EXPERIMENT 6

EXPERIMENT Study of impact of free water jet

THEORY

A jet of fluid emerging from a nozzle has some velocity and hence it possesses a certain amount
of kinetic energy. If this jet strikes an obstruction placed in its path, it will exert a force on the
obstruction. This impressed force is known as impact of jet and it is considered as hydrodynamic
force. Since a (hydro)-dynamic force is exerted by virtue of fluid motion; it always involves a
change of momentum. Hence, the impulse-momentum principle may be utilized to evaluate the
hydrodynamic force exerted on a body by a fluid jet. For steady state, the momentum equation is

F = ∫cs ρ .V.V.dA … … … … … … (1)

Where ‘CS’ is the control surface

Consider, a nozzle discharging a jet at the atmospheric pressure on a vane positioned at an angle
θ with vertical. The velocity V of the jet can easily be determined if head H under which nozzle is
discharging is known.

Assuming, Cd = 1, and applying momentum equation (as well as the Bernoulli’s equation) the force
Fn in n-direction [Figure BC3.1(a)] can be given by

Fn = ρ Vo Qo sinθ … … … … … … (2)

From which, we obtain

Fy = ρ Vo Qo sin2θ … … … … … … (3)

A force of magnitude Fy and in the direction opposite to that of Fy is exerted by jet on the vane
which is the lift force in this case.

F1 = ρ Vo Qo sin2θ … … … … … … (4)

Efficiency of the jet is defined as

η = ( Measured lift force / Calculated lift force )

For a curved vane, similarly, lift force can be calculated as [Figure BC3.1(b)]:

F1 = Fn = ρ Vo Qo (1+ cos θ ) … … … … … … (5)

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 Figure BC3.1 Impingement of jet on vanes (a) Straight vane; (b) Curved vane

OBJECTIVE

To measure impact of jet on different types of vanes.

APPARATUS

Impact of jet apparatus (refer to Figure BC3.2), stop watch, weights, spirit level

Figure BC3.1 Impact of jet apparatus

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PROCEDURE

1. Remove the top plate and transparent casing. Measure the nozzle diameter.

2. Place the target vane on the rod. Connect the inlet pipe to the bench with the
assembled apparatus.

3. Level the base of the apparatus with the help of the screws at the bottom.

4. Place a small weight on the pan and record it.

5. Open the control valve to allow flow. Adjust the flow rate until the weight pan is aligned
with level gauge (oscillate the weight pan to minimize friction).

6. Collect water in collecting tank over a time interval t, to find the flow rate.

7. Repeat steps 4 to 6 with increasing weights several times.

8. Repeat steps 2 to 7 with different target vanes.

DATA SHEET

Nozzle diameter = … … … … … … …

SAMPLE CALCULATION

Reading Number = … … … … … … …

Momentum, ρ Qo Vo = … … … … … … …

F1 Calculated = … … … … … … …

F1 Measured = … … … … … … …

Efficiency, η = … … … … … … …

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OBSERVATION TABLE

Vane type 1: Flat type,  = 90º

Exp. Weight Vol. of water Time Discharge F measured F calculated

No.

2.

Vane type 2:  = 180º

Exp. Weight Vol. of water Time Discharge F measured F calculated

No.

2.

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ASSIGNMENT

1. Plot H vs. η and H vs. F1 for each vane studied.

Vane 1

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ASSIGNMENT (continued)

Vane 2

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ASSIGNMENT (continued)

2. Plot force F1 vs. momentum of jet impact, ρQV

Vane 1

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ASSIGNMENT (continued)

Vane 2

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ASSIGNMENT (continued)

3. Plot weight vs. Q2 for each vane. Compare the slope with theoretical value.

Vane 1

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ASSIGNMENT (continued)

Vane 2

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 DISCUSSION

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