permanent members.
11. Correct and rewrite the following statement- UN was founded on 25 October 1943.
Ans. 24 October 1945
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2. “The United Nations was not created to take humanity to heaven, but to save it from hell.” Who
made this statement and what post was he/she holding?
Ans. This statement was made by Dag Hammarskjold, the UN’s second secretary General.
9. What is WTO?
Ans; the world trade organization is an international organization which sets the rules for global trade.
This organization was setup in 1995 as the successor to GATT (general agreement on trade & tariffs).
It has 150 members.
10 What is IMF?
Ans – The international monetary fund is an international organization that oversees the financial
institutions & regulations that act at the international level. The IMF has 184 members’ countries but
they do not enjoy on equal say
6. A country that would make council more representative of world’s diversity in terms of
geography, economic systems and culture.
2. As decide by the member states in 2005, highlight any four steps to make the United Nations more
relevant in the changing context?
Ans. In September 2005, the UN celebrated its 60th year anniversary and leaders decided to make
the UN more relevant in the changing context by following steps:
1. Creation of peace – building commission.
2. Acceptance of the responsibility of the international community in case of failures of national
governments to protect their own citizens from atrocities.
3. Establishment of a Human Rights council.
4. Agreement to achieve the millennium development goals.
5. Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
6. Creation of a democracy fund.
7. An agreement to wind –up the trusteeship council.
3 What are the principles organs of UNO. Discuss the function of each of them?
Ans- There are six principle organs of UNO
1. General Assembly
2. Security Council
3. Economic & social council
4. Trusteeship council
5. International court of justice
6. Secretariat
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General assembly – General Assembly is composed of all the members states of UNO .It
meets once a year. Each member state can send 5 delegates to GA but has only one vote. GA
elects its own president & 13 vice presidents
Functions-
1. GA passes the budget of UN prepared by secretariat
2. It proposes amendment to the UN charter
3. It elect judge of ICJ
Security Council – the Sc consists of 15 members out of which five – China, France, Russia,
US & Britian are permanent the rest are non-permanent and are elected after every two years
by the general assembly. Its permanent members have the veto power which means the right
to reject a resolution.
Functions:-
1. Maintaining international peace and settle disputes peacefully
1. To settle disputes between member states
2. To advice the GA and security council on international law
Secretariat:-The secretariat is the permanent office of the UNO headed by a secretary general.
The secretary general is the chief executive officer of UNO. The first secretary general of
UNO was Trygue lie from Norway & the present one is Ban-Ki-Moon from south Korea
The main function of secretariat is to look into the working & functioning of UNO
Answers
1. There were 192 member states in the UN by 2006.
2. The UK, US, China, Russia, France are the permanent members.
3. Because they were most powerful immediately after the second world war and constituted the
victors in the war.
7. Kofi-A-Anna (1997-2006) Ghana; UN official, initiated creating a global fund to fight Aids,
Tuberculosis & Malaria. Dubbed Un led invasion of Iraq as an illegal act. Established the
peace building commission and human rights council in 2005.
8. Ban-Ki-Moon (2007 – till date South Korea : Assumed office on Jan 2007 present secretary
general
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CHAPTER -7
SECURITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Ans. Non-traditional concept of security includes human and global security covering a wide range
of threats affecting human existence:
A) It does not cover the states only but also the individual and communities.
B) It emphasizes on security on natural of threat and right approach to deal with the threat.
4 What are the options available to a country in responding to the threats of war?
Ans- In responding to the threat of war, a country has three basic choices
1. To surrender
2. To defend itself when war actually breaks act so as to deny the attacking country its
objectives and to turn back or defeat the attacking forces altogether
3. Global poverty refers to low economic growth, low national income an low standard of living of
developing or least developed countries.
4. Health epidemics is a very serious threat to a country’s security because seven acute
respiratory syndrome, HIV, AIDS, bird flu etc. diseases spread across countries through
migration business, tourism and military operations.
5 The security challenges facing the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa were different
from the challenge of Europe? Discuss?
Ans- The challenges facing the independence countries of Asia and Africa were different from the
challenges of Europe in two ways
For one thing, the new countries faced the prospect of military conflict with neighbouring countries.
For another, they had to worry about internal military conflict. These countries faced threats not only
from outside their boarders but also from within
6 What is Anti-ballistic missile?
Ans- An anti-ballistic missile is a surface to air missile designed to counter ballistic missile. The term
“anti ballistic missile” is a generic term converging a system designed to intercept and destroy any
type of ballistic threat, however it is commonly used for system specifically designed to counter inter-
continental ballistic missile (ICB 19’8)
3. It did not abolish nuclear weapons rather it limited the number of countries that could have them
2. Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Questions:
1. What does the cartoon represent?
2. What does the pigeon and man with good symbolize?
3. What message does cartoon convey?
Answers:
1. The movement of peace keeping force i.e. pigeon (white) a symbol of peace and an army
personnel is flying it.
2. Pigeon symbolize peace and a man with good to maintain peace at a place where a threat has
been occurred.
3. Peace keeping forces are also supposed to bear arms to initiate peace.
2. What is security?
Ans. At its most basic, security implies freedom from threats. Human existence and the
life of a country are full of threats. Security could so endanger core value that those
values would be damaged beyond repair if do not something to deal with the
situations.
3. Mention four components of traditional security policy.
Ans. Four components of traditional security policy are- deterrence, defence, balance
of power and alliance building.
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CHAPTER -8
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
2. Explain the meaning of global commons. Give any four examples of global commons.
Ans. The area of regional located outside the jurisdiction of any state and require common
governance by international community are global commons i.e. Earth atmosphere. Antarctic
Ocean Floor and outer space. They are exploited and polluted due to:
1. Vague scientific evidence, these lacks of consensus on common environmental issues.
2. North south inequalities and their exploitative activates and competition lack proper
management over outer space.
3. Technological and industrial developments have also affected the earth’s atmosphere and
ocean floor.
2. Explain the concept of common but differentiated responsibilities. How and where was it
emphasized upon?
Ans. Common but differentiated responsibilities mean that the states shall cooperate in spirit of
global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the heath and integrity of the earth’s eco
system. As the states have common but differentiated responsibilities over various contribution of
globe environmental degradation. The developed countries acknowledge that the responsibilities
that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures
59
their societies place on the global environment and of the technological and financial resources
they command.
We could implement the idea with the help of conventions and declarations:
1. The Rio summit held in June 1992 produced conventions dealing with climate change,
biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of developed practices called agenda 2.
2. The 1992 United Nation’s Framework convention on Climatic Change (UNFCCC) also
emphasized that the parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of common
but differentiated responsibilities.
3. An international agreement known by its protocol set targets for industrialized countries to cut
their green house gas emissions which support for global warming.
Questions
1. How India has participated in global efforts to protect environment?
2. What are Energy Conservation Act and Electricity Act?
3. Mention the efforts mode by Indian government for biodiesel.
Answers
1. It has launched a number of progrmmes i.e. Auto Fuel Policy, Energy Conservation Act 2001,
Electricity Act 2003 to protect environment.
60
2. The energy Conservation Act was passed in 2001 to outline initiatives to improve energy efficiency
and Electricity Act, passed in 2003 to encourage the use of renewable energy by the Indian
government as conservation programmes.
3. The Indian government is keen to launch a National mission on Biodiesel using about 11 million
hectares of land to produce biodiesel by 2011- 12.
CHAPTER -9
GLOBALISATION
4. What is an MNC?
Ans. Multinational Company.
2. Why has the globalization not led to a significant degree of increase in the movement of the people
across the globe?
Ans. It is due to the fact that the developed have carefully guarded their borders with visa policies
to ensure that citizens of other countries cannot take away the jobs of their own citizens.
3. Mention any problem created by protectionism.
Ans. It has made indigenous business and industrial houses lull and lethargic. Excessive
bureaucratic control in the name of subsidies tax-holidays and sickness removal schemes over
these houses is deemed resisting global competition.
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5. How for is it correct to say that globalization results in the erosion of state sovereignty?
Ans. Excessive privatization and removal of trade barriers gradually weaken the state and its
sovereignty may meet to shock therapy like that of USSR that resulted her disintegration.
1. Historical factors.
2. Role of international organizations like IMF and WTO
3. Liberalization and privatization
4. Technological innovations.
6. Globalization has shifted power from nation states to global consumer”. Justify the statement.
Ans. The impact of changing role of state in developing countries in the light of globalization can be
summed up as follows:
1. Globalization reduces states capacity i.e. the ability of governments to do what they do.
2. Market becomes the prime determinant to down economic and social priorities.
3. Multinational companies’ effect on decision taken by governments because their own interest
fulfillment depends on government policies.
4. The old welfare state is now giving way to more minimalist state to perform certain core
functions as maintenance of law and order and the security.
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2. Assess any three basics on which globalization are being resisted in India.
Ans. Resistance to globalization in India has come from different quarters:
1. Left using protests to economic liberalization was voiced through political parties as well as
through forum like the Indian social forum.
2. Trade unions and farmers interests have also been organized protests against MNCs.
3. The patenting of certain plants like need by American and European forms has also generated
protests.
4. Resistance has come from political parties also in the form of objecting to various cultural
influences like availability of foreign T. channels provided by cable networks, celebration of
Valentine’s Day westernization of dress code.
3. Write down the factors responsible for the emergence of globalization.
Ans. The period after the end of cold war and the dissolution of Soviet Union is known as an era of
globalization and the following factors were responsible for its emergence:
1. Advancement of science and technology.
2. End of cold war.
3. Collapse of communication for eastern Europe
4. For the solution of world problems.
5. Failure of socialist model.
6. Global effects of various events.
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Questions
1. What is economic globalization?
2. How does economic globalization benefit the whole world?
3. How does the moderate supporter of globalization view it?
Answers
1. Economic globalization generates great or economic growth and well being for larger section of
population when there is deregulation.
2. Economic globalization gives opportunities t countries to do best in their economy.
3. Moderate supporters of globalization view it as a challenge to be responded intelligently without
accepting it uncritically.
CHAPTER 1
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
1. Special status has been accorded to the state of Jammu & Kashmir under:
a) Article 370 of the constitution
b) A treaty signed between the union government and state government at the time
of accession
c) Schedule of the constitution
d) None of above
Ans: Article 370 of the constitution
1. How many princely states were in India at the time of the independence?
Ans: - 565 princely states in all.
2. The partition of which two princess of India caused the deepest trauma in 1947?
Ans: - Punjab, Bengal
3. When and by whom was the ‘tryst with destiny’ speech delivered?
Ans: - By Jawaharlal Lal Nehru at the midnight of 14-15 Aug 1947.
4. Mention any two challenges that India faced just after independence
Ans: - a. To tie India in unity & accommodation of diverse groups in the society Establish
democracy in the country.
5. What was the biggest obstacle in national building at the time of India’s Independence?
Ans: - To retain unity & integrity of free India & to make a strong India
6. Which two princely states refused to join either Pakistan or India at the time of
Independence?
Ans :- Hyderabad & Travancore.
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8. Explain the role played by Sardar Patel in the Unification of principle states in India .
Ans:- As Home Minister of Independent India Sardar Patel got instrument of accession
drafted & synced by the rulers of almost all princely states.
9. Who was Potti Sriramula? What was the outcome of his indefinite fast?
Ans: - Potti Sriramula (1901-1952) was a Gandhi worker who left gast job to participate in
salt Satyagraha. He understands a fast demanding separate state of Andhra Pradesh. He
dies during the fast on 15-12-1952.
1. Mention any two challenges faced by India at the time of our independence.
Ans: - To tie India in Unity:-
Accession of Princely states (560 in number), merge their framework of stately laws with
union of India. Except Jammu & Kashmir, all states were merged with Indian Union.
To established democracy:-
India adopted representative democracy based on the parliamentary form of govt.
challenge was to evolve democratic norms, values, practices & principles in accordance with
the constitution.
2. How many princely states were there at the time of India’s independence? Which
document was to be signed by the rulers Indian Union? Which princely states refused to
join?
Ans: 565 States
The Instrument of Accession
Four princely states refused to join
a) Junagadh b) Hyderabad c) Kashmir d) Manipur
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4. Describe briefly any four problems faced in the process of partition of India.
Ans: Problems faced by new India during the process of partition
i) Communal riots.
ii) Second challenge was to shape a nation that was united & accommodate the diversity
in our society.
iii) Ensure the development & well being of the entire society & not only of some
sections.
iv) Effective policies for economic development and eradication of poverty.
5. Describe how the princely states of Manipur & Junagarh acceded to India.
Ans: MANIPUR:-
Few days before independence, the maharaja of Manipur, Boddha Chandra Singh signed the
instrument of accession with the Indian Government Maharaja held election in Manipur in
June 1948 & state become a constitutional Monarchy. In the Legislative Assembly of
Manipur there were sharp differences over the question of merger of Manipur with
India.”The Govt of India succeeded in pressurizing the Maharaja into signing a merger
agreement in Sept. 1949 without consulting the elected legislative assembly of Manipur.
JUNAGARH:-
The ruler of Junagarh desired to merge with Pakistan or wanted to remain independent.
The ruler of most of the states signing a document called the “Instrument of accession
which meant that their state agreed to become a part of the Union of India. Accession of
the princely states of Junagarh proved more difficult than the rest. The issue of Junagarh
was resolved after a plebiscite confirmed people’s desire to join India.
7. How did the states of Hyderabad become a part of the India union?
Ans: Hyderabad, the largest of the princely states was surrounded entirely, by the Indian
territory. Its ruler carried the title Nizam. He wanted an Independence status for
Hyderabad. In the mean time Oppressive women also joined in large numbers. The Nizam’s
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paramilitary force Razakars murdered, maimed raped and looted particularly the non-
Muslims.The Central Govt had to order the army to tackle the situation. In Sept 1948-
Indian army reached there and after a few day s the Nizam had surrendered. This led to
Hyderabad accession to India.
8. What was Vishalandhar Movement? Potti Sriramula went on an indefinite fast for how
many days?
Ans: Vishalandara movement demanded the Telugu speaking areas should be separated
from the Madras province of which they were a part & be made into a separate Andhra
Province. Potti Sriramula went on an indefinite fast for 56 days.
9. Why did the leaders of the national movement cherish the deal of a secular state?
Ans: It is because they knew very well that India is a country of multi-religions & people are
religious minded. The essence of democracy could be protected and preserved only in a
secular state. Secularism is must to maintain India’s unity & Integrity. Secularism will help in
maintaining internal peace and communal harmony.
10. What problems were involved at the integration of princely states during nation building?
Ans- Integration of princely states possessed many difficulties in front of nation builders:
1. British announced to lapse of British paramountcy over princely states with the end of
their rule over India.
2. British government took the view that all these states were free to join either India or
Pakistan or remain independent willfully. It became a hindrance for unity of nation.
3. Ruler of Travancore declared the state as independent one.
4. Nizam of Hydrabad and Bhopal also followed Travancore
5. These responses created a possibility of division of country in place of unity and
democracy
acceded to his demand & new state of A Pradesh was reorganized. Thus a commission
named states reorganized commission (SRE) was constituted. Subsequently 14 states & 6
union territories were constituted as per the provinces of the Act of 1956.
3. What were the main consideration for bringing princely states with Indian Union? Who
played the historic role in the task?
Ans: Background and problem of Integration of princely States: - Just before Independence,
the British rule had declared that with the end of their rule the British crown over Princely
states would also lapse. This meant that in all 565 princely states become legally
independent.
The British rule took the view that all these states were free to join either India or Pakistan
or remain independent.
The problem started when the ruler of Travancore declare that the state had declared
independence.
After few days Nizam of Hyderabad made a similar declaration. This response of the rulers
of princely states response meant that after independence there was a very real possibility
of that India would get further divided into a number of small countries.
Consideration for bringing princely state with Indian union:
The people of most of the princely states clearly wanted to become part of the Indian
union.
72
1. Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the questions given below it : Tomorrow we
shall be free from the slavery the British domination. But at midnight India will be partitioned.
Tomorrow will thus be a day rejoicing as well as of mourning.
QUESTIONS:
1. Who is called the father of our nation? Write his full name.
2. When and where he was born?
3. Explain the excerpt of Mahatma Gandhi, which he delivered in Kolkata on the same day.
ANSWERS:
1. Mahatma Gandhi is called 'The Father of Nation," in India. His full name is Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi.
2. Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2nd October, 1869. He was born at Portbandar, Rajkot in
Gujarat.
3. On 14 August, 1947 in Kolkata, Mahatma Gandhi urged that the next day India would be
free from the slavery of the British domination. But at midnight of the same day India
would be divided into two independent countries i.e. India (Hindustan) and Pakistan.
According to him therefore 15th August, (1947) would be a day of mixed feeling.
73
Q2. Study the following picture and answer the questions given below it.
QUESTIONS:
1. With which occasion the above picture is concerned? Why that day is called a 'Red Letter's
Day in Indian History?
2. In the picture who is addressing to whom and from where?
3. In which circumstances India was born on that historical day?
ANSWERS
1. The above picture is concerned with the happy occasion of India’s first day of her
independence. At the hour of midnight on 14-15 August 1947, our country (India) attained
independence after the slavery of nearly 190 years of the British rule. This was the
moments; crores of Indians had been waiting for so many years. Our first Independence
Day is called a Red Letter's Day in Indian History.
2. In the picture our first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru is addressing from the Red Fort
(Delhi) on 15 August, 1947. He is speaking to the people of India.
3. India was born in very difficult circumstances. Perhaps no other country by then was born
in a situation more difficult than that of India in 1947. Freedom of India came with the
partition of the country. The year 1947 was a year of unprecedented violence and trauma
of displacement .
Q:3 Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follows
74
Questions
What does the picture represent?
Mention some consequences of partition.
Which year is being denoted in the picture ?
Answers:
This picture represents the painful scene of partition of country when people wee supposed to
leave their home
(i) Communal Riots
Administrative Concerns and Financial Strains
The year of 1947, most abrupt unplanned year in the history
We have a Muslim Minority who are so large in numbers that they cannot, even if they want, go
anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which there can be no argument. Whatever the
provocation from Pakistan and whatever the indignities and horrors inflicted on non-Muslims
there, we have got to deal with this minority in a civilized manner. We must give them security
and the rights of citizens in a democratic state. If we fail to do so, we shall have a festering sore
which will eventually poison the whole body politic and probably destroy it.
1. Which basic fact has been highlighted by the author in the above passage?
Ans: The author is of the opinion that the Muslim minority in India are so large in numbers
that they cannot go anywhere else even if they want. According to him, it is a basic fact
that and nobody can question it. This thought of the author is certainly worth emulating.
The author, Jawaharlal Nehru, himself is a champion of humanity.
2. In what manner does the author want to deal with the Muslim minority?
Ans: The author wants to deal with the Muslim community in a civilized manner. 0He
wants to give them security and the rights of citizens in a democratic state.
Q:2Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions:
The interim government took a firm stance against the possible division of India into smaller
principalities of different sizes. The Muslim league opposed the Indian National Congress
and took the view that the states should be free to adopt any course they liked. Sardar
patel, India’s Deputy Prime Minister and the Home Minister during the crucial period,
immediately sfter Independence, played a historic role in negotiation with the rulers of
princely states in bringing most of them into the Indian Union
Question
1. Which government has been referred to as the interim government?
2. Why did the Muslim League oppose the Indian national Congress?
3. What makes the role of Sardar Patel a historic one? Explain
Answers:
1. The Indian National Congress has been referred to as the interim government.
2. The Muslim League opposed the Indian National Congress because it was of the view that
the states should be free to adopt any course they liked.
3. Sardar Patel was India’s Deputy Prime Minister and the Home Minister during the crucial
period immediately following Independence. He negotiated with the rulers of princely
states firmly but diplomatically and brought most of them into the Indian Union
HOTS
MAP WORK
Q Read the following outline map of India and answer the questions that follow:
1. Name the original state from which the following states were carved out: Gujarat, Haryana,
Meghalaya, and Chhattisgarh.
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Ans. Gujarat was carved out from Bombay and some princely states of western India and
Haryana III Punjab, Meghalaya from Assam and Chhattisgarh from Madhya Pradesh.
2. Name two states that were affected by the partition of the country.
Ans. Two states that affected by the partition of the country Bengal and Punjab.
3. Identify the four princely states marked in the map given below as A, B, C and D Mention
the major problem faced in the integration of anyone of these states into India Union.
Ans. (A) Mysore, (B) Manipur, (C) Hyderabad, (D) Jammu and Kashmir.
MAP WORK
On a political outline map of India locate and label the following and symbolize
them as indicated
Name the mark the original state from which the following states were carved out
Gujarat (c) Haryana
Meghalaya (d) Chhattisgarh
Name and mark the countries reorganized on religious grounds
Demarcated boundaries of these countries by geographical zones.
Answer
(a) Gujarat (from Bombay)
(b) Meghalaya (from Assam)
(c.) Haryana (from Punjab)
Chhattisgarh (form Madhya Pradesh)
(a) India (b) Pakistan
(a) Pakistan (b) Bangladesh
78
CHAPTER 2
ERA OF ONE – PARTY DOMINACE
2. In first general elections of India which party/ parties engaged as main oposition party?
a) Bhartiya Jan Sangh
b) Swantantra party
c) Communist party
d) Socialist party
Ans – Communist party
3. Which political party laid emphasis on the idea of one party, one culture and one nation?
Ans – Bharatiya Jana Sangh
3. What party emerged as the second largest party in the 1952 general Election?
Ans – Communist Party of India (CPI)
4. When and why was the Communist party of India (CPI) divided into two factions?
Ans – The Communist Party of India divided into two factions in 1964- CPI and CPI (M).
The Sino – Indian conflict & the growing rift between China and USSR created
irreconcilable difference within the CPI.
5. When was the election commission of India set up? Who was the first Chief Election
Commissioner?
Ans – The Election Commissioner of India was setup in January 1950. Mr Sukuman Sen was
the first Election commissioner of India.
79
7. Who raised the national and international issues in the beginning after India’s freedom?
Ans - Jawaharlal Nehru during his election meetings. His capacity to attract crow’s during
his election comparing however a necessary was, but not a sufficient condition to win the
election.
11. What were the election symbol of the congress party & Bhartiya Jansangh in the first
general election.
Ans – The election symbol of congress party was pair of oxen, while the symbol of Bhartiya
Jansangh was the lamp (Deepak).
Ans. Election have played a revolutionary role in India. An apathetic and relatively a
politicised society has become highly politically conscious and assertive. The voter’s
participation in the Lok Sabha election has been increasing and elections have become
highly competitive.
4. Did the prevalence of a one party dominant system affect adversely the democracy nature
of Indian Politics.
Ans. Yes, one party dominant system adversely affects the Indian Politics. The explanation
for such a change is provided by the essential feature of the party i.e. its broad social
character and its basic coalitional strategy. If some group or individual leaders leave the
party many others walk into it. The Congress closes its doors and also keeps it open life
story of a Party cannot be fully understand by concentrating on its internal dynamics and
election winning compulsions.
5. Write the some significant facts about the princely order and electoral process.
Ans. Three significant Facts about the princely order and electoral process have
been observed during the nine Lok Sabha elections.
The Princes have participated in the democratic process and many of them have
joined democratic political parties.
The appeal of traditions has been significant in the case of princely rulers and voters have r
esponded enthusiastically to their traditional masters.
Some princes have lost the elections and suffered defeat in their vote Bank Constituencies.
Thus the process of continuity and change is at work during elections in India.
2. Abolition of article 370 of Indian constitution & same code of laws for whole India. It
had favoured more friendly attitude towards Hinduism, Hindi language, cow & ancient
Indian culture & tradition.
7. How did the congress party succeed in maintaining its dominance till 1967?
Ans:- The congress managed to elicit support from powerful & socially influential groups to
win election in 1952, 57 & 62. During the Nehru period, there was indeed a slow and
gradual process of politicization of the voters but the powerful narrow elite of the congress
continued to benefit from the low level of political consciousness of the electorate.
The critical phase for the congress began with the Lok Sabha election of 1967, border
dispute of 1962, India-Pakistan was 1965, and serious drought & economics situation
roused people discontent & anger against the congress.
1. What were the methods of election system in past period in India and focus the light on
the changing method of voting in present period.
Ans. In the first general election, it was decided to place inside each polling booth a box for
each candidate with the election symbol of that candidate. Each Voter was given a blank
ballet paper which they had to drop in to the box of the candidate they wanted to vote for.
About 20 Lakhs steel bones were used for this purpose. In the present period we use an
EVM (Electronic Voting, Machine) to record Voter Preferences. After the first two elections
this method was changed. Now the ballet paper carried the names and symbols of all the
candidate and the voter was required to put a stamp on the name of the candidate they
wanted to vote for. This method worked for nearly forty years. Towards the end of 1990s.
The Election Commission started using the EVM. By 2004 the entire country has shifted to
the EVM.
2. Bring out three differences Between Socialists Parties and the Communist Party.
Ans. Difference between socialist party and the communist party:- Sino. Socialist Party
Communist Party
82
3. Explain the critical phase for the Congress began with the Lok Sabha election of 1967 and
the slogan of “Garibi Hatao”.
Ans. The Critical phase for the Congress began with the Lok Sabha election of 1967. The
Sino-Indian Border disputer of 1962 the India –Pakistan was of 1965 the serious drought of
1965-66 and 1966-67,and the extremely bad food and economic situation roused People’s
discontent and anger against the Congress Party during the Lok SabhaElection of 1967.
Many tall leaders of the congress party were punished by the voters. The Congress party
won a majority in the Lok Sabha election of 1967. But it emerged Shaken and Shattered.
The Voters could not be taken for granted by a non-performing government. The election
of 1967 form watershed in India because the voters for the first time showed concern
for government performance. They have never since looked back on this attitude. Many
Significant things preceded the fifth Lok Sabha election of 1971, first the Congress was
split. And Second Indira Gandhi brought economics Policy to the centre stage of Politics.
The Indian Voters come back to the Congress because the slogan of “Garibi Hatao”
eradicate poverty clicked with them. The twenty Point program of Indira Gandhi a later
extension of her “Garibi Hatao” Slogan was an attempt to reach the rural poor. It had
however obvious limitations. The Lok Sabha Elections of 1971 were therefore fought by
Indira Gandhi on the basis of Caste and CommunityFactors. As well as on the projection
ofher leadership qualities programmatic politics was the shetoric of mobilization and
cooption of the local influential’s Loyalties and linked it up with new hopes raised by Mrs.
Gandhi’s new Leadership.
4. Describe the first three Lok Sabha elections of 1952,57 & 62.
Ans:- A Panoramic View of elections :
1. The first three lok sabha elections of 1952,57 & 62 were dominated by the
Congress party under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. It was infact proclaimed that
even a lamp post would win with the support of Nehru & the congress.
2. Nehru raised national & international issues during his elections meetings which drew
large crowds. His election campaign to attract crowds was necessary but not sufficient
conditions to win the elections.
3. The congress party machine and the various factional leaders nominated Candidates on
the basis of caste, community & local influence. Infact the various castes & community
leaders played a crucial role in mobilizing the voters of their respective caste,
communities for the congress candidates.
4. The congress managed to elicit support from powerful and socially influential groups to
win election in 1952. 1957 and 1962.on the basis of minority of votes the congress
could win a majority of seats which enabled them to form the government.
83
5. During the Nehru period there was indeed a slower and gradual process of
politicization of the voters but the powerful narrow elite of the Congress continue to
benefit from the low level of political consciousness electorate.
5. How was the one party dominance in India different from the one party system in Mexico?
In your opinion which of the two political systems is better and why?
Ans- There was a difference between one party domination in India and Mexico. In Mexico,
this was a one party system only not dominance because
1. In India, the congress party dominated on behalf of popular consensus but Institutional
Revolutionary party(PRI) (In Spanish) ruled on behalf of perfect dictatorship.
2. In India, free and fair election took place, where the loosing of election was also fair but
in Mexico , election were based on malpractices, dominated by PRI
In our opinion one party dominance like India is better because this sort of dominance
1. Accommodates social diversities
2. Encourage large number of participation
3. Ensure democratic spirit as well as maintains the same
4. Bear respect even for opposition
6. How did opposition parties emerge in India? What was their importance?
Ans- Some of the diverse opposition parties had come into existence before the first general
elections in 1952 as non-congress parties which succeeded to gain only a token of
representation in Lok Sabha and state assemblies. These parties maintained a democratic
character of the system
1. These offered a criticism based on principles to keep ruling party under check
2. These parties groomed the leaders also to play a crucial role in shaping the country
3. In the early years, these was a lot of respect between leaders of congress and
opposition parties I,e interim government included even opposition leaders like Dr
Ambebker, jayaprakash narayan, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee into the cabnet
HOTS
In the early years there was a lot of mutual respect between the leaders of the Congress and those
of the opposition. The interim government that ruled the country after the declaration of
Independence and the first general election included opposition leaders like Dr. Ambedkar and
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee in the cabinet. Jawaharlal Nehru often referred to his fondness for the
Socialistic Party and invited Socialist leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan to join his government. This
Kind of personal relationship with and respect for political adversaries declined after the party
competition grew more intense.
1. What kind of relationship was there between the congress and the Opposition party in the
beginning?
Ans: In the beginning there was a lot of mutual respect between the leaders of the
Congress and those of opposition. This quality of them is quite emulating. Because in our
time such feeling is lacking in the various political parties.
2. Write the names of those opposition leaders who were included to the congress.
Ans: The following leaders of opposition parties were included to the congress:
Dr. Ambedkar, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.
3. What sort of relationship did Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru had with the socialist leaders? What was
its effect?
Ans: Jawaharlal Nehru maintained a deep relationship with the socialist leaders. He had
invited the socialist leader like Jaya Prakash Narayan to join the cabinet.Hence, this kind of
personal relationship with and respect for political Adversaries declined offer the party
competition grew more intense.
Q1. Read with care the 'following passage and answer all the questions given below it: What is
Left and what is Right?
In the politics of most countries, you will always come across references to parties and groups
with a left or right ideology or leaning. These terms characterise the position of the concerned
groups - or parties regarding social change and role of the state in effecting economic
redistribution. Left often refers to those who are in favour of the poor, _ downtrodden sections
and support government policies for the benefit of these sections. The Right refers to those who
believe that free competition and market economy alone ensure progress and that the
government should not unnecessarily intervene in the economy.
Questions:
1. What is Left and what is Right?
2. Can you tell which of the parties in the 1960s were Rightist and which were the Left
parties ? Where would you place the Congress Party of that time?
85
ANSWERS:
1. Left and Right are two words reference to political parties and groups with a left
or right ideology or leaning. These terms characterise the position of the concerned
political parties or groups of the people regarding social change and the role of state in
affecting economic redistribution. Left generally refers to those who are in favour of the
poor, downtrodden section and those sections of the society which are considered weaker
secton. Right generally refers to those who believe that free competition and market
economy alone ensure progress. They also believe and favour that government should not
unncessarily intervene in the economy.
2. Yes, we can tell which of the political parties in India in the 1960's were Rightist
and which were the Left parties.
Right Parties :
1. Bhratiya Jan Sangh 2. Swatantra Party
3. The Congress Party 4. Swarajya Party
Left Parties :
1. Socialistic Party 2. Communist Party of India
3. Independence Labour Party 4. Scheduled Caste Federation
5. The Forward Bloc.
Congress party is neither fully a leftiest party nor it is a rightist party. It can be placed as a
centralist party.
Q Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow
Question
What does the cartoon represent?
What does the term ‘Tug of was’ refer to?
Who has been shown on the branches of tree?
86
Answers:
Cartoon represents dominance of congress which is being tug by opposition parties to throw
congress out of power
‘Tug of war’ refer to pulling out the congress by criticism and mentioning its weaknesses in an
honest and justified manner
PT Jawahar lal Nehru alongwith his colleagues in the cabinet.
Q On a political outline map of india locate and label the following and symbolize them as
indicated
Questions
Two states were congress was not in power at some point during 1952-67.
Two states where congress remained in power through this period
Answers:
Jammu & Kashmir & kerala
Utter Pradesh & Maharashtra
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CHAPTER 3
POLITICS OF PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
1. Development means
a) Increase in national income from one year to another.
b) Increase in real per capita income over an extended period of time.
c) Increase in real investment over a period of time.
d) The national income should keep pace with the increase in population.
Ans: Increase in real per capita income over an extended period of time.
2. An underdeveloped country is one which has good potential prospects for using:
a) More Capital
b) More available natural resources
c) More Labour
d) More Capital , Labour and available natural resources
Ans: More Capital , Labour and available natural resources
2. When was setup the national planning Committee and who was the chairman of this
committee?
Ans. In 1938, a National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress was set up
with Jawaharlal Nehru as its chairman. The committee did valuable work in laying the
foundation of Planning in India.
1. What are the two basic objectives of Fifth five year plan?
Ans. The main elements of the strategy evolved in the fifth plan for the achievement of its
two basic objectives of :
1 Removal of Poverty
2 attainment of economic self‐reliance are as follows:-
a) 5.5 percent overall rate of growth of gross domestic product.
b) An expansion of productive employment opportunities.
4. What was the major thrust of the five year plan? In which ways did the second plan differs
form the first one?
Ans. The first five year plan (1951-1956) sought to get the country’s economy out of the
cycle of poverty.
K.H.Raj a young economist involved in drafting the plan, argued that India should hasten
slowly for the first two decades as a fast rate of development might put democracy at risk.
The first five year plan gave priority to agrarian sectory including investment in dams and
irrigation. Agriculture sector was hit hardest by partition and needed urgent attention.
Huge allocations were made for large scale projects like the Bhakhra Nangal Dam The plan
identified the pattern of land distribution in the country as the principle obstacle in the
way of agricultural growth. It focused on land reforms as the key to the country’s
development. The first plan gave priority to agrarian sectory including dams and irrigation,
the second wanted to bring about quick structural transformation by this plan was
finalized. The second five year plan has to carry forward the process initiated in the
first five year plan.
5. Explain any two merits and two demerits each of the Green Revolution
Ans- Two Merits of the Green Revolution
1. The green revolution ensure food sufficiency in the country. In many parts, the stark
contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords produced conditions faovurable
for left wing organization to organize the poor peasants
2. The green revolution resulted in the rise of middle peasant sections. These were farmers
with medium size holding, who benefited from the influential in many parts of the
country
Two Demerits
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1. The green revolution delivered only moderate agricultural growth and raised the
availability of food in the country but also increased polarization between classes and
regions
2. Some regions like Punjab, Haryana and western UP became agriculturally prosperous
while others remained backward
Modern Equipment and Machinery: ‐ Modern machinery implements take tractors, harves
ters, pumping sets; tube wells etc. are being used and are replacing the Buicks wherever p
ossible. Being time saving use of modern machinery in agriculture is conducive to multiple
cropping.
Price‐ Incentives: ‐ The Government has taken care to offer support Price to growers so
that a minimum reasonable return for their labour
and investment is assured to them. The market arrivals in the crop years 1978‐79,
1981‐82, 1983‐84 and 1985‐86 were
heavythat unless the Government offered to lift the crop at procurement prices announce
d well in advance, the prices would have crashed and spelt ruin to the grower. This would
have put a stop to all agricultural progress.
Improved Credit Facilities: ‐ Farm Finance is now being given more attention so that the
farmer is not handicapped in efficiently carrying on his operations. The share of
Institutional Credit in meeting the credit requirements of the agricultural sector has
not been rising rapidly. The establishment in 1963 and
later.the remarkable spurt in the lending operations of Agricultural Refinance and Develop
ment Corporation (merged in NABARD since in July 1982) and the
nationalization of 14 major commercial banks in 1969 and six more in April 1980 and the e
stablishment of regional rural banks in recent years have given further stimulus to the ext
ension of credit facility to the Farm Sector.
2 What was green revolution? Mention its any two positive and two negative consequences.
Ans- green revolution was introduced to bring about revolutionary changes in agriculture
especially in foodgrains like wheat and rice to increase food production through high
yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers and scientific irrigation
Positive consequences
1. In many parts, the stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords
produced conditions favourable for left wing organizations to organize the poor
peasents. It resulted in the rise of what is called the ‘Middle peasent sections’ who were
farmers with medium size holding who benefitted from the changes and soon emerged
politically influential in many parts of country
Negative consequences
1. This created a stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords
2. It delivered only a moderate agricultural growth i,e a rise in rice and wheat production
by rising availability of foodgrains in country. On the other hand it increased polarization
between the classes and regions like northern states I,e Punjab, Haryana, west up
became agriculturally rich but others remained backward.
1. Read carefully the following paragraphs and study the picture also. Answer the questions
that follow:
Ans. This film tells the story of a poor family in a Bengal village and its struggle to survive.
Durga, the daughter of Harihar and Sarbajaya, with her younger brother, Apu, goes
on enjoying life oblivious of the struggles and the poverty. The film revolves around the
simple life and the efforts of the mother of Durga and Apu to maintain the family.
Pather Panchali (Song of the Little Road) narrates the desires and disappointments of the
poor family through the tale of the youngsters. Finally, during monsoon, Durga falls ill and
dies while her father is away. Harihar returns with gifts, including a sari for Durga .....
The film won numerous awards nationally and internationally, including the
President'sGold and Silver medals for the year 1955.
QUESTIONS:
1. Write the title of the film. In which year the movie was released and who directed it and
who has written the stories as well as the screenplay of it.
2. Write the names of main actor artists of the film?
3. Discuss the main points and features of the film.
ANSWERS:
1. Title of the movie is Panther Panchali. This movie was released in 1955. This movie was
directed as well as the screenplay was written by famous director Satyajeet Ray." The story
of the film was written by the "Bibhuti Bhushan Bandyopadhyay".
2. The main actors of Pather Panchali are Kanu Bannerjee, Karuna Bannerjee, Subir
Bennerjee, Uma Das Gupta, Durga Chonibala Devi.
3. The film Pather Panchali tells the story of a poor family in a Bengal village. The family
struggled for its survival. Durga, the daughter of Harihar and Sagbajaya, with her younger
brother, Apu, goes on enjoying life. Though they are struggling against their poverty. The
movie narrates the desire and disappointment of the poor family through the tale of the
youngsters.
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Q2 Look at the above clippings of the Hindustan Times. You will agree that the agricultural conditions of
India went from bad to worse in 1960s. In the light of this, answer the following questions:
(a) How did India solve her problem of food shortage?
(b) Is India now sufficient in food production? State the reason for your answers.
ANSWERS:
(a) Import of bulk quantity food grains was made during 1960s in order to meet the indigenous
demand. Higher priority to agriculture including irrigation and power projects was given in the
First Five Year Plan to grow more food in the country. About 44.6 percent of the total outlay of Rs.
2,069 crore in public sector was allocated for construction of river valley projects, digging canals,
installation of tube-wells, reservoirs etc. This was done in order to-achieve self-sufficiency in food
grains and increase agricultural production to meet the requirements of industry and exports.
(b) No, we can not state that India has now become self-sufficient in food production because:
India has still continued the trend of imports of pulses, cereals, edible oils etc. Data available for
imports made during 2005-06 reveal that cereals and preparations worth Rs. 154.47 crore, Edible
oil worth Rs. 8716.32 crore, sugar worth Rs. 651.8 crore, pulses worth Rs. 2346.9 crore and spices
worth Rs. 678.08 crore have been imported.
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Q Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follows
Questions
What message does the cartoon convey?
Name the person who is making efforts to balance both the sectors
How was both these sectors balanced/
Answers:
Cartoon is trying to make balance between private and public sector to maintain the growth of an
economy adopted by India
Pt Jawaharlal Nehru, the then prime minister of India
Pt Nehru made a balance between both the sectors by adopting the model of mixed economy to
co-exist the private and public sector.
HOTS
2. Give any one achievement of each of the first, second and third plan.
Ans: The achievements of the Third Plan were much below expectation and the plan was
in difficulty due to Chinese and Pakistani aggressions and unfavorable weather conditions.
The First Plan achieved considerable success, the performance of the School Plan was also
not unsatisfactory but the record of the Third Plan has not been good.
Then there were critics who thought that the state did not do enough. They pointed out that the
state did not spend any significant amount for public education and healthcare. The state
intervened only in those areas where the private sector was not prepared to go. Thus the state
helped the private sector to make profit. Also, instead of helping the poor, the state intervention
ended up creating a new ‘ middle class’ that enjoyed the privileges of high salaries without much
accountability. Poverty did not decline substantially during this period, even when the proportion
of the poor reduced, their numbers kept going up.
2. What is the characteristics feature of the middle class according to the above passage?
Ans: According to the above passage, the middle class has the following characteristics:
1. They are drawing high salaries without much accountability.
2. They enjoy better facilities and other privileges.
CHAPTER 4
INDIA’S EXTERNAL RELATIONS
1. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was as much unique personality as he was charismatic. His role in
the freedom movement of the country is as a:
1. Fighter
2. Social worker
3. Reformer
4. Politician
Ans: Fighter
4. Why did India choose the Path of non alignment with either US or USSR?
Ans. India has chosen the Path of non-alignment with either US or USSR because of cold
war Power politics and military alliances. But she has to be dependent on the two
countries for economic help.
Ans. The philosophical background of the Indian foreign policy was explained to
the members of the limited Nations organization on Oct. 13, 1949 by Nehru
for preservation of world piece and enlargement of human freedom.
7. How does political leadership of a nation affect its foreign policy? Explain this with the help
of examples from India’s foreign policy.
Ans. Political leadership of a nation deeply affects its foreign policy. The Political leadership
for 17 years after independence remained in the hands of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. Its
refulgence can be seen in the foreign policy of India since even today.
Ans- Bandung conference was held I 1955 in Indonesia as an afro-asian conference to lead
an establishment of NAM to mark the engagement of India with African and Asian nations
know as Afro-Asian Unity
1. Focus the light on the resolution on foreign policy adopted by AICC. Give any two points.
Ans The resolution on foreign policy adopted by the All India Congress Committee (AICC) in
Delhi in 1921 was a land mark in the history of India’s foreign relations. The resolution
informed the neighboring and other non- Indian states that:
1. The present (the British) Government of India is no way represent Indian opinion and t
hat their foreign policy has been traditionally guided by considerations more of holdin
g in subjection than of protecting her border
2. The India as self‐governing country can have nothing to fear form the neighboring stat
es or any states as per people have no designs upon any
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of them and hence no intention of establishing any trade relations hostilet or not desir
ed by the people of such states.
3. Does India’s foreign Policy reflect her desire to be an important regional Power? Argue
your case with Bangladesh war of 1971 as an example.
Ans No, although activating the independence policy by India. Non-alignment is adopted
by itself as well as most countries of Asia invited to join the non-alignment. India had
welcomed the internal and external sovereignty of all the countries. The internal and
external sovereignty of all the countries. India did not make effort to compel for granting
its existence. The Bangladesh war of 1971 was started by Pakistan not by India. India has
cooperated to Bang (East Pakistan to make its own existence.
5. Mention the India’s Policy towards Afro-Asian countries after the Second World War.
Ans Some of the Speeches of Nehru at the international gathering of the Asian and African
countries highlighted the thoughts and aspirants of millions of people in the colored world.
The speeches provides a strong base to Nehru not only to champion the cause of the
countries in question but to attain a unique position in the international sphere , and
emerge as their spokesman, India was a viction of modern imperialism her freedom after
long struggle had marked the beginning of the process of decdonisation after the second
world war.
6. India’s foreign policy was built around the principles of peace and cooperations, but India
fought three wars within a period of ten years between 1962 and 1972. Would you say
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that this was a Failure of the Foreign Policy? Or would you say that this was a result of
international situations? Give reasons to support your answer.
Ans India’s Foreign Policy was built around the principles of peace and
cooperation. Although India fought three wars within a period of ten years between 1962
and 1972, yet India’s Foreign Policy is not responsible in this context. The international
circumstances and the role of pressure must be significant in this noble cause.
8. How a political party should resolve its internal difference here is some suggestion. Think
of each and list out their advantages and shortcomings. a) Follow the footsteps of the party
president. b) Listen of the majority group c) Secret ballot voting on every issue. d) Consult
the senior and experienced leaders of the Party.
Ans. Advantages:
1. If we follow the footsteps of the party president the party becomes sound.
2. If we accept or follow majority view, we won’t get insulted.
3. Our vote or advice is secret. When secret ballot voting on every issue.
4. We should consult the senior and experienced leaders of him Party be
cause it gives us good path.
Shortcomings:
1. If we do not follow the footsteps of the party leader then he does
not appreciate us.
2. If we do not listen the majority group the majority do not share with us. If we do no
t consult the senior and experienced leaders of the party, we do not safeguard our
path of goodness.
9. What was Tibet issue? How did it cause tension between India and China?
Ans- 1. From the very beginning of independence time to time. China has claimed its
administrative control over Tibet
In 1950, China took over control of Tibet. Large sections of Tibetan population opposed
this takeover
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In 1958, there was an armed uprising in Tibet against china’s occupation. India supported
the cause of Tibetan which was bitterly objected by China. Even India has granted asylum
to Dalai Lama and a large number of Tibetans.
Ans- India’s foreign policy is based on principles of Panchsheel, which is derived from two
words ‘panch’ means five and ‘Sheel’ means a ‘code of conduct’ for peaceful co-existence
1. Panchsheel
2. Non-alignment (NAM)
3. Mutual benefits and equality
4. Mutual non-aggression
5. Non-intervention in each others international affairs
6. To maintain international peace and understanding
1. Carefully read the paragraphs and answer the questions given below: Ans: A small platoon
of Indian army is rescued by the gypsies in Ladakh region. The enemy has surrounded their
post. Capt. Bahadur Singh and his gypsy girlfriend Kammo help the jawans vacate their
posts. Both Bahadur Singh and Kammo die while holding the Chinese but the jawans too,
are out powered by the enemy and lay down their lives for the country. Set in the
backdrop of the China war of 1962,this film portrays the soldier and his travails as its
central theme. It pays tribute to the soldiers while depicting their plight, and the political
frustration over the betrayal by the Chinese. The film uses documentary footage of war
scenes and is considered as one of the early war films made in Hindi.
Questions:
1. What is the title of the movie ? In which year it was released?
2. Who directed the movie? Write the names of main acting artists of the movie.
3. Discuss the main point reflected in the first paragraph.
4. What is background of the movie and also discuss the central theme of the film.
Answers:
1. The name of the movie is "Haqeeqat". This movie was released in 1964. Movie was
directed by Chetan Anand. The main acting actors are : Dharmendra, Priya Rajvansh,
Balraj Sahni, Jayant, Sanjay Khan, Vijay Anand.
2. In first paragraph the following points have been shown in the movie :
1. A small group of Indian army in Ladakh region.
2. The Chinese-army surrounded some Indian posts.
3. Captain Bhadur Singh and his gypsy girl friend Kammo assist the Indian Jawans to
get vacate those posts.
4. Both Bahadur Singh and Kammo passed away while holding the Chinese. The
Indian Jawans faced bravely the Chinese troops and they laid down their lives for
the sake of their motherland.
5. The background of the film is the India China War of 1962. This portrays the
Soldier and his travails as its central theme.
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Q2. Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the following questions:
QUESTION
ANSWER
1. Following are the two leaders who have been shown in the cartoon :
Dr. Manmohan Singh, (b) Pervez Musharrof.
2. They are standing apart since India and Pakistan have many complicated issues to resolve.
3. In my opinion the outcome of the talks between the two leaders would have been
inconclusive and inhomogeneous.
4. This ement clearly shows that the 'Indo- Pak Relations" usually suffer from mutual distrust
and flippancy.
Q Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow
103
Question
What message does this cartoon convey?
Which year is being shown here
Answers:
This cartoon conveys message on Indo-China tension to be resolved
1962, Chinese invasion
HOTS
Two developments strained this relationship. China annexed Tibet 1950 and thus removed a
historical buffer between the two countries. Initially, the government of India did not oppose
this openly. But as more information came in about the suppression of Tibetan culture, the
Indian government grew uneasy. The Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, sought and
obtained political asylum in India in 1959. China alleged that the government of India was
allowing anti China activities to take place from within India.
2. Is it responsible for India to give political asylum to the Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai
Lama? Give reason.
Ans: The Political asylum given to the Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama by India is an
act of humanity. Therefore, India has discharged her moral responsibility because Tibet is a
buffer state between India and China.
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CHAPTER 5
CHALLENGES TO AND RESTORATION OF THE CONGRESS SYSTEM
1. Name the features through which the explanation for Congress rural Continuity and
change is provided.
Ans. The explanation for such a continuity and change is provided by the essential feature
of the Party, its broad social character and its basic coalitional strategy.
2. During the last 35 years what had congress party tried to show?
Ans. During the last 35 years the Congress Party had shown a led of continuity and change
in its basic public policies which it has followed as a ruling party of the country.
4. In which period did Mrs. Indira Gandhi become the leader of new Congress?
Ans. When the Congress split of 1969 took place, and Mrs. Gandhi become the leader of
the New Congress, the wide spread impression in India and elsewhere was that she was
releasing the party form the pressures of the party bosses.
106
2. The Union Home Ministry pointed out in 1969 that “the situation in the rural areas was
quite explosive.”Clarify this statement.
Ans. The Union Home Ministry pointed out in 1969 that “the situation in the rural areas
was quite explosive.” It found that it was agitation for distribution of land to the landless
which had elicited the maximum response and have also had a wide geographical spread.
4. What were the factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the
early 1970’s?
Ans. There were some factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government
the early 1970s:-
1. Challenges to Indira Gandhi’s Government as party boss.
2. Slogan of Garibi Hatao.
3. India Pakistan war of 1971.
5. What does ‘defection’ stand for in Indian politics? Highlight any two demerits of the
practice?
Ans- Defection refers to an elected representative leaves the party on whose symbol
he/she is elected and joins another party. This culture of development in Indian Politics
after 1967 elections.
It played an important role in making and unmaking of government frequently.
The constant realignments and shifting political loyalties in this period gave rise to the
expression ‘Aaya Ram. Gaya ram’.
6. What is meant by ‘Priyy Purses? Why did Indira Gandhi insist on abolishing them in 1970?
Ans- ‘Privy Purses’ was the form of grant in heredity given to the rulers and their families:
1.The grant or ‘Privy Purse’ was measured on the basis of extent revenue and potential of
the merging state in the assurance given at the time of integration of princely states.
2.Privy purse were criticize the privileges given to princely states at the time of accession,
integration and consolidation were protested
107
3.Hence, some leaders like Indira Gandhi privy Purses because hereditary privileges were
not constant with the principle of equality, social and economic justice laid down in the
constitution
4.Hence in the elections 1971, Indira Gandhi made this a major election issue and got a lot
of public support and alongwith massive victory in 1971 election, the constitution was
amended to remove legal obstacles for abolition of privy purses.
1. What factors were responsible for the revival of the Congress Party in India in 1971?
Ans:- Factors responsible for the revival of the Congress party in India in 1971:
1. First of all the Congress was split and Indira Gandhi brought economic policy to the
centre stage of politics. Indira Gandhi gave a very catchy and popular slogan ‘Garibi
Hatao’( remove poverty). She declared that my opponents have just one-print
programme Indira Hatao but I have having a series of programmes to remove poverty
and make India a strong world power.
2. Congress after the elections of 1971 was dependent exclusively on the popularity of its
toppest leader Indira Gandhi . Syndicate like groups had disappeared.
3. Congress party’s structural organization after 1971 was not inclusive type (inclusion of
several groups having different ideologies) but it was exclusive (monopolistic). Rooms
of its ideology were absolutely in the hands of Indira Gandhi.
4. Indira Congress was voted by poor people, women, oppressed, tribals and minority
people. It was no more puppet in the hands of so called syndicate or a group of rich
industrialists, merchants, politicians etc. It was actually an overall change system of
earlier Congress Party.
Q. 3. Study carefully the given picture and paragraphs and answer the questions that follow:
Vijay, a young police officer is framed in false charges and sent to jail while fighting gangsters.
Released from jail, Vijay is determined to take revenge. He fights all odds and vanquishes the
villains. Even while he is engaged in taking revenge, Vijay is fighting the anti-social element and
gets the tacit support of many others from within the system.
This film portrayed the erosion of moral values and the deep frustrations arising from that quite
forcefully. It represents the indifference of the system and the harsh and volcanic eruption of
protest through the anger of Vijay. The film set the trend of what was later to be known as the
'angry young man' of the seventies
Questions:
1. Can you identify all the actor / actress seen in the picture? Write the names of any two out
of them.
2. Who was the producer and director of the movie? In which year the film was released?
3. Write the names of any four actor-artists of the movie.
4. Discuss the story and main points related with the theme of the film.
Answers:
1. In the picture we are seeing photographs of, Amitabh Bachchan , Pran (Very clearly) , Jaya
Bhaduri (later Bachchan)
2. Producer and director of 'Zanjeer' 'Prakash Mehra'. The film was released in 1973.
3. The four main actors / characters of film are:
Amitabh Bachchan, Ajit , Jaya Bhaduri, Pran.
4. The main points of the story of the Zanjeer goes like : - Vijay, a young police officer is
framed in false charges and sent to jail while fighting gangsters. He is released from
prison. Hero decides to take revenge from anti- social elements. He fights and finishes the
villains.
Q4 Study carefully the given picture and paragraphs and answer the questions that follow:
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2. Name of the person for whom this comment Aya Ram Gaya Ram was made,
Ans - Gaya Lal, an MLA in Haryana, in 1967. (He changed his party thrice in a fortnight,
from Congress to United Front, back to Congress and then within nine hours to United
Front again). Later, the Indian Constitution was amended to prevent defections.
MAP QUESTIONS
Q. Study carefully the following map of India and answer the questions given below:
QUESTIONS-
110
1. Write the names of any six states in which Congress Party got majority in 1967 assembly
polls.
2. Write the names of any eight states where Congress did not get a majority in 1967
assembly polls but formed government with the help from other parties and candidates.
3. Write names of two islands of India.
ANSWERS
1. After assembly elections results of 1967 Congress Party got majority' in the following
states:
1. Jammu and Kashmir
2. Himachal Pradesh
3. Gujarat
4. Madhya Pradesh
5. Maharashtra
6. Mysore
2. After Assembly election results of 1967 Congress Party did not get a majority but formed
government with the help from other parties and independents : (i) Punjab, (ii) Rajasthan
(iii) Uttar Pradesh, (iv) Bihar, (v) West Bengal, (vi) Orissa, (vii) Kerala, (viii) Madras, (ix) Goa.
3. (i) Laccadive Islands and (ii) Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
HOTS
Shastri was the countries Prime minister from 1964-1966. During Shastri’s brief Prime Minister
Ship, the country faced two major challenges. While India was still recovering from the economic
implications of the war with China, failed monsoons, draught and serious food crisis presented a
grave challenge. As discussed in the previous chapter, the country also faced a war with Pakistan
in 1965, Shastri’s famous slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kissan“ symbolized the countries resolve to face
both these challenges.
111
2. Who gave the Slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kissan”? What did it symbolize?
Ans: The Slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kissan” was given by Lal Bahadur Shastri . It symbolize the
country’s resolve to face severe challenges.
3. During the regime of Lal Bahadur Shastri as the prime minister of India what were the
greatest challenges before the country?
Ans: The country was confronted with the following challenges:
1. India was recovering from the economic implications of the war with China.
2. Failed Monsoons, drought and serious food crisis presented a grave challenge.
112
CHAPTER 6
THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC ORDER
2. The first opposition government was formed in centre in 1977 under a Coalition headed
by:
1. Lok Dal
2. Congress(C)
3. Janta Party
4. Bharat Janta Party
Ans: Janta Party
5. For what purpose had human right activists criticized the government?
Ans. Human Right activists have criticizedthe government for constitutional norms
in dealing with naxalites.
113
6. Who and when had declared the invalidity of Indira Gandhi’s election?
Ans. Justice Jagmohan Lal Sinha of the Allahabad High Court passed a judgment declaring
the election of Lok Sabha of Indira Gandhi was invalid on 12 th June 1975.
Ans- the emergency brought out weaknesses and strengths both to India’s democracy:
First lesson was felt that it was extremely difficult to do away with democracy in India
Secondly, it amended that internal emergency could be proclaimed only on the grounds of
armed rebellion on the advice to the president to proclaim emergency must be given in
writing by council of ministers.
Thirdly, emergency made everyone more aware of civil liberties as well as courts also took
an active role in protecting civil liberties of individuals.
9. Why is emergency and period around it known as the period of constitutional crisis?
Explain
Ans- The parliament brought in many new changes in constitution which made an
amendment declaring that elections pf Prime Minister, President and Vice principal could
not be challenged in the court
The forty second amendment was also passed to bring a series of changes in constitution
like duration of legislatures, elections can be postponed by one year during emergency
2. The Shah Commission was appointed in1977, the Janata Party Government. Why was it
appointed and what were its findings?
114
3. In what way did the imposition of Emergency affect the party system in India? Elaborate
your answer with examples.
Ans. The Janata Party made this election into a referendum on the Emergency. It Campaign
was focused on the non democratic character of the rule and on the various excesses that
took place during this period. In the backdrop of assests of thousands of persons and the
censorship of the press, the public opinion was against the Congress. Jaya Prakash Narayan
becomethe popular symbol of restoration of democracy. The formation ofthe Janata Party
also ensured that non-congress votes would not be divided. Itwas evident that the going
was tough for the Congress. The 1977 election turned into a referendumon the experience
of the emergency, at least in North India where the impact of the Emergency was felt most
strongly. The opposition parties fought the election on the slogan of ‘Save Democracy’. The
people’s verdict was decisively against the Emergency. The lesson was clear and has been
reiterated in many state level elections. These after governments that are perceived to be
anti-democratic are severely punished by the Voters. In this sense the experience of 1975-
77 ended up strengthening the foundations of democracy in India.
1. Why was an emergency declare in India on 25th June 1975? How far was the imposition of
this emergency justified? Support your answer with any three suitable arguments.
Ans:- Reasons to the declaration of an emergency in India on 25th June 1975:
1. The judgement passed by Justice Jagmohan Lal Sinha of the Allahabad High Courton 12
June , 1975 invalidated Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha. As per the judgement
of the High Court Indira Gandhi was legally no more an MP and therefore, could remain
the Prime Minister unless she was once again elected as an MP within a period of 6
months. This decision created political earthquake and now the stage was set for a big
political confrontation.
2. The wave of political convulsions changed the whole scenario. Jayaprakash Narayan
pressed for Indira Gandhi’s resignation and announced a nationwide satyagraha and
asked the army , the police and government employees not to obey” illegal and
immoral orders”.
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3. The government declared that there was a grave threat of internal disturbances and
the declaration of a state of emergency is inevitable. Consequently, the government
declared a state of emergency on 25 June 1975.
4. Assess any three happening which were responsible for the downfall of Congress party in
the 1977 elections.
Ans- The 1977 elections were evolved as a shock to everyone as Congress party wes
defeated for the very first time and opposition party came into power.
1. The opposition adopted the slogan ‘save democracy’ against imposition of emergency
earlier.
2. The opposition campaigned nondemocratic character of rule which provided various
excesses
3. The opposition party highlighted the preventive detention and press the censorship to
favour public opinion
4. Janta Party also ensured not to divide non-congress votes.
5. Middle section of North India was moving away from congress for whom Janta Party
became a platform
6. Hence, elections of 1977 emerged many other factors instead about emergency only.
116
Q. Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the following questions:
1. Identify and name the person holding in his hand, the placard 'Save Democracy'. In your
opinion, the group of five persons belongs to which political party? According to the group
of five, what are the intentions of the person sitting on 'Dhama'?
2. Which issues were responsible for the downfall of democracy as highlighted in the
cartoon?
ANSWER
.
1. Jayaprakash Narayan. , Congress. , To grab power, subvert democracy, create chaos.
2. Corruption, lawlessness and violence.
Q2 Read carefully the following extract and answer the questions below:
In the name of democracy it has been sought negate the very functioning of democracy. Duly d
governments have not been allowed to function .... Agitations have surcharged the atmosphere,
leading to violent incidents., Certain persons have gone to the length of 'ting our armed forces to
mutiny and our police rebel. The forces of disintegration are in full play and communal passions
are being aroused, threatening our unity. How can any Government worth the name stand by and
allow the country's stability to be imperilled? The actions of a few endangering the rights of the
vast majority.
117
QUESTIONS:
1. Who is the speaker of above lines? When and where she spoke?
2. Discuss the main contents and ideas of the above excerpt.
ANSWERS:
1. The first lady Prime Minister of India, Mrs. Indira Gandhi spoke the above mentioned
lines. She was addressing the message in All India Radio on 26th June 1975.
2. Addressing to the nation, Mrs. Gandhi attacked the position that in the name of
democracy, the opposition leader all trying to create hindrances in the smooth
functioning of democracy. They are not permitting to do functions duly elected
Government of India. Though she was pointing to leader like Jaiprakash Narain, that
they are exciting the armed forces not to obey the order of the government. She tried to
justify the declaration of national Emergency putting the blames on opposition.
HOTS
1. Name the Indian President who proclaimed Emergency in 1975.
Ans: President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed proclaimed National Emergency in 1975 . It was
proclaimed at midnight on 25th June 1975.
2. Write any two issues on confliction between the parliament and the judiciary.
Ans:
1. the Parliament can curtail the right to property by making an amendment.
2. The Parliament amended the Constitution saying that it can abridge fundamental rights
for giving effect to directive principles.
119
CHAPTER 7
RISE OF POPULAR MOVEMENTS
electricity rates. These farmers Comped for about three weeks outside the district
collectors office until their requirements of demands were fulfilled.
6. How many percent of reservation for backward class did Mandal Commission Report
implement?
Ans. Reiterating the commitment of the Government to implement the
Mandal Commission recommendation of 27 percent reservation for backward Classed. The
P.M. said 52 percent of the population of this country could not be chained for ever.
Ans- popular movements are the movements organized by dalits and farmers under the
banner of various social organizations to voice their demands
8. What strategies were used by narmada Bachao Anndolan to put forward its demand.
document of the revolution . she was executed charged with having forgotten the virtues
belong to her sex. In the 19 thcentury femalanism become more advanced in United
States. American Feminists were closely involved with groups devoted tothe abolition
of slavery. In 1848, women leaders met to approve a Declaration of sentiments. Moddled
on the Declaration of Independence how ever few real going woremade.
2. Mention any three social movements of India. Explain their main objectives
1. The Chipko Movement
a. It raised the issue of ecological and economic exploitation
b. Active participation of women was a novel aspect of the movement
c. The villagers protested against the practices of logging to be permitted by the
government
2. Anti-Arrack Movement
a. This movement focused on issues of sexual violence against women either within
family or outside
b. Women joined the campaign against dowry and demanded personal and property
laws based on gender equality
c. These campaigns contributed a great deal in increasing social awareness as well as
shifted from legal reforms to open social confrontation
Q. Read carefully the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Liquor Mafia take to Heels as Women Hit Back The women of village Gundlur in Kalikari mandaI of
Chitto or district assembled and resolved to put an end to the sale of arrack in village. They
conveyed this resolution to village arrack vendor. They turned back the jeep that brought arrack
packets to the village. However, when the village arrack vendor informed the contractor about
this, the contractor sent him a gang of men to help him resume sales. Women of the village were
adamant and opposed this move. The contractor in the police but even they had to beat a retreat.
A week later, women who prevented the sale of arrack were assaulted by arrack contractor's
goondas with iron rods and other weapons. But when the women resisted the assault unitedly,
the hired mafia took to their The women later destroyed three jeeps arrack.
QUESTIONS:
ANSWERS:
HOTS
In 1996, MKSS formed National Council of People’s Right to information in Delhi to raise Right to
Information to the status of a national campaign. Prior to that, the Consumer Education and
Research Center, The Press Council and the Shourie Committee had proposed a draft RTI Law. In
2002, a weak “Freedom of Information Act” was legislated but never came into force. In 2004,
another RTI Bill was tabled and passed by the Parliament which received Presidential assent in
June 2005.
2. Why did the freedom of Information Act, 2002 never come into force?
Ans: The “Freedom of Information Act” 2002, never came into force as it was a weak
draft.
3. What do the words “the bill was tabled mean in the law making process?
Ans: In the law making process the words “the bill was tabled “ mean that the bill has been
tabled to be discussed by the House concerned.
125
CHAPTER 8
REGIONAL ASPIRATIONS
2. The Dravidian Movement led to the formation of D.K( later on DMK) under the leadership
of:
1. E. V Ramaswami
2. M. Karunanidhi
3. Annadurai
4. None of above
Ans: E. V Ramaswami
3. The first democratic elections to Sikkim assembly in 1974 were swept by:
1. Sikkim Congress
2. Indira Congress
3. Janata Party
4. SDF
Ans: Sikkim Congress
2. What was the desire of one section about Goa’s merger with Maharashtra?
Ans. Under the supervision of Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party (MGP) one
section demanded that Goa as a Marathi speaking area should with Maharashtra.
assertions by the people, their repressions by the government, and collapse of the political
and electoral processes. It is also not surprising that most of these struggles mere long
drawn and concluded in negotiated settlements of accords between the group and the
central government leading the movement for autonomy. The accords were reached after
a process of dialogue that aimed to settle contentions issues within the constitutional
framework. Yet the journey to the accord was always tumultuous and often violent.
2. What is the view of Kashmiri about autonomy of Jammu & Kashmir under Article 370?
Ans. Most of the Kashmiri’s believe that the autonomy conferred by Article 370 is
not enough. A Section of Kashmiris have expressed at least three major grievances.
First the promise that Accession would be referred to the people of the state after the
situation created by tribal invasion was normalized has not been fulfilled. This has
generalized the demand for a Plebiscite.
Secondly there is a feeling that the special federal status guaranteed by Article 370 has
been eroded in practice. This has led to the demand for restoration of autonomy or
“Greater state Autonomy”.
Thirdly – It is felt that democracy which is practiced in the rest of India has not been
similarly institutionalized in the state of Jammu & Kashmir.
5. What are the two kinds of movements going on North East India?
Ans. The two kinds of Movements are going on in the North –East.
1. First –the armed groups are secessionists and they wait to break up the unity of
the country. Such secessionist groups are supported by the neighboring countries and
it is the responsibilities of the Union Government to confront the armed insurgents and
secessionist in North-East.
2. Second- Social discontent is quite widespread in North-East and if appropriate
solutions are not found aliented groups always take to armed insurgency . It has been a
failure of Politics in India where small and distant states have developed a feeling of
neglect because of economic under development
of the Indian Government have caused this imbalance. If some states remain poor and
other develop rapidly, it leads to regional imbalances and inter regional migrations.
2. “Even after more than six decades of India’s independence, issues of national integration
have not yet been fully resolved.” Suggest any three measures to solve these issues.
Ans:- Even after more than six decades of India’s independence, issues of national
integration have not yet been fully resolved.” Following are three measures to solve these
issues:
1. As we know that India adopted a democratic approach to the question of diversity. It is
the best merit of democracy that it permits the political expressions of regional
aspirations and does not consider them as anti-national. Hence, expression of regional
issues is not an unwelcome deviation or an abnormal phenomenon. Regional
aspirations are found even in smaller countries like the UK, Spain and Sri Lanka etc.
India, a large and diverse democracy, must deal with regional aspirations on a regular
basis. In this way, nation building is an ongoing and continuous process. Democratic
politics means that regional issues and problems will get proper attention and
accommodation in the policy making process.
2. The best and practical way to respond process is through democratic negotiations
rather than through suppression. In the 80’s – militancy erupted in Punjab, North East,
Kashmir Valley and Assam was on the boiling. In this sensitive period the government
of India adopted a practical approach and reached negotiated settlement with regional
movements. This reconciliatory approach and attitude reduced the tensions existing in
several regions. The example of Mizoram clearly shows that through political
settlement problem of separatism can also be resolved effectively.
3. The regional imbalance in economic development contributes to the feeling of regional
discrimination. The regional imbalances are caused when some states remain poor and
others develop fast. This phenomenon leads to regional imbalances and inter-regional
migrations. Albeit, the makers of our constitution expressed crystal clear farsightedness
in dealing with the questions of diversity. The unique federal system adopted by India
is a flexible and accommodative arrangement. In this way, politics in India has
succeeded in recognizing and accepting regionalism as part and parcel of democratic
politics. The 6th schedule of our constitution clearly allows different tribes total
autonomy of preserving their respective practices and mores. These provisions proved
significant in resolving some very complex and complicated problems in the North-East.
130
3: “Regional aspirations, regional inbalances and regionalism are a hindrance in the way of
national unity of india. Do you agree with the statement?
Ans : Because
1. Study the picture and read with care both of the passages. Answer all the questions given
below these passages:
Tamil film depicting the travails of Roja, a newlywed and doting wife when her husband,
Rishi, is abducted by militants. Rishi is a cryptologist who is assigned duty in Kashmir to
decode the enemy messages. As love blossoms between the husband and the wife, the
husband is kidnapped. The kidnappers demand that their jailed leader, be set free in
exchange of Rishi. Roja's world is shattered and she is knocking at the doors of officials and
po , , Since the film has the background of Indo- dispute, it made instant appeal. The film
dubbed in Hindi and many other Indian languages.
131
QUESTIONS:
1. Write 'the title of the movie. In which years it was released ?
2. Who has directed the film? Also the screenplay writer?
3. Write the names of actors of Hindi version of the movie.
4. Write the summary of the film's subject- matter.
ANSWERS:
4.
1. The film depicting the travails ofRoja, a newly wed and doting wife when her
husband Rishi is abducted by terrorists.
2. Rishi is a cryptologist who is assigned duty in Kashmir to decode the enemy
messages.
3. As love blossoms between the husband and the wife, the husband is kidnapped.
The kidnappers demand that their jailed leader, be set-free in exchange of Rishi.
4. Roja's (the wife of Rishi) world is shattered and she is seen knocking at the doors of
politicians and 'concerning officials also. In brief it reveals the Pakistan's tactics of
terrorism against India.
HOTS
1. “Jammu & Kashmir is one of the living examples of plural society and politics.”Justify.
Ans: The above statement is very much justified because there are diversities of all kind
like religious, cultural, linguistics, ethnic and tribal.
Besides there are also divergent political aspirations.
Despite all this Diversities and divergions on the one hand and continued situation of
conflict on the other plural and secular culture of the state has remained largely intact.
These events were followed by mass agitations in many parts for the formation of
linguistics stage. Today’s Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat were
among the regions affected by these agitations. In some parts of Southern India,
particularly in Tamil Nadu there were protests against making Hindi the official National
Language of the country. In the north, there were strong pro Hindi agitations demanding
that Hindi be made the official language immediately. From the late 1950’s people
speaking the Punjabi language started agitating for a separate for themselves. This demand
was finally accepted and the states of Punjab and Haryana were created in 1966. Later the
states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttaranchal (now Uttrakhand) were created. Thus
the challenge of diversity was met by redrawing the internal boundaries of the country.
1. Write the names of those states where separatists’ movements were initiated.
Ans: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat
2. In which states were the protest raised against making Hindi the official language of the
country?
Ans: In Tamil Nadu, popular protests were raised against Hindi the official language of the
country. Infact, we should respect the national language.
CHAPTER 9
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIAN POLITICS
2. The recommendations of Mandal Commission were implemented by the Union Govt in the
year :
1. 1990
2. 1991
3. 1992
4. 1993
Ans: 1990
1. What was the electoral performance of Janata Dal during ninth Lok Sabha elections?
Ans. Electoral performance :- At the era of Ninth Lok Sabha election ,the Janata Dal and the
National Front Sabha election the Janata Dal and the National Front were able to a great
extent to project themselves as a nation alterations. The Janata Dal won 141 seats out of
241 seats it contested. It won 17.4 percent of the popular Vote. The JD won 54 of the 69
seats in UP getting 43.83 percent of the popular vote. In Bihar it won 31 of the 37 seats for
41.38 percent of the popular vote. In Orissa out of the total 21 seats the JD won 16 seats.
remained effectively an illegal organisation until 1942. When the British accepted its
support for the allied war afford. After 1947, there were number of changes in the party
tactics and the period was marked by the splits. The first Maoist communist party was
formed on April 22, 1969. Following the CPIs 20 th Congress of 1956 the CPI adopted a new
Constitution at Amritsar in 1956 more suited to peaceful transition and to working within a
system of representative democracy. The CPI (M) is considered as the left faction of the
communism in India. The CPI (M) was linked with China and viewedas pro-packing while
the CPI was considered as pro-Soviets. The CPI (M)’s main support base is concentrated in
West Bengal, Kerala, Tripura, Andhra Pradesh and Bihar.
Ans- 1.The anti-muslim riots took place ar a station called Godharain 2002.
2.A fire took place on a bogey full of leorsevekos returning fron Ayodhya
3.The hand of Muslim was suspected behind this fire
4.Widespread violence took place against muslims in which nearly 1100, mostly muslims
were killed
5.Human right commission criticized Gujrat government role in failing to control violence
and provided relief to victims
6.Gujrat riots show that the government machinery also become susceptible to passion
and alert us the danger involved in using religious sentiments for political purposes.
3. Briefly explain any two points to understand the mass production and mass consumption.
Ans. Two points to understand the mass production and mass consumption are as under:-
Global Infrastructure: ‐ They are formal and informal institutional arrangements in
the economic political and cultural domains that facilitate
networking and flows. Their reach transcends the bounds of nation state. They facilitate th
e functioning of a global market. They embody codes and regulations holding transnational
interaction in place. They provide the machines of global governance.
Reformulation of social relations: ‐ Under globalization relations
between social classes are brought sharply to focus on a global scale. In the earlier
phase of capitalism class relations were primarily defined within the voter of the
nation .state globalization brings about a dense interaction between dominant
classes and regions outstripping national leavages. It throws up new social state
and faction both at the national and global levels. It reformulates inequalities and
existing unevenness in economic and power relations.
4. What was Mandal commission? Did it try to solve the problems of others backward
classes? State any two arguments in support of your answer.
138
Ans – Bindeshwari Prasad mandal was the chairperson of Mandal commission set up in
1978 to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various
sections of society & recommended wayto identify these classes.
1. The mandal commission gave its recommendations in 1980
2. The commission advised that backward classes should be understood to mean backward
clastes since many castes other than the SCs were also treated as low in castes hierarchy
3. Reservation 27% seats in educational institutions and government jobs for these groups
4. It recommended land reforms to improve the condition of OBCs
5. Hence, Mandal commission made recommendations in economic and occupational
structure
6. The government on India accepted recommendations in 1990
7. 27% jobs reservation has been made in central and state governments
8. Many welfare schemes have also been launched as Swarnima National Backward classes
Finance and Development Corporation
MAP QUESTIONS
Study carefully the map given below and answer all the questions.
QUESTIONS:
1. Write the names of four countries which have been referred or shown in the-above
map.
139
2. In which colour the Bay of Bengal is shown? Write the names of other two seas / oceans
encircled the western- southern and eastern southern portion of India.
3. Write the names of any six states along the names of their respective capitals of North-
East India.
ANSWERS:
Q2. Study carefully the map given below and answer all the questions.
1. Identify and match the four states marked (A), (B), (C) and (D) with Arunachal Pradesh,
Mizoram, Nagaland and Meghalaya.
2. Write the capitals of these four states against the names of the respective states.
ANSWERS
140
2. States Capitals
(a) Arunachal Pradesh ltanagar
(b)Mizoram Aizawl
(c) Nagaland Kohima
(d) Meghalaya Shillong
QUESTIONS:
1. What does this cartoon refer to ?
2. What is the difference between coalition in a party and coalition of parties?
ANSWERS:
1. This cartoon refers to two types of coalition-a coalition in a party and a coalition of political
parties. When the people of different interests and different social strata and groups come
together they form a single party. This gave rise to the term 'Congress system'. This is a
coalition within a political party.
2. There is a great difference between coalition in a party and coalition of different parties.
With the general elections of 1989, a long phase of coalition politics began in India. Since
then there have been nine governments at the centre, all of which have been coalition
governments or minority governments supported by other parties, which did not join the
government. In other words when the different parties of different interests and
ideologies join within a largest party for a common interest (generally gain the power) it is
known as coalition of parties. For example, NDA, UPA etc.
141
Question-
Look at the Cartoon given above carefully and answer the following questions:
1. Does the Cartoon refer to a puppet government?
2. Describe the role of such a government in the Indian democratic set up.
3. What is meant by "Support the Government from Outside"?
ANSWER
Q. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follows:
4. Q. Study carefully the below given map of India showing Lok Sabha Election
results of 2004. Answer all the questions given below it:
In the given political outline map of India, six states have been labelled as A, B, C, D, E and F.
Keeping in mind, the Lok Sabha Election results of 2004 and with the help of the information
provided below, identify these states. Write their correct names in your answer book in the
following tabular form: .
1. Two states where the Left parties won the majority of Lok Sabha seats.
2. Two states where the NDA won the majorityof Lok Sabha seats.
3. Two states where the UPA won the majority of seats in Lok Sabha.
Ans. (i) A – Kerala F – West Bengal
(ii) E - Uttarakhand B Chhattisgarh
(iii) C - Himachal Pradesh D – Andhra Pradesh
Name of Coalition Alphabet (A to F) Name of the State
Left Front A Kerala
F West Bengal
NDA E Uttarakhand
B Chhattisgarh
UPA C Himachal Pradesh
D Andhra Pradesh
144
HOTS
1. What is the difference between Coalition Party and Coalition in Congress system?
Ans: The Coalition Party govt signifies government of more than two regional and political
parties. Whereas, Coalition in Congress system signifies the encouragement of various
factions (groups) inside the party with different ideologies.
3. Unscrumble a bunch of disarrange press clipping file of Uni Muni “and arrange the file
chronologically
1. Mandal recommendations and anti reservation stir.
2. Formation of Janta Dal.
3. Demolition of Babri Masjid.
4. Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
5. Formation of NDA govt.
6. Godhra incident and its fall out.
7. Formation of UPA govt.
Ans
4. Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
2. Formation of Janta Dal.
1. Mandal recommendations and anti-reservation stir.
3 Demolition of Babri Masjid.
5 Formation of NDA govt.
6 Godhra incident and its fall out.
7 Formation of UPA govt.
Hindutva literally means Hinduness and was defined by its originator, V.D Savarkar as the basis of
Indian (in his language also Hindu) Nationhood. It basically meant that to be members of the
Indian nation, everyone must not only accept India as their father land (Pitrubu) but also as their
holy land (Punyabhu). Believers of Hindutva argue that a strong nation can be built only on the
basis of a strong and united national culture. They also believe that in the case of India the Hindu
culture alone can provide this base.
1. Who coined the word Hindutva? What does this word mean?
Ans: V.D Savarkar is the originator of the word, ’Hindutva’. It means Hinduness.
145
General Instructions:
1. Is NAM neutral? 1
2. Mention any two core values of a country. 1
3. What was the immediate outcome of the two nation theory? 1
4. Which period of Indian politics has been referred to as ‘dangerous decade’? 1
5. Was the anti-arrack movement a women’s movement? Give one argument to support
your answer. 1
6. What is SAARC? 2
7. Give any two examples of the American hegemony as a soft power. 2
8. Why do we need international organizations? 2
9. Which two challenges are the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa facing? 2
10. Mention any two reasons due to which Janata Party won the elections of 1977. 2
11. When and why was ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ launched? 4
12. Mention any four factors that led to the rise of the Chinese economy. 4
13. What are the reasons for growing concerns about the environment? 4
14. What kinds of difficulties were involved in the process of partition? 4
15. “Governments that are perceived to be anti-democratic are severely punished by the
voters.” Explain the statement with reference to the emergency period of 1975-77. 4
16. ‘Politics in India has succeeded in accepting regionalism as a part and parcel of
democratic politics.’ Justify the statement with suitable arguments. 4
17. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions:
147
We have a Muslim minority who are so large in numbers that they cannot, even if they want,
go anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which there can be no argument. Whatever the
provocation from Pakistan and whatever the indignities and horrors inflicted on non-
Muslims there, we have got to deal with this minority in a civilized manner. We must give
them security and the rights of citizens in a democratic State. If we fail to do so, we shall
have a festering sore which will eventually poison the whole body politic and probably
destroy it.
Jawaharlal Nehru, Letter to Chief Ministers, 15 October 1947
Give an account of the background in which the letter was written and explain the
challenge that Jawaharlal Nehru is referring to in it? 5
18. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions:
One of India’s major concerns has been the composition of the Security Council, which has
remained largely static while the UN General Assembly membership has expanded
considerably. India considers that this has harmed the representative character of the Security
Council. It also argues that an expanded Council, with more representation, will enjoy greater
support in the world community.
Critically examine India’s concerns and arguments about the composition of the Security
Council. 5
19. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions:
While the cold war was an outcome of the emergence of the US and the USSR as two superpowers
rival to each other, it was also rooted in the understanding that the destruction caused by the use
of atom bombs is too costly for any country to bear. The logic is simple yet powerful. When two
rival powers are in possession of nuclear weapons capable of inflicting death and destruction
unacceptable to each other, a full-fledged war is unlikely.
Explain the cold war scenario and reasons behind it not turning out to be a full-
fledged war? 5
148
20. Study the picture given below carefully and answer the following questions:
21. Study the map carefully and answer the questions given below.
OR
Why did the Indian National Congress dominate the first three General Elections after
independence? 6
150
23. ‘There is a difference in the approach towards environment between the countries of the
North and the South’. Explain the statement with reference to the Earth
Summit(1992) and the Kyoto Protocol (1997)? 6
OR
How has globalization affected India and what has been India’s response? 6
24.”India should not give up its policy of non-alignment and align with
the United States.” Givearguments in support or against this
statement. 6
OR
Mention the areas of cooperation and disagreement between India and Bangladesh.
25. Evaluate the lessons that have been learnt from the popular movements in India along with
examples. 6
OR
“After the elections in 1989 an era of coalitions started in which political parties are not aligning
or realigning on the basis of ideologies.” Explain the statement. 6
26. Why was Gorbachev forced to initiate reforms and how did it lead to the
disintegration of the Soviet Union? 6
OR
Explain how did the Cuban Missile Crisis drive the world on the brink of a nuclear war? 6
27. What was the ‘new world order’ and how did it lead to the First Gulf War? 6
OR
_________________________________________________
151
REFERENCES