Beruflich Dokumente
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Mole Balances
Rate of reaction
Batch reactor
1 Rate Law & Mole Balances It is expected that students are able to:
A B
r A kC A
(1
st
order reaction)
r A kC 2
A
(2
nd
order reaction)
Example :
-rA', = the rate of disappearance of species A on a per
mass of catalyst basis. (mol/s g catalyst).
General Mole Balance Equation
System volume, V
G
Fjin Fjout
[Rate flow in] + [Generation] – [Rate flow out]=[accumulation]
Unit: moles/time
dNj
Fj in
Gj Fj out
dt
moles/time moles/time moles/time moles/time
In generation out accumulation
dt
Rate of
Rate of flow of generation of j Rate of flow of Rate of
j into the by chemical j out of the accumulation
system reaction within system of j within the
(moles/time) the system (moles/time) system
(moles/time) (moles/time)
V
G j
r j dV
dN
F in r.dV F out
dt
From here, design equation for
different types of the reactors
moles moles moles moles
.volume can be developed.
time time.volum e time time
Each reactor type will have a different
mole balance…
Types of Reactors
Depending on loading/unloading of the reactor
Batch CSTR
catalyst
V dN V dN
F j0 F j ri dV j
r j dV j
dt dt
Assuming perfect mixing, reaction rate the same through the volume
dN N A0 dN
j
rV or t1 A
dt
N A1
- rA V
• Consists of a tank with an agitator and heating/
cooling system.
dt
F j0Fj v jC vC
F j0 F j r j V V or
j0 j
rj rj
Continuous-stirred Tank Reactor
Assuming perfect mixing, so
Reaction rate is the same through the volume.
Conditions of exit stream are the same as in the reactor.
F j0 F j v jC vC
F j0 F j r j V V or
j0 j
rj rj
Continuous-stirred Tank Reactor
• CSTRs are open systems, where material is free to enter
or exit the system,
• Consist of a tank, usually of constant volume, and a
stirring system to mix reactants together. Also, feed and
exit pipes are present to introduce reactants and remove
products.
• Reactants are continuously introduced into the reactor,
while products are continuously removed.
• Often used in biological processes, such as cell cultures.
• Often used in biological processes, such as cell cultures.
• Fermentors are CSTRs used in
biological processes in many
industries, such as antibiotics and
waste treatment.
Industrial fermentor
Capacity – 3.0 L lab scale
capacity 500L
Tubular /Plug Flow Reactor
Reactants Products
axial direction
Reactants Products
V dN
F j0 F j r j dV j
dt
=0, operation in
No accumulation 0 a steady state
Design Equation for PFR
For every slice of volume:
F j| V ∆V F j| V dF
F j0 F j ri V 0 ri ri j
∆V dV
dF dF Fj dF F j0 dF
rj j
dV j
V j
j
dV rj F j0
rj Fj
- rj
Tubular /Plug Flow Reactor
• Tubular reactors consists of cylindrical pipe, may be configured as one
long tube or a number of shorter tubes (range in diameter from a few
centimeters to several meters). The choice of diameter is based on
construction cost, pumping cost, the desired residence time, and heat
transfer needs.
• Reactants are continuously fed into the reactor from the left. The
reactants are continually consumed as they flow down the length of the
reactor. Unreacted reactants flow out of the reactor continuously.
Products
Reactants
Packed-bed Reactor
Here the reaction takes place on
the surface of catalyst.
F A |W F A | W W dF
'
ri '
A
F A |W F A | W W ri ' W 0 rA
W dW
No accumulation = 0
Packed-bed Reactor
F A |W F A | W W r W 0
A
No accumulation = 0
moles A moles A
r A W mass of catalyst
(time)(mas s of catalyst) time
F A |W W F A | W dF
'
rA ' A
F A |W F A | W W r W 0
A W
rA
dW
Reactor Mole Balance: Summary
Mole Balance Algebraic Integral
Reactor Comment
Differential Form Form Form
Batch • No spatial N A0 dN
variations
dN A
rA V t1 A
• Fin = Fout =0 dt
N A1
- rA V
CSTR •• No
V = spatial
constant
variations F A0 FA
• Well mixed - const. ― V ―
C, T, rxn rate. rA
• No accumulation
• Steady state
PFR • Steady state dF F A0 dF
A
rA V1 A
dV F A1
- rA
mol
Rate law: r A k 0.05 3
hr.dm
mol
5 0.99
Combine: F A0 0.01F hr
V A0
99.0dm 3
rA 0.05
mol
3
hr.dm
dF
Combine: A
k
dV
FA V
1
k
dF
F A0
A
dV
0
mol
5
1 hr
V 0.01F A0
F A0 0.99
k mol
0.05 3
hr.dm