6 Equations of Straight Lines: Review Exercise 6 (P. 6.7)

NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions
∵ L.H.S.≠R.H.S.
6 Equations of Straight Lines ∴ (3, 4) does not satisfy the equation
3x + 2y – 6 = 0.
∴ A(3, 4) does not lie on the graph.
Review Exercise 6 (p. 6.7) By substituting x = –3 and y = –2 into 3x + 2y – 6 = 0,
we have
1. (a) By substituting x = 3 and y = 4 into y = 2x – 2, L.H.S. = 3(–3) + 2(–2) – 6 = –19
we have R.H.S. = 0
L.H.S. = 4 ∵ L.H.S.≠R.H.S.
R.H.S. = 2(3) – 2 = 4 ∴ (–3, –2) does not satisfy the equation
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. 3x + 2y – 6 = 0.
∴ (3, 4) satisfies the equation y = 2x – 2. ∴ B(–3, –2) does not lie on the graph.
∴ A(3, 4) lies on the graph. By substituting x = 0 and y = 4 into 3x + 2y – 6 = 0,
By substituting x = 3 and y = 2 into y = 2x – 2, we have
we have L.H.S. = 3(0) + 2(4) – 6 = 2
L.H.S. = –2 R.H.S. = 0
R.H.S. = 2(–3) – 2 = –8 ∵ L.H.S.≠R.H.S.
∵ L.H.S.≠R.H.S. ∴ (0, 4) does not satisfy the equation
∴ (–3, –2) does not satisfy the equation y = 2x – 2. 3x + 2y – 6 = 0.
∴ B(–3, –2) does not lie on the graph. ∴ C(0, 4) does not lie on the graph.
By substituting x = 0 and y = 4 into y = 2x – 2,
we have 2. (a) By substituting x = –2 and y =5 into
L.H.S. = 4 L: 5x + ky + 20 = 0, we have
R.H.S. = 2(0) – 2 = –2
∵ L.H.S.≠R.H.S. 5(2)  k(5)  20  0
∴ (0, 4) does not satisfy the equation y = 2x – 2.
∴ C(0, 4) does not lie on the graph. 5k 10  0
(b) By substituting x = 3 and y = 4 into x + y = 7, we have
L.H.S. = 3 + 4 = 7
R.H.S. = 7
k  2
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. (b) By substituting x = 6 and y = q into
∴ (3, 4) satisfies the equation x + y = 7. L: 5x – 2y + 20 = 0, we have
∴ A(3, 4) lie on the graph. 5(6)  2(q )  20  0
By substituting x = 3 and y = 2 into x + y = 7,
50  2q  0
we have
L.H.S. = 3 + (2) = 5 q  25
R.H.S. = 7
∵ L.H.S.≠R.H.S.
AB  [1  ( 3)] 2  ( 4  1) 2 units
∴ (3, 2) does not satisfy the equation x + y = 7.
∴ B(3, 2) does not lie on the graph. 3. (a)  4 2  3 2 units
By substituting x = 0 and y = 4 into x + y = 7, we have
L.H.S. = 0 + 4 = 4  25 units
R.H.S. = 7  5 units
∵ L.H.S.≠R.H.S.
4 1
∴ (0, 4) does not satisfy the equation x + y = 7. 
∴ C(0, 4) does not lie on the graph. (b) Slope of AB 1  ( 3)
(c) By substituting x = 3 and y = 4 into 2x  y + 4 = 0, 3
we have 
L.H.S. = 2(3) – 4 + 4 = 6 4
R.H.S. = 0
∵ L.H.S.≠R.H.S. 4. (a) The coordinates of P and Q are (3, 10) and (13, 4)
∴ (3, 4) does not satisfy the equation 2x – y + 4 = 0. respectively.
∴ A(3, 4) does not lie on the graph.
By substituting x = 3 and y = 2 into 2x – y + 4 = 0, PQ  (13  3) 2  ( 4  10) 2 units
we have  10 2  ( 14) 2 units
L.H.S. = 2(3) – (2) + 4 = 0
R.H.S. = 0  296 units
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.  17.2 units (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ (3, 2) satisfies the equation 2x – y + 4 = 0.
∴ B(3, 2) lies on the graph.
By substituting x = 0 and y = 4 into 2x – y + 4 = 0, we
have
L.H.S. = 2(0) – 4 +4 = 0
R.H.S. = 0
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
∴ (0, 4) satisfies the equation 2x – y + 4 = 0.
∴ C(0, 4) lies on the graph.
(d) By substituting x = 3 and y = 4 into 3x + 2y – 6 = 0,
we have
L.H.S. = 3(3) + 2(4) – 6 = 11
R.H.S. = 0
138
4  10 2
 ∵ Slope of AB = slope of PQ =
13  3 7

(b) Slope of PQ  14
∴ AB is parallel to PQ.
10
32
7 
 (b) Slope of CD 5  ( 3)
5
1

10  2 8 8
5. tan   slope of AB   2 ∵ Slope of CD≠slope of PQ
1  ( 3) 4 ∴ CD is not parallel to PQ.
∴  = 63.4 (cor. to 1 d.p.)
tan  = slope of CD =

3  3

2 3
3
6  ( 2)

5 1
82 6 3 10. (a) Slope of PQ
 = 30
8
∴ 
4
 tan 45 2
6. (a) Slope of L 35
1 
5 1
4  ( 2) Slope of AB  2
 
(b) Slope of PQ k  ( 4) 4
6 1
 
k4 2
∵ Slope of PQ = slope of L  1
Slope of AB  slope of PQ
     ( 2)
6  2
1
∴ k4  1
6k4 ∴ AB is perpendicular to PQ.
k 2 11
(b) Slope of CD  5  1
74 3 1 0
7. (a) Slope of AB=  
0  ( 6) 6 2 Slope of CD  slope of PQ = 0  2 = 0
∴ CD is not perpendicular to PQ.
97 2 1
Slope of BC=  
40 4 2 49 5 5
∵ Slope of AB = slope of BC 11. Slope of L   
∴ A, B and C are collinear. 36 9 9
(a) ∵ L1 // L
8  ( 5) 3
(b) Slope of DE    slope of L
 1  ( 3) 2 ∴ Slope of L 5
1 
9  ( 8) 1 9
Slope of EF  
2  ( 1) 3 (b) ∵ L2  L
∵ Slope of DE≠slope of EF Slope of L2  slope of L  1
∴ D, E and F are not collinear.
5
∴ Slope of L2   1
8. ∵ P(5, 6), Q(9, 10) and R(12, r) are collinear. 9
∴ Slope of PQ = slope of QR
9
10  ( 6) r  ( 10) Slope of L2  
 5
95 12  9
4 r  10
 12. Slope of L = 3
4 3 14  8
 3  r  10 
(a) Slope of PQ q4
r   13 6

q4
64 ∵ PQ // L

9. (a) Slope of AB 2  ( 5) ∴ Slope of PQ = slope of L
2

7
139
6 Equations of Straight Lines
6
 3
q4
6  3q  12
q2
140
3  r i.e. AB : BC = 3 : 2

(b) Slope of RS 5  ( 1)
3 r

6
∵ RS  L
∴ Slope of RS  slope of L = 1
3  r
 ( 3)  1
6
3 r
 1
2
3 r  2
r  5
13. (a) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of M.

By the mid-point formula, we have
2  (2) 86
x  0 and y  7
2 2
∴ Coordinates of M = (0, 7 )
(b) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of M.
4 1 5 3  (5)
x  and y   1
2 2 2
5 
∴ Coordinates of M =  2 , 1
 
14. (a) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of P.

By the section formula for internal division, we have
2(5)  3( 5) 2(4)  3(9)

x  1 and y  7
3 2 3 2
∴ Coordinates of P = (1, 7 )
(b) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of P.
By the section formula for internal division, we have
3(3)  1(7) 1 3(8)  1(16)

x  and y    10
1 3 2 1 3
 1 
∴ Coordinates of P =   ,  10 
 2 
15. (a) Let (0, n) and (m, 0) be the coordinates of C and D

respectively.
3  m 40
0 and n 
2 2
m3 and n  2
∴ Coordinates of C = (0, 2) ,
coordinates of D = (3, 0)
(b) (i) Let AB : BC = r : s.
By the section formula for internal division, we
have
r (2)  s(7)
4
rs
4r  4 s  2r  7 s
2r  3s
r : s  3: 2
141
(ii) Since AB : BC = 3 : 2, by the section formula for

internal division, we have
3(0)  2( a )
3
23
 15  2a
15
a
2
Activity
Activity 6.1 (p. 6.9)

1. (a) (i) Yes
(ii) No
(b) The coordinates of one point on the straight line and
its slope can determine a straight line on a rectangular
coordinate plane.
y 6
2. (a) Slope of AP =
x 1
y 6
(b) The equation connecting x and y is 2.
x 1
Classwork
Classwork (p. 6. 19)

1. (a) L1 : y = 7; L2 : y = 4
(b) L3 : x = 4; L4 : x = 3
2 5
(c) L5 : y = x ; L6 : y =  x
3 4
1
(d) L7 : y = x ; L8 : y = x
2
2. (a) y=3
(b) x = 5
(c) y = 2
(d) x=0
2
(e) y x
5
3
(f) y x
2
Classwork (p. 6. 31)
1. (a) x = 5
∴ x + 5 = 0 (or x – 5 = 0)
(b) y = 2x + 7
∴ 2x + y – 7 = 0 (or 2x – y + 7 = 0)
(c) y + 1 = 3(x – 8)
y + 1 = 3x – 24
∴ 3x – y – 25 = 0 (or 3x + y + 25 = 0)
y 5
 4
(d) x 2
y  5  4( x  2)
y  5  4 x  8
∴ 4x + y + 3 = 0 (or 4x – y – 3 = 0)
2. (a)  (b) 
(c)  (d) 
(e)  (f) 
142
Classwork (p. 6.32) The equation of L is

L1: x + 3y + 9 = 0: 1
1 9 y 5  [ x  (  3 )]
Slope =  , y-intercept =   3 , 3
3 3 1
9 y 5  x 1
x-intercept =   9 ∴ 3
1 1
L2: 8x + y  6 = 0: y x6
8 ( 6) 3
Slope =    8 , y-intercept =  6,
1 1 Quick Practice 6.3 (p. 6.12)
( 6) 3 (a) ∵ L1 passes through P(a, 2).
x-intercept =   ∴ By substituting (a, 2) into the equation of L1, we have
8 4
3a  2  4  0
L3: 4x  2y + 7 = 0: a 2
4 7 7
Slope =   2 , y-intercept =   ,
( 2) ( 2) 2 (b) (i) ∵ L2 passes through P(2, 2) and has slope 1.
7 ∴ The equation of L2 is
x-intercept =  y  2  1  [ x  ( 2)]
4
L4: 3x  6y  10 = 0: y  x4
3 1 ( 10) 5 (ii) By substituting x = 6 and y = 0 into y = x + 4, we
Slope =   , y-intercept =   , have
( 6) 2 ( 6) 3 L.H.S. = 0
( 10) 10 R.H.S. = 6 + 4 = 2
x-intercept =   ∵ L.H.S.≠R.H.S.
3 3
∴ (6, 0) does not satisfy the equation y = x + 4.
∴ A(6, 0) does not lie on L2.
Classwork (p. 6.43)
(a) no intersections Quick Practice 6.4 (p. 6.14)
(b) one intersection The equation of L1 is
(c) an infinite number of intersections y = 3x + 6
(d) one intersection The equation of L2 is
(e) no intersections
1
(f) one intersection y x 3
(g) an infinite number of intersections 2
Quick Practice 6.5 (p. 6.14)
Quick Practice
(a) 5 x  y  2
y  5 x  2
∴ Slope : 5
The equation of L1 is
y  3  2( x  4) y-intercept: 2
y  3  2 x  8
∴ 3x  2 y  8  0
y  2 x  11
The equation of L2 is (b) 3x  8  2 y
1 3
y 1   [ x  (8)] y  x4
2 2
3
1 ∴ Slope:
∴ y 1   x  4 2
2
y-intercept : 4
1
y   x3
2 Quick Practice 6.6 (p. 6.16)
(a) (i) ∵ L1 passes through P(1, 3).
Quick Practice 6.2 (p. 6.11) ∴ By substituting (1, 3) into the equation of L1, we
 tan(180  150) have
3  k (1)  2k
Slope of L  tan 30
1 k  3
  (0,  2 k )
3 (ii) Coordinates of A
 (0, 6)
143
1 5
  slope of L1 y0  [ x  ( 10)]
2 4
1 ∴ 5 25
(b) Slope of L
  ( 3) y  x
2 2 4 2
3

2
3
y x6
2
(c) Let (m, 0) be the coordinates of B.
∵ B(m, 0) lies on L2.
∴ By substituting (m, 0) into the equation of L2, we have
3
0 m6
2
m4
∴ Coordinates of B = ( 4, 0)

42
Slope of L 
1
3 1
1
y  2  1( x  1)
∴ y  x 1
42

Slope of L  3 1
2 1

2
1
y2  ( x  1)
2
∴ 1 5
y  x
2 2
∵ L1 passes through A(10, 0) and B(0, 8).
0  (8)

 10  0
∴ Slope of L   8
1 10
4

5
4
y x 8
5
Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of L1 and L2 respectively.

∵ L1  L2
m1  m2  1
4
∴   m2  1
5
5
m2 
4
144
Quick Practice 6.9 (p. 6.27) 2

(a) Let (b, 0) be the coordinates of B. y  ( 2)   [ x  (6)]
∵ B(b, 0) lies on L1. 3
∴ By substituting (b, 0) into the equation of L1, we have 3 y  6  2 x  12
2(b)  0  6  0 ∴ 2x + 3y + 18 = 0 (or 2x – 3y – 18 = 0)
b3
∴ Coordinates of B = (3, 0)
Let (c, 0) be the coordinates of C.
AC  (c  7) 2  (0  8) 2 units
 (c  7) 2  64 units
BC  (c  3) units
∵ AC = BC
c  7) 2  64  c  3
(c  7) 2  64  (c  3) 2
∴ (c  3) 2  (c  7) 2  64
[(c  3)  (c  7)][c  3)  (c  7)]  64
2c  10  16
c  13
∴ Coordinates of C = (13, 0)
(b) ∵ L2 passes through A(7, 8) and C(13, 0).
80

7  13
2 6
4

3
4
y 0   ( x  13)
3
∴ 4 52
y  x
3 3
Let m, m1 and m2 be the slopes of L, L1 and L2 respectively.
From the equation of L: 3x – 2y = 0, we have
3 3
m 
( 2) 2
(a) ∵ L1 // L
3
∴ m1 = m =
2
3
y  (2)  [ x  ( 6)]
2
2 y  4  3 x  18
∴ 3x – 2y + 14 = 0 (or 3x + 2y – 14 = 0)
(b) ∵ L2  L
m2  m  1
3
∴ m2     1
2
2
m2  
3
145
Quick Practice 6.11 (p. 6.35) 42

(a) (i) ∵ L2 has the same y-intercept as L1. 
(a) Slope of L 2  ( 2)
 4( k  1)    12 
     2
1
  ( k  3)   1  
2
∴ 4k  4
 12
k 3
4k  4  12k  36
k 5
4(5  1)
(ii) x-intercept of L

3
1
 8
(b) (i) Coordinates of P = (8, 0)

Coordinates of Q = (0, 12)
Let (m, n) be the coordinates of M.
8  0
m  4
2
0  12
n 6
2
∴ Coordinates of M = (4, 6)
∴ The equation of OM is
6
y x
4
i.e. 3
y x
2
3

(ii) Slope of L [ (5  3)]
1
3

2
3
Slope of OM = 
2
3  3
  
2  2
∴ Slope of L  slope of OM
9
1 
4
 1
∴ OM is not perpendicular to L1.

L1 : 2x + 3y – 5 = 0 ……(1)
L2 : x – 2y + 8 = 0 ……(2)
From (2), x = 2y – 8 ……(3)
By substituting (3) into (1), we have
2( 2 y  8)  3 y  5  0
7 y  21  0
y3
By substituting y = 3 into (3), we have
x  2(3)  8
 2
∴ Coordinates of P = (2, 3)
146
The equation of L2 is 9
1 h = 10 and k=
y  4  ( x  2) 2
2
∴ 2y 8  x  2
x  2y  6  0
(b) L1 : 3x + 4y – 32 = 0 ……(1)
L2 : x – 2y + 6 = 0 ……(2)
(2)  2: 2x – 4y + 12 = 0 ……(3)
(1) + (3) : 3 x  2 x  32  12  0
x4
By substituting x = 2 into (2), we have
4  2y  6  0
y 5
∴ Coordinates of P = ( 4, 5)
(c) (i) The equation of L3 is y = 5.
(ii) The equation of L4 is x = 4.

 8  2
(a) Slope of L1 =   
  12  3
 6  2
Slope of L2 =   
 9 3
∴ Slope of L1 = slope of L2 ……(1)
 15  5
y-intercept of L1 =   
  12  4
 10  10
y-intercept of L2 =   
 9 9
∴ y-intercept of L1≠y-intercept of L2 ……(2)
By (1) and (2), L1 and L2 have no intersections.
4
(b) Slope of L1 = 
5
5
Slope of L2 = 
6
∴ Slope of L1≠slope of L2
∴ L1 and L2 have one intersection.
 9  3
(c) Slope of L1 =   
  15  5
 15  3
Slope of L2 =   
  25  5
∴ Slope of L1 = slope of L2 ……(3)
 21  7
y-intercept of L1 =   
  15  5
 35  7
y-intercept of L2 =   
  25  5
∴ y-intercept of L1 = y-intercept of L2 ……(4)
By (3) and (4), L1 and L2 have an infinite number of
intersections.

∵ L1 : 3x – 6y + h = 0 and L2 : kx + 9y – 15 = 0 are coincident.
3 h 6 2
∴   
k  15 9 3
h 2 3 2
∴  and 
 15 3 k 3
147
Further Practice The equation of L is

1
y 3  ( x  1)
Further Practice (p. 6.16) 4
1. (a) The equation of the straight line L is ∴ 1 13
y = 2x + 3 y  x
(b) The equation of the straight line L is 4 4
1 (c) L passes through (0, –2) and (4, 0).
y 3  ( x  2) 0  ( 2)
2 
∴ 1 Slope of L 40
y  x2 1
2 
(c) The equation of the straight line L is 2
2 The equation of L is
y x  ( 4) 1
3 y x  ( 2)
∴ 2 2
y   x4 ∴ 1
3 y  x2
(d) The equation of the straight line L is 2
y  ( 5)  3[ x  ( 1)]
∴ y  3 x  8 2. ∵ L1 passes through A(–8, 0) and B(–4, 3).
30

2. Slope of the straight line  tan 60 ∴ Slope of L  4  ( 8)
 3 1
3
The equation of the straight line is 
4
 7  3  The equation of L1 is
y     3  x 
 2   2  3
  y0 [ x  ( 8)]
∴ 7 3 4
y   3x  ∴
2 2 3
y  x6
y 3x  5 4
1
3. (a) (i) The equation of L1 is ∵ L2 passes through A(8, 0) and has slope  .
2
y  (1) x  5 The equation of L2 is
∴ y  x5
1
(ii) ∵ L1 passes through P(a, 2a). y0   [ x  ( 8)]
∴ By substituting (a, 2a) into the equation of
2
∴ 1
L1, we have
y   x4
2a  a  5 2
a5
3. (a) ∵ M(k, –2) lies on L2.
(b) Slope of L2 = 5  slope of L1
∴ By substituting (k, –2) into the equation of L2,
=51 we have
=5
2  4 ( k )  8
Coordinates of P = (a, 2a) = (5, 10)
4k  10
y  10  5( x  5) 5
k 
∴ y  5 x  15 2
(b) (i) ∵ L1 passes through A(5, 0) and
Further Practice (p. 6.27) 5 
73 M  ,  2 .
1. (a) Slope of L 
2 
5 1
0  ( 2)
1 
5
The equation of L is
∴ Slope of L 5
y  3  1( x  1) 1
2
∴ y  x2 4

43 5
 The equation of L1 is
(b) Slope of L  3 1
1

4
148
4 (c) The coordinates of A and B are (5, 0) and (0, –4)

y 0  ( x  5) respectively.
5 Coordinates of the mid-point of AB
∴ 4
y  x4 50 04
 , 
5  2 2 
(ii) y-coordinate of B = y-intercept of L1 = –4
∴ Coordinates of B  (0,  4) 5 
  ,  2  , which are the coordinates of M
 2 
∴ M is the mid-point of AB.
Further Practice (p. 6.35)

k

1. Slope of L ( 6)
1
k

6
2
Slope of L2  
3
(a) ∵ L1 is parallel to L2.
∴ Slope of L1  slope of L2
k 2

6 3
∴
k  4
(b) ∵ L1 is perpendicular to L2.
∴ Slope of L1  slope of L2  1
k   2
       1
 6  3
∴ k 9
45
2. (a) y-intercept of L1    9
5
∴ OP = – y-intercept of L1
= 9 units
36 36
 
x-intercept of L2 k 1 k 1
∴ OR = x-intercept of L2
36
= units
k 1
∵ OP = OR
36
9
∴ k 1
k 1  4
k 3
(b) y-coordinate of Q = y-intercept of L2 =
( 36)
  12
( 3)
∴ Coordinates of Q = (0, –12)
Coordinates of R = (9, 0)
QR  (9  0) 2  [0  ( 12)]2 units  15 units
42
  14
3. (a) x-intercept of L1 3
3k  1
  3k  1
x-intercept of L2 1
∵ x-intercept of L1= x-intercept of L2
149
14  3k  1 (b) Let m2 and m3 be the slopes of L2 and L3 respectively.

∴ 3k  15 1
m2  
k 5 53
1

2
∵ L3  L2
m3  m2  1
∴
 1
m3      1
∴  2
m3  2
y - intercept of L3  y - intercept of L2
3  5 1

53
 7
y  2 x  ( 7)
∴ y  2x  7
Further Practice (p. 6.45)

1. ∵ L1: 8x + ay + b = 0 and L2: 4x + 5y + 15 = 0 have an
infinite number of intersections.
8 a b
∴  
4 5 15
a b
∴  2 and 2
5 15
a  10 and b  30
2. (a) Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of L1 and L2 respectively.

3

m ( 2)
1
3

2
∵ L1  L2
∴ m1  m2  1
 3
   m2  1
∴  2
2
m2  
3
 2
y  0     ( x  11)
 3
2 22
∴ y  x
3 3
3 y  2 x  22
2 x  3 y  22  0
(b) L1: 3x – 2y + 6 = 0  (1)
L2: 2x + 3y – 22 = 0  (2)
(1)  3 :
( 2)  2 :
(3)  ( 4) :
150
9 x  6 y  18  0  (3) 60
(c) (i) 
4 x  6 y  44  0  (4) Slope of L 20
3
13 x  26  0 3
x=2 ∴ The equation of L3 is
By substituting x = 2 into (1), we have y  3x
3( 2)  2 y  6  0 (ii) Slope of L3 = 3
y 6 6

∴ Coordinates of A  ( 2, 6) Slope of L ( 2)
4
3
∴ Slope of L3 = slope of L4  (5)
y-intercept of L3 = 0
5

y-intercept of L ( 2)
4
5

2
∴ y-intercept of L3  y-intercept of L4  (6)
Exercise
Exercise 6A (p. 6.19)

Level 1
1. ∵ L is perpendicular to the x-axis.
∴ The equation of L is x = 2.
2. ∵ L is parallel to the x-axis.

∴ The equation of L is y = 5.
3. The equation of L is
4
y x
8
i.e. 1
y x
2
4. The equation of the straight line L is
y  2 x  2
5. The equation of the straight line L is

y  3  1[ x  ( 2)]
∴ y  x 1
 tan 60
6. Slope of L
 3
y  ( 3)  3 [ x  ( 2 3 )]
∴ y 3 3x  6
y  3x  3
7. ∵ L1 is parallel to the y-axis.

∴ The equation of L1 is x = 3.
∵ L2 is parallel to the x-axis.
∴ The equation of L2 is y = 2.5.
8. ∵ L1 passes through (0, 0) and (–4, 6).

∴ The equation of L1 is
151
6 1
y x ∴ Slope : 
4 2
i.e. 3 y-intercept : 3
y x
2
∵ L2 passes through (0, 0) and (2, 2).
2
y x
i.e.
2
yx
9. ∵ y-coordinate of A = y-coordinate of B = –7
∴ The equation of the straight line is y = 7.
10. ∵ x-coordinate of A = x-coordinate of B = 6

∴ The equation of the straight line is x = 6.
11. The equation of the straight line is

12
y x
9
i.e. 4
y x
3

y  9  0( x  3)
∴ y9
 tan 30
13. Slope of the straight line 1

3
1
The equation of the straight line is y  x.
3
14. Slope of the straight line  tan 45

1
The equation of the straight line is
1
y  1 x 
2
∴ 1
y  x
2
15. y-intercept of the straight line = 4
∴ The equation of the straight line is
y  6 x  4

y  0  3[ x  ( 5)]
∴ y  3 x  15
17. x  y  2
y  x  2
∴ Slope : 1
y-intercept : 2
x  2y  6
18.
1
y   x3
2
152
4x  3 y  6  0 23. (a) The equation of L is y = 2x + 5.

4x  6  3 y (b) By substituting (3, a) into y = 2x + 5, we have
19. a  2(3)  5
4
y  x2  1
3
By substituting (b, 3) into y = 2x + 5, we have
4
∴ Slope : 3  2(b)  5
3
b4
y-intercept : 2
2
20. Let the slope of the straight line be m. 24. (a) The equation of L is y  x4 .
The equation of the straight line is 3
y  7  m[ x  ( 4)] (b) Let (k, 0) be the coordinates of Q.
∵ Q(k, 0) lies on L.
y  mx  ( 4m  7) ∴ By substituting (k, 0) into the equation of L,
Let m = 1. we have
y  1  x  [4(1)  7]  x  11 2
Let m = 2. 0 k4
3
y  2  x  [4( 2)  7]  2 x  15
k  6
∴ The possible equations of straight lines passing
through (4, 7) with positive slope are y = x + 11 or ∴ Coordinates of Q = (6, 0)
y = 2x + 15. (or any other reasonable answers)
25. (a) The equation of L is
21. (1, –1), (1, –2) and (1, –3) are points in quadrant IV. 1
The equation of the straight line passing through (0, 0) and y  ( 2)   [ x  ( 4)]
(1, –1) is y = x.
2
The equation of the straight line passing through (0, 0) and 1
y2  x2
(1, –2) is y = 2x. ∴ 2
The equation of the straight line passing through (0, 0) and
1
(1, –3) is y = 3x. y   x4
∴ The possible equations of straight lines are y = x or 2
y = 2x or y = 3x. (or any other reasonable answers)
(b) y-intercept = 4
Level 2 ∴ Coordinates of B = (0,  4)
22. (a) The equation of the straight line is Let (a, 0) be the coordinates of A.
3 1
y  ( 1)  ( x  8) By substituting (a, 0) into y   x  4 , we have
4 2
∴ 3
y  x7 1
0 a4
4 2
(b) By substituting x = 4, y = 10 into
a  8
3 , we have
y x7 ∴ Coordinates of A = (8, 0)
4
L.H.S. = 10 26. (a) (i) The equation of L is
3 5
R.H.S.  ( 4)  7  10 y  3 x 
4 2
∵ L.H.S.≠R.H.S. (ii) ∵ The straight line L passes through Q(a, 4).
∴ The straight line does not pass through B(4, 10).
5
By substituting x = 12, y = 2 into ∴ By substituting (a, 4) into y  3 x 
3 2
y x  7 , we have , we have
4 5
L.H.S. = 2  4  3a 
3 2
R.H.S.  (12)  7  2 1
4 a
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. 2
∴ The straight line passes through C(12, 2).
153
 5
 4 
 2
(b) Slope of PQ  1
0
2
 3
2  ( 4)

Slope of QR 3 1

2 2
2
∵ Slope of PQ≠slope of QR
∴ P, Q and R are not collinear.
27. (a) The equation of L is

y  0  m( x  2)
∴ y  mx  2m
(b) (i) ∵ B(1, 6) is a point on L.

∴ By substituting (1, 6) into
y = mx – 2m, we have
6  m( 1)  2m
m2
(ii) By substituting x = 3 and y = 2 into
y = 2x – 4, we have
L.H.S. = 2
R.H.S. = 2(3) – 4 = 2
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
∴ (3, 2) satisfies the equation y = 2x – 4.
∴ C(3, 2) lies on L.
28. (a) ∵ L1 is parallel to the x-axis.

a
∴ The equation of L1 is y = .
2
a
y 2 x
∴ a
1
y x
2
(b) ∵ L1 passes through (8, 5).
∴ By substituting (8, 5) into the equation of L1, we
have
a
5
2
a  10
29. (a) A lies on the y-axis and the line y = 3.

∴ Coordinates of A = (0, 3)
∵ OABC is a square.
∴ OC = OA = 3 units
∴ Coordinates of C = (3, 0)
x-coordinate of B = x-coordinate of C = –3
y-coordinate of B = y-coordinate of A = 3
∴ Coordinates of B = (3, 3)
(b) The equation of OB is
3
y x
3
i.e.
y  x
154
30. (a) ∵ L1 passes through P(4, k). 4

∴ By substituting (4, k) into the equation of L1, we y x7
have 5
3( 4)  2( k )  8  0
k  2
(b) ∵ L2 passes through P(4, 2) and has slope 1.
y  ( 2)  1( x  4)
y  x6
31. (a) Let (a, 0) be the coordinates of A.

By substituting (a, 0) into 4x – 3 = 0, we have
4a  3  0
3
a
4
3 
∴ The coordinates of A are 
, 0 .
4 
3 
(b) ∵ L2 passes through A  , 0  and has slope 4.
4 
 3
y  0  4 x  
 4
y  4 x  3
32. (a) ∵ L1 passes through P(5, 2).

∴ By substituting (5, 2) into the equation of L1,
we have
2  k ( 5)
2
k 
5
 2  slope of L1
2
(b) Slope of L  2 
2
5
4

5
4
y  ( 2)  [ x  ( 5)]
5
∴ 4
y  x2
5
33. (a) 2x  y  7  0
y  2x  7
∴ y-intercept = 7
∴ Coordinates of M = (0, 7)
2

 slope of L1
5
(b) Slope of L 2
 2
2 5
4

5
155
34. (a) (i) ∵ L1 passes through (3, 10) and has slope 2. AB  (b  a ) units
y  10  2( x  3)  13 
∴   4  units
y  2x  4  2 
(ii) y-intercept c of L1 = 4 5
 units
3 2

 slope of L1
4
(b) (i) Slope of L 3
 2
2 4
3

2
y-intercept of L2 = 4 + 2 = 6
3
y x6
2
(ii) ∵ P(2a, a) is a point on L2.

∴ By substituting (2a, a) into the equation of
L2, we have
3
a ( 2a )  6
2
a  3
3
35. (a) ∵ L1 passes through P(2, 3) and has slope  .
2
3
y 3   ( x  2)
2
3
y  x6
2
1

slope of L1
1
Slope of L 
3
2

2
2

3
2
y 3   ( x  2)
3
2 13
y  x
3 3
(b) Let (a, 0) and (b, 0) be the coordinates of A and B
respectively.
By substituting (a, 0) into the equation of L1, we have
3
0 a6
2
a4
By substituting (b, 0) into the equation of L2, we have
2 13
0 b
3 3
13
b
2
156
36. (a) ∵ L1 passes through P(3, 0). 1

∴ By substituting (3, 0) into the equation of L1, we y  ( 2) ( x  5)
2
have ∴
k 1 9
0  (3)  (k  2) y x
2 2 2
1
0 k 2
2
k 4
(b) y-intercept of L1= –(4 + 2) = –6
∴ Coordinates of R = (0, –6)
Slope of L2  slope of L1  1
4
Slope of L2  1 
2
 1
y  1  x  6
y  x  6
(c) Let (q, 0) be the coordinates of Q.
By substituting (q, 0) into the equation of L2, we have
0  q  6
q  6
∴ Coordinates of Q = (–6, 0)
PQ  [3  ( 6)] units
 9 units
OR = 6 units
1
 (9  6) sq. units
∴ Area of △PQR 2
 27 sq. units
Exercise 6B (p. 6.28)

Level 1
26
1. Slope of L

42
 2
The equation of the straight line L is
y  2  2( x  4)
∴ y  2 x  10
1  ( 1)

2. Slope of L 3  ( 2)
2

5
2
y 1  ( x  3)
5
∴ 2 1
y  x
5 5
2  ( 8)

3. Slope of L 5  ( 7)
1

2
157
4. L passes through (0, 3) and (6, 0). y  3  4[ x  ( 8)]

03 ∴ y  4 x  29
Slope of L 
60
1

2
1
y x3
2
5. L passes through (0, –6) and (–10, 0).

0  ( 6)
Slope of L 
 10  0
3

5
3
y x6
5
6. From the graph, L passes through (0, 6) and (–3, 0).

60
Slope of L 
0  ( 3)
2
y  2x  6
7. From the graph, L passes through (0, –2) and (–4, 4).
4  ( 2)
Slope of L 
40
3

2
3
y x2
2
62
8. Slope of the straight line  5  3
2
y  2  2( x  3)
∴ y  2x  4
8 1

9. Slope of the straight line 30
7

3
7
y x 1
3
3  ( 5)
10. Slope of the straight line

 8  (6)
 4
158
40 Level 2
Slope of L 
0  ( 6) 13. (a) Let (0, a), (0, b), (c, 0) and (h, k) be the coordinates of
11. (a)
A, B, C and P respectively.
2
 ∵ A(0, a) lies on L1.
3 ∴ By substituting (0, a) into the equation of L1, we
The equation of L is have
2 4(0)  5( a )  40  0
y x4
3 a 8
(b) ∵ The straight line L passes through B(k, k + 5). ∴ Coordinates of A  (0, 8)
∴ By substituting (k, k + 5) into the equation of L, ∵ B(0, b) lies on L2.
we have ∴ By substituting (0, b) into the equation of L2, we
2 have
k 5 (k )  4
3 3(0)  10(b)  30  0
1 b3
k  1
3 ∴ Coordinates of B  (0, 3)
k  3
∵ C(c, 0) lies on L1.
(c) Coordinates of B = (–3, 2) ∴ By substituting (c, 0) into the equation of L1, we
Coordinates of the mid-point of AC have
06 40 4(c)  5(0)  40  0
 , 
 2 2  c  10
 (3, 2), which are the coordinates of B ∴ Coordinates of C  (10, 0)
∴ B is the mid-point of AC. ∵ P is the mid-point of AC.

0  10 80
∴ h and k 
12. (a) The coordinates of P and Q are (9, 0) and (0, –12) 2 2
respectively. h  5 and k  4
0  ( 12) ∴ Coordinates of P  (5, 4)
Slope of L 
90 43

4 (b) Slope of the straight line 50

3 1

The equation of L is 5
4 The equation of the required straight line is
y x  12
3 1
y x3
(b) (i) By substituting x = 6, y = –4 into 5
4
y x  12 , we have
3 14. Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of L1 and L2 respectively.
L.H.S.  4 53
m1 
4 62
R.H.S.  (6)  12  4
3 1

∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. 2
∴ (6, –4) satisfies the equation of L. The equation of the straight line L1 is
∴ M(6, –4) lies on L. 1
(ii) Let PM : MQ  r : 1 . y 3 ( x  2)
2
By the section formula for internal division, ∴ 1
we have y  x2
(12)r  (0)(1) 2
 4 ∵ L2  L1
r 1
Slope of L1  slope of L2  1
3r  r  1
m1  m2  1
1
r ∴
2 1
   m2  1
1 2
∴ PM : MQ  :1  1: 2
2 m2  2
The equation of the straight line L2 is
159
y  5  2( x  6) 15. (a) ∵ P(a, 2 – a) is a point on L1.

∴ y  2 x  17 ∴ By substituting (a, 2 – a) into the equation of L1,
we have
1
2a  a6
3
a  3
(b) y-coordinate of A = y-intercept of L1 = 6
∴ Coordinates of A  (0, 6)
OB = OA = 6 units
∴ x-coordinate of B = –6
∴ Coordinates of B  (6, 0)
(c) ∵ L2 passes through P(–3, 5) and B(–6, 0).
50
Slope of L2 
∴  3  (6)
5

3
The equation of the straight line L2 is
5
y0 [ x  ( 6)]
3
∴ 5
y  x  10
3
16. (a) ∵ A(a, –4) lies on L1.

∴ By substituting (a, –4) into the equation of L1, we
have
4  2a
a 2
(b) Let (b, 0) be the coordinates of B.
AB  (2  b) 2  (4  0) 2 units
 4  4b  b 2  16 units
 20  4b  b 2 units
OB  b units
∵ OB = AB
b 20  4b  b 2
∴
b 2  20  4b  b 2
b5
∴ Coordinates of B  (5, 0)
0  (4)
Slope of L2 
(c) 52
4

3
4
y0 ( x  5)
3
∴ 4 20
y x
3 3
160
17. (a) Let (h, 0) and (0, k) be the coordinates of A and B (b) ∵ The straight line passes through P(–2, –3) and
respectively. Q(4, 2).
∵ M(4, 3) is the mid-point of AB. ∴ Slope of the required straight line
∴ By the mid-point formula, we have 2  ( 3)
h0 0k 
4 and 3  4  ( 2)
2 2 5
h  8 and k  6 
6
The equation of the required straight line is
and coordinates of B  (0, 6) 5
(b) ∵ L1 passes through A(8, 0) and B(0, 6) y2 ( x  4)
6
60 3 ∴
∴ Slope of L1   5 4
08 4 y x
6 3
3
y x6 19. Let the x-intercept be 2a, then the y-intercept is a.
4 a0
y-intercept of L2 = 2 × y-intercept of L1 
Slope of the straight line 0  2a
=2×6
1
= 12 
∵ L2 is parallel to L1. 2
Slope of L2  slope of L1 The equation of the straight line is
∴
3 1
 y2 ( x  1)
4 2
∴ 1 5
The equation of L2 is y  x
3 2 2
y x  12
4
20. Let (x, 0) and (0, y) be the coordinates of A and B
respectively.
18. (a) ∵ L1 passes through P(–2, –3).
∵ AB = 10 units
∴ By substituting (–2, –3) into the equation of L1,
we have ∴ ( x  0) 2  (0  y ) 2  10
1 x 2  y 2  100
 3  a ( 2) 
3 Suppose x = 6 and y = 8.
4 08
a 
3 Slope of L 60
∵ L1 and L2 are parallel. 4

∴ Slope of L2 = slope of L1 3
4 4
b2 ∴ A possible equation of L is y   x8 .
3 3
10
b Suppose x = 8 and y = –6.
3 6  0

∵ L2 passes through Q(k, 2). Slope of L 08
∴ By substituting (k, 2) into the equation of L2, 3
we have 
4
 10  10
2  2 k  3
 3  3 ∴ A possible equation of L is y  x6.
4
16 4
 k ∴ The possible equations of straight line L are
3 3 4 3
k4 y x  8 or y  x  6 .
3 4
(or any other reasonable answers)
Exercise 6C (p. 6.36)

Level 1
1. 4 y  3 x  2
∴ 3x  4 y  2  0 (or  3 x  4 y  2  0)
161
y  3  2( x  1) 3
2. ∴ Slope  2
y  3  2 x  2
∴
2 x  y  1  0 (or  2 x  y  1  0) y-intercept  6
y4 1

3. x2 2
∴ 2 y  8  x  2
x  2 y  10  0 (or  x  2 y  10  0)
 2 
  
4. Slope  3
2

3
 9 
  
y-intercept  3
3
9
x-intercept  
2
Alternative Solution
If we make y the subject of the equation, we have
2
y x3
3
2
∴ Slope  3
y-intercept  3
By substituting y = 0 into 2x – 3y + 9 = 0, we have
2 x  3(0)  9  0
2 x  9
9
x
2
9
∴ x-intercept   2
5. 2( y  3)  3( x  2)
2 y  6  3x  6
∴ 3x – 2y – 12 = 0
 3 
  
Slope  2
3

2
 12 
y-intercept
  
 2 
 6
 12 
x-intercept
  
 3 
4
Alternative Solution
If we make y the subject of the equation, we have
3
y x6
2
162
By substituting y = 0 into 3x – 2y – 12 = 0, we have 3 6

 
3 x  2(0)  12  0 ∴ 4 B
3 x  12 B  8
x4  3 
∴ x-intercept  4   
(b) Slope  8
3
y 1 1 
6.  8
3x  1 3
3 y  3  3 x  1
C
∴ 3x + 3y – 2 = 0 9. (a) ∵ x-intercept  
3 2
Slope
 C
3 4
∴ 2
 1
C 8
 2 
    8 
y-intercept  3    
2 (b) y-intercept  5
 8
3 
5
 2 
  
x-intercept  3  C
2 10. y-intercept of L1  
 3
3
 2 
y-intercept of L   
Alternative Solution 2  2
If we make y the subject of the equation, we have 1
2 ∵ y-intercept of L1 = y-intercept of L2
y  x  C
3  1
∴ 3
∴ Slope  1
C  3
2
y-intercept  3
 a 
2   
By substituting y = 0 into y   x  , we have 11. Slope of L 2
3
1
a
2 
0  x  2
3
4
2 Slope of L2  
x 5
3
2 ∵ L1 and L2 are perpendicular to each other.
∴ x-intercept  3 Slope of L1  slope of L2  1
a  4
A      1
7. (a) ∵ Slope   ∴ 2  5
4
3 A 5
 a
∴ 2 4 2
A6
k 1
 9  12. Slope of L1  
   k 1
(b) x-intercept  6
 3 
3   
 Slope of L 4
2
2
3

 6  4
8. (a) ∵ y-intercept    ∵ L1 and L2 are parallel.
 B 
163
Slope of L1  slope of L2 a6


k 1 3 13. (a) Slope of L 4
 
k 1 4 6a
∴ 
 4k  4  3k  3 4
1 a
k  Slope of L1  
7 12
∵ L1 is parallel to L.
Slope of L1  slope of L
a 6a
∴  
12 4
a  18  3a
a9
69

(b) Slope of L 4
3

4
 8 
  
Slope of L   (9  3) 
2
4

3
3 4
Slope of L  slope of L
 
2
4 3
 1
∴ L2 is perpendicular to L.
2
14. Slope of L1   2
( 1)
∵ L // L1
∴ Slope of L = 2
∴ The equation of L is y = 2x + 4.
15. Let m be the slope of L.

2
Slope of L1  
3
∵ L  L1
m  slope of L1  1
 2
∴ m      1
 3
3
m
2
3
∴ The equation of L is y  x.
2
1
16. Slope of L1  
2
a
Slope of L2  
b
(a) If L1 // L2,
164
then slope of L1  slope of L2 Let a = 1,

then b = 2(1) = 2.
1 a
  Let a = 2,
2 b then b = 2(2) = 4.
b  2a Let a = –1,
then b = 2(–1) = –2.
∴ Possible values for a and b are a = 1, b = 2 or
a = 2, b = 4 or a = –1, b = –2. (or any other
reasonable answers)
(b) If L1  L2,
then slope of L1  slope of L2  1
 1  a
        1
 2  b
a  2b
Let b = 1,
then a = –2(1) = –2.
Let b = 2,
then a = –2(2) = –4.
Let b = –1,
then a = –2(–1) = 2.
∴ Possible values for a and b are a = –2, b = 1 or
a = –4, b = 2 or a = 2, b = –1. (or any other
reasonable answers)
Level 2
2
17. ∵ Slope  
b
2 2
  
∴ 3 b
b  3
c
∵ y-intercept  
b
c
4
∴ 3
c   12
6
18. ∵ x-intercept  
a
4 6
 
∴ 3 a
9
a
2
9
Slope 9
 2 
∵
b 2b
9
3
∴ 2b
3
b
2
165
19. ∵ L : px + qy + 12 = 0 passes through A(–4, 4). 1  2(1)  6  k [ 2(1)  (1)  1]  0

∴ By substituting (–4, 4) into the equation of L, we have  3  2k  0
p (4)  q (4)  12  0 3
k 
 p  q  3  0 (1) 2
p
∵ Slope of L   1
q Slope of L1  
(iii) ( 3)
p
2 1
∴ q 
3
p  2q  ( 2)
 1  2k 
By substituting (2) into (1), we have Slope of the straight line   
( 2q )  q  3  0  2k 
q  1  1  2k  1
 
By substituting q = –1 into (2), we have ∴  2k  3
p = –2(–1)  2 3  6k  k  2
k  1
20. ∵ L1 // L2
4
Slope of L1  slope of L2 (iv) Slope of L2  
3
k 1
   1  2k 
2 k 1 Slope of the straight line   
∴ k (k  1)  2  2k 
k2 k 2  0  4    1  2k  
         1
(k  1)(k  2)  0  3    2  k 
k   1 or k  2 ∴ 4  1  2k 
   1
3 2k 
21. ∵ L1  L2 4  8k  3k  6
Slope of L1  slope of L2  1 k  2
 a   a  1
       1
 3   (2)  23. For L1: 2x + y + 3 = 0,
∴ a (a  1)  6 2
slope    2
1
a2  a  6  0
3
(a  3)(a  2)  0 x-intercept  
2
a   3 or a  2
3
∴ x-intercept of L2  
2
x  2 y  6  k ( 2 x  y  1)  0
22. (a) ∵ L1  L2
x  2 y  6  2kx  ky  k  0
(1  2k ) x  (2  k ) y  (k  6)  0
∴  2  slope of L2  1
Since the equation can be converted into
(1 + 2k)x + (2 – k)y + (k – 6) = 0, which is a linear 1
Slope of L2 
equation in two unknowns, the graph of the equation 2
must be a straight line. ∴ The equation of L2 is
k 6 1  3 
(b) (i) ∵ y-intercept    y0  x    
2k  2  2 
k 6 1 3
 3    y x
2k  2 4
∴ 3( 2  k )  k  6
4k  12 24. For L1: 4x + 3y – 6 = 0,
k 3 4
slope  
(ii) ∵ The straight line passes through (1, 1).
3
∴ By substituting (1, 1) into For L2: 2x – 3y – 5 = 0,
x + 2y – 6 + k(2x – y + 1) = 0, we have  5  5
y-intercept   
  3  3
166
∵ L // L1 25. For L1 : 3x + y – 5 = 0,
Slope of L  slope of L1 3
∴ slope    3
4 1
 For L2 : x + ay – 6 = 0,
3
5 1
y-intercept of L   slope  
3 a
For L3 : bx + 3y – 28 = 0,
4 5
∴ The equation of L is y   x . b
3 3 slope  
3
∵ L1  L2
 1
∴  3      1
 a
a  3
∵ L1 // L3
Slope of L1  slope of L3
∴ b
3 
3
b9
26. (a) For L: 2x + y – 16 = 0,

( 16)
x-intercept

2
8
( 16)
y-intercept 
1
 16
Coordinates of B  (0, 16)
Let (h, k) be the coordinates of M.
80 0  16
h and k 
2 2
h  4 and k  8
∴ Coordinates of M  ( 4, 8)
(b) The equation of L1 is
8
y x
4
∴ y = 2x
∵ L2 // L1
∴
2
y  2 x  16
167
90 3 The equation of L2 is

27. (a) Slope of OP   y  2  2( x  4)
60 2
∴ y  2x  6
∵ OP  L
Slope of OP  slope of L  1
3
∴   slope of L  1
2
2
Slope of L 
3
h 2
 
∴ ( 3) 3
h2
∵ P(–6, 9) lies on L.
∴ By substituting (–6, 9) into 2x – 3y + k = 0, we
have
2( 6)  3(9)  k  0
k  39
(b) For L: 2x – 3y + 39 = 0,
39
x-intercept  
2
39
y-intercept    13
( 3)
39
∴ OA = 13 units and OB  units
2
By the Pyth. theorem,
2
 39 
AB  13   2
 units
 2 
2197
 units
4
∴ The perimeter of △OAB
 AB  OA  OB
 2197 39 
  13   units
 4 2 
 
 55.9 units (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
28. (a) For the equation L1: x + 2y – 8 = 0,

( 8)
x-intercept   8
1
( 8)
y-intercept   4
2
∴ The coordinates of A and B are (8, 0) and (0, 4)
respectively.
(b) ∵ L2 is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
∴ K is the mid-point of AB.
80 04
Coordinates of K   ,   ( 4, 2)
 2 2 
∵ L1  L2
∴ 1
  slope of L2  1
2
Slope of L2  2
168
(c) By rewriting the equation L2 : y = 2x – 6 into the Exercise 6D (p. 6.45)

general form, we have 2x – y – 6 = 0. Level 1
( 6 ) 1. ∵ L1 is vertical and L2 is not vertical.
x-intercept   3 ∴ L1 and L2 have one intersection.
2
1 2. Slope of L1  3
  (8  3)  2
∴ Area of △AKC 2 1
 5 sq. units Slope of L2 
3
∴ Slope of L1  slope of L2
29. (a) ∵ L2 passes through A(a, –6). ∴ L1 and L2 have one intersection.
∴ By substituting (a, –6) into the equation of L2, we
have 5
3( a )  ( 6)  21  0 3. L1 : y   x 1
2
a  5
L2 : 2y = –5x + 1
∵ L1 passes through A(–5, –6). 5 1
∴ By substituting (–5, –6) into the equation of L1, i.e. y   x
2 2
we have
5
( k  2)( 5)  k ( 6)  9  0 Slope of L1  
k 1 2
5
(b) For the equation L2: 3x + y +21 = 0, Slope of L2  
21 2
x-intercept    7 ∴ Slope of L1 = slope of L2  (1)
3
∴ Coordinates of C = (–7, 0)
1
For the equation L1: 3x – y + 9 = 0, y-intercept of L2 
9 2
x-intercept    3 ∴ y-intercept of L1  y-intercept of L2  (2)
3 By (1) and (2), L1 and L2 have no intersections.
∴ Coordinates of B = (–3, 0)
∵ M is the mid-point of AB. 4. Slope of L1 = 6
∴ By the mid-point formula, we have  6 
Slope of L2   6
 5  3 6  0   1 
Coordinates of M   , 
 2 2  ∴ Slope of L1 = slope of L2  (1)
 (4,  3) y-intercept of L1 = –4
0  (3) 4
Slope of CM  y-intercept of L2    4
 7  (4) 1
∴ y-intercept of L1 = y-intercept of L2  (2)
 1
By (1) and (2), L1 and L2 have an infinite number of
The equation of CM is
intersections.
y  0  1[ x  ( 7)]
∴ Alternative Solution
y  x  7 L1 : y = 6x – 4
(c) BC  [( 3)  ( 7)] units i.e. 6x – y – 4 = 0  (3)
 4 units L2 : –6x + y + 4 = 0
y-coordinate of A = –6 i.e. 6x – y – 4 = 0  (4)
∴ Altitude of BC in △ABC = 6 units ∵ (4) is exactly the same as (3).
∴ L1 and L2 have an infinite number of intersections.
1
∴ Area of △ABC
 ( 4)(6) sq. units
2  4  1
 12 sq. units 5. Slope of L1   
 8 2
∵ AM = MB
∴ Area of △AMC = area of △BMC  7  1
Slope of L2   
1

 Area of △ ABC   14  2
2 ∴ Slope of L1 = slope of L2  (1)
∴ Area of △AMC 1   7  7
   12  sq. units y-intercept of L1   
2   8 8
 6 sq. units
 15  15
y-intercept of L2   
  14  14
∴ y-intercept of L1  y-intercept of L2  (2)
169
By (1) and (2), L1 and L2 have no intersections. 10. L1: x – y – 1 = 0  (1)

L2: x + y – 3 = 0  (2)
 10  5 (1) + (2):
6. Slope of L1   
 4 2 ( x  y  1)  ( x  y  3)  0
 25  5 2x  4  0
  10  2 x2
∴ Slope of L1 = slope of L2  (1) By substituting x = 2 into (1), we have
2  y 1  0
 14  7
y-intercept of L1    y 1
4 2 ∴ Coordinates of A  ( 2, 1)
 35  7
y-intercept of L2   
  10  2 11. L1 : 3x – 2y = 6  (1)
∴ y-intercept of L1 = y-intercept of L2  (2) L2 : y = –x (2)
By (1) and (2), L1 and L2 have an infinite number of By substituting (2) into (1), we have
intersections. 3 x  2(  x )  6
Alternative Solution 6
L1: 10x – 4y + 14 = 0  (3) x
5
L2: 25x – 10y + 35 = 0  (4)
6
2 By substituting x  into (2), we have
( 4)  : 10x – 4y + 14 = 0  (5) 5
5
6
∵ (5) is exactly the same as (3). y
∴ L1 and L2 have an infinite number of intersections. 5
6 6
7. ∵ L1: ax + by – 18 = 0 and L2: 2x – 3y + 6 = 0 have an ∴ Coordinates of A   5 ,  5 
 
infinite number of intersections, i.e. they are
coincident.
12. (a) L1 : 3x – 5y – 1 = 0  (1)
a b 18
∴    3 L2 : 2x + 5y + 1 = 0  (2)
2 3 6
a  6 and b  9 (1) + (2): 5 x  0
∴
x0
8. ∵ L1: 9x – hy – 12 = 0 and L2: 15x + 2y + k = 0 are 3(0)  5 y  1  0
coincident.
 h 12 9 3 1
∴    y
2 k 15 5 5
 1
h 3 12 3 Coordinates of S   0,  5 
∴  and  ∴
 
2 5 k 5
6 (b) Distance between the origin and S
h and k   20
5   1 
 0      units
  5 
5 1
9. (a) y-intercept of L1    units
8 5
 5  5
 6 6 13. (a) L1: y = 3x + 1  (1)
∴ y-intercept of L1≠y-intercept of L2 L2: y = –x + 5  (2)
Since the y-intercept of L1 and L2 are not the same, By substituting (1) into (2), we have
they must not be coincident. 3x  1   x  5
(b) ∵ L1 and L2 do not intersect. x 1
Slope of L1  slope of L2 By substituting x = 1 into (1), we have
k  9  y  3(1)  1
∴    
8 6 4
k   12 ∴ Coordinates of P  (1, 4)
(b) The equation of the straight line L is y = 4.
14. (a) L1: 2x + y + 1 = 0  (1)

L2: x – 2y + 8 = 0  (2)
170
(1) – (2)  2: 3 4
2 x  y  1  2( x  2 y  8)  0 ∴ Coordinates of A   5 , 5 
 
5 y  15  0
y3
2x  3  1  0
x  2
∴ Coordinates of Q  (2, 3)
(b) The equation of the straight line L is x = –2.
15. (a) L1: 4x – 3y – 15 = 0  (1)

L2: 3x – 7y + 3 = 0  (2)
(1)  3 – (2)  4:
3( 4 x  3 y  15)  4(3 x  7 y  3)  0
19 y  57  0
y3
4 x  3(3)  15  0
4 x  24
x6
∴ Coordinates of R  (6, 3)
Slope of L  slope of OR
30
(b) 
60
1

2
1
∴ The equation of L is y  x.
2
Level 2
16. L1: y = 2x – 2  (1)
L2: y = –x + 4  (2)
x  4  2x  2
x2
y  2( 2)  2
2
∴ The coordinates of A  ( 2, 2)
17. L1 : 4x – 3y = 0  (1)
L : y  (2)  2( x  2)
2 y  2 x  2  ( 2)
4 x  3( 2 x  2)  0
10 x  6
3
x
5
3
By substituting x  into (2), we have
5
3
y  2   2
5
4

5
171
4  ( 2) 3 By substituting (1) into (2), we have

18. Slope of L1   x  3  3 x  3
5 1 2
3 3
y4 ( x  5) x
L : 2 2
1 3 7
y  x   (1)
2 2
1
y  2   ( x  1)
L : 2
2 1 5
y   x   (2)
2 2
3 7 1 5
x  x
2 2 2 2
x3
3 7
y (3) 
2 2
1
0  ( 2) 2
19. Slope of L1  
30 3
2
y x  2 (1)
L1 : 3
∵ L2  L1
 2
∴ Slope of L2      1
 3
3
Slope of L2 
2
3
L2 : y  x  (2)
2
3 2
x x2
2 3
12
x
13
12
By substituting x   into (2), we have
13
3  12 
y   
2  13 
18

13
 12 18 
∴ Coordinates of A    13 ,  13 
 
30
20. (a) Slope of L1  1
0  ( 3)
L1: y  x  3  (1)
L2: y = –3x – 3 (2)
172
3 By substituting x = 1 into (2), we have

By substituting x   into (1), we have 1 y  0
2
y  1
3
y 3 ∴ Coordinates of P  (1,  1)
2
3

2
 3 3
∴ Coordinates of P    2 , 2 
 
3
1
2 1
(b) Slope of L   
3 3
 0
2
∴ The equation of L is
1
y x 1
3
21. (a) L1: 2x + 3y – 9 = 0  (1)

L2: 3x + y + 4 = 0  (2)
(1) – (2)  3:
2 x  3 y  9  3(3 x  y  4)  0
 7 x  21  0
x  3
By substituting x = –3 into (2), we have
3( 3)  y  4  0
y5
∴ Coordinates of A  (3, 5)
(b) (i) ∵ L3 passes through B(–4, 15).

∴ By substituting (–4, 15) into the equation of
L3, we have
a ( 4)  15  1
a4
(ii) Slope of L3 = –4
y  5  4[ x  ( 3)]
∴ y  4 x  7
22. (a) ∵ L1  L2
 a  1  4 
     1
∴
 ( 2 )   a  3 
2( a  1)  a  3
a 1
(b) From (a), we have
L : (1  1) x  2 y  4  0
1 x  y  2  0 (1)
and L : 4 x  (1  3) y  0
2 x  y  0 (2)
(1) + (2):
( x  y  2)  ( x  y )  0
2x  2  0
x 1
173
1 24. (a) ∵ L1  L2

(c) Slope of L ( 2) Slope of L1  slope of L2  1
3
1 ∴  2  slope of L2  1

2 1
Slope of L2 
∵ L  L3 2
Slope of L  slope of L3  1 ∴ The equation of L2 is
∴ 1 1
Slope of L   1 y x4
2 2
Slope of L  2 1
By substituting y = 0 into y  x  4 , we have
∴ The equation of L is 2
y  ( 1)  2( x  1) 1
0 x4
y  2 x  1 2
x8
4
23. (a) x-intercept of L    2 x-intercept of L2 = 8, i.e. coordinates of P = (8, 0)
2 Notice that both L1 and L2 pass through P.
 4  ∴ The equation of L1 is
y-intercept of L   4 y  0  2( x  8)
 1
y  2 x  16
∴ Coordinates of A  (0, 4) and
∵ L3 // L2
coordinates of B  (2, 0)
 2  ∴
(b) (i) Slope of L   2 1
 1 
2
∵ AD  L
1
Slope of AD  slope of L  1 ∴ The equation of L3 is y  x.
2
∴ Slope of AD  2  1
(b) From (a), we have:
1 L1 : y  2 x  16  (1)
Slope of AD  
2 1
y-intercept of AD = y-intercept of L = 4 and L3 : y  x  (2)
∴ The equation of AD is 2
1 By substituting (2) into (1), we have
y x4 1
2 x  2 x  16
∵ CD // L 2
∴ Slope of CD = slope of L 32
x
=2 5
The equation of CD is 32
y  ( 3)  2( x  4) By substituting x  into (2), we have
5
y  2 x  11
1  32 
1 y  
(ii) AD : y   x  4 (1) 2 5 
2
16
CD : y  2 x  11 ( 2) 
5
1  32 16 
 x  4  2 x  11 ∴ Coordinates of Q   , 
2  5 5 
5 Coordinates of P = (8, 0)
x  15 2 2
2  32   16 
x6 ∴ PQ  8 

  0 
5   5 
 units
By substituting x = 6 into (1), we have  3.58 units (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

1
y ( 6)  4
2 Revision Exercise 6 (p. 6.51)
1 Level 1
∴ Coordinates of D  (6, 1)
10  0 5
1. Slope of L  
60 3
∴ The equation of L is
174
5 2. The equation of L is
y x 8
3 y0  [ x  ( 5)]
5
∴ 8
y  x8
5
1  ( 4) 3
3. Slope of L  
20 2
3
∴ y x4
2
L  tan(180  135)
4. Slope of
 tan 45
1
y  5  1  ( x  3)
∴ y  x2
5. ∵ The required straight line is a vertical line.

∴ The equation of the required straight line is x  7.
6. Slope of the required straight line

3  ( 3)

36
2

3
The equation of the required straight line is
2
y3 [ x  (3)]
3
∴ 2
y   x 1
3
2
7. Slope of L1    2
1
0
y-intercept of L1  0
1
0
x-intercept of L1  0
2
 6  3
8. slope of L2   
8 4
 9  9
y-intercept of L2   
  8  8
 9  3
x-intercept of L2   
 6  2
 2 
9. Slope of L1   2
 1
1
Slope of L 2  
2
∴ Slope of L1  slope of L2
∴ L1 and L2 have one intersection.
175
 8  4
10. Slope of L1   
  10  5
 12  4
  15  5
∴ Slope of L1  slope of L2 ……(1)
 2  1
  10  5
 3  1
y-intercept of L 2   
  15  5
∴ y-intercept of L1  y-intercept of L2 ……(2)
11. ∵ L1  9 x  3 y  h  0 and
L2  kx  2 y  5  0 are coincident.
9 h 3
∴  
k 5 2
h 3

∴ 5 2
15
h
2
9 3

k 2
k 6
12. (a) Slope of L 

62  1
80 2
1
y2 ( x  0)
2
∴ 1
y x2
2
(b) By substituting y = 0 into the equation of L, we have
1
0 x2
2
x  4
∴ x-intercept of L = –4
∴ Coordinates of P  (4, 0)
(c) Let PQ : QR  r : s.
By the section formula for internal division,
we have
r (8)  s (4)
0
rs
8r  4s  0
2r  s
r:s1:2
i.e. PQ : QR  1 : 2
176
13. (a) L : y  mx  10  3  k  4 
i.e. mx  y  10  0
    1
 k  4 
y-intercept of L  10 3k  12  4k
 10  10 12
x-intercept of L    k
 m  m 7
1
∵ y-intercept of L  x-intercept of L
2
1 10
 10  
∴ 2 m
1
m
2
1
(b) L: y   x  10
2
∵ P ( a  4, a ) is a point on L.
∴ By substituting ( a  4, a ) into
1
y x  10 , we have
2
1
a   ( a  4)  10
2
3a
 12
2
a  8
14. For the straight line L : y  mx  4 , slope  m.

(a) For the straight line L1 : ( 2m  1) x  y  0 ,
slope  ( 2m  1)
∵ L // L1
∴ Slope of L  slope of L1
m  (2m  1)
1
m
3
(b) For the straight line L2 : x  (3m  1) y  4  0 ,
1
slope  
3m  1
∵ L  L2
∴ Slope of L  slope of L2  1
 1 
m     1
 3m  1 
1
m
2
 3  3
15. Slope of L1   
k k
k 4 k 4
Slope of L 2   
 4  4
(a) ∵ L1  L2
177
(b) ∵ L1 // L2 2
∴ Slope of L1  slope of L2 19. Slope of L1  
3
3 k 4
  6 
k 4 y-intercept of L1   2
12  k 2  4k  3 
∵ L1 // L2
k 2  4k  12  0 ∴ Slope of L2 slope of L1
(k  2)(k  6)  0 2

k   2 or 6 3
y-intercept of L2 = y-intercept of L1 + 3
=2+3
16. (a) ∵ L1 : y   x  c passes through A(1, 3).
=5
∴ By substituting (1, 3) into the equation of L1, The equation of L2 is
we have 2
3  ( 1)  c y x5
3
c4
(b) y-intercept of L = y-intercept of L 20. (a) ∵ P(4, 1) is a point of L1.
2 1
= 4 ∴ By substituting (4, 1) into the equation of L1,
we have
5 4( 4)  b( 1)  13  0
∴ The equation of L2 is y  x4.
3 b3
∵ Q(a, 7) lies on L1.
60 3 ∴ By substituting (a, 7) and b = 3 into the equation
17. Slope of L1  
80 4 of L1, we have
4a  3(7)  13  0
3
∴ The equation of L1 is y  x. a  2
4
∵ L2 // L1 4
(b) Slope of L1  
3 3
∴ Slope of L2  slope of L1 
4 ∵ L2  L1
The equation of L2 is ∴ Slope of L2  slope of L1  1
3  4
y 9 ( x  4) Slope of L2      1
4  3
∴ 3
y x6 3
Slope of L2 
4 4
Coordinates of Q  (2, 7)
 3  3 The equation of L2 is
18. Slope of L1   
2 2 3
y7 [ x  (2)]
 8  4
y-intercept of L1   4 ∴ 3 17
2 y x
∵ L1  L2 4 2
3 21. (a) By substituting y  0 into 2 x  y  8  0 ,
 slope of L2  1 we have
2 2x  0  8  0
2
Slope of L2   x  4
3 ∴ Coordinates of P  (4, 0)
y-intercept of L2 = y-intercept of L1 = 4 By substituting x  0 into 2 x  y  8  0 ,
we have
2 2(0)  y  8  0
y x4
3 y 8
∵ OA  4OB
∴ 8 units  4OB
OB  2 units
∵ B lies on the negative y-axis.
∴ Coordinates of B  (0, 2)
178
0  ( 2) 1
Slope of L 2  
40 2
1
y x2
2
∴ x  2y  4  0
 2 
(b) Slope of L1   2
 1
1
Slope of L 2  
2
∴ Slope of
 1
L1  slope of L2  2      1
 2
∴ L2 is perpendicular to L1.
22. (a) (i) Let  and  be the inclinations of L1 and L2

respectively.
tan   slope of L1
 5 
  
 4
  51.3402
  51.3 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
tan   slope of L2
 3 
  
 1 
  71.5651
  71.6 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(ii)      (ext.  of △)
   
 71.5651  51.3402
 20.2 (cor to 3 sig. fig.)
(b) L1 : 5 x  4 y  8  0 ……(1)
L2 : 3 x  y  9  0 ……(2)
(1) – (2)  4: 7 x  28  0
x4
3( 4)  y  9  0
y 3
∴ Coordinates of A  ( 4, 3)
179
23. (a) PQ  [3  ( 6)] units

(b)
 9 units
Altitude of PQ in △PQR  5 units
1 
   9  5  sq. units
∴ Area of △PQR  2 
45
 sq. units
2
Let  be 60 3
the inclination of L. 25. (a) Slope of L1  
Slope of L  tan 
04 2
The equations of L1 is
1 3
  tan 
( 2) y x  6  (1)
2
  26.6 (cor. to the nearest 0.1) 15  3 3
OAB   (vert. opp. s) Slope of L2  
2  (6) 2
 26.6 (cor. to the nearest 0.1) The equation of L2 is
(b) ∵ L  OB 3
Slope of L  slope of OB  1 y  15  ( x  2)
2
1 ∴ 3
∴   slope of OB  1
( 2) y  x  12   (2)
2
Slope of OB  2 By substituting (1) into (2), we have
The required equation is 3 3
y  2x …… (1)
 x  6  x  12
2 2
(c) L : x  2 y  6  0 ( 2) x  2
By substituting x  2 into (1), we have
x  2( 2 x )  6  0
3
5x  6 y (  2)  6
2
6 9
x
5 ∴ Coordinates of P  (2, 9)
6 (b) Coordinates of the mid-point of CD
5  2  6 15  3 
 , 
6 12  2 2 
y  2   
5
  5  (2, 9), which are the coordinates of D.
∴ P is the mid-point of CD.
6 12 
∴ Coordinates of B   5 ,  5 
  (c) Let PA : AB  r : s.
By the section formula for internal division,
24. (a) The equation of L1 is we have
y   x  6 ……(1) r ( 4)  s ( 2)
0
The equation of L2 is rs
4 0  4r  2 s
y x  3 ……(2)
5 2r  s
By substituting (1) into (2), we have r : s  1: 2
4 PA : AB  1 : 2
 x6 x3 ∴
5
x  5 60
By substituting x  5 into (1), we have 26. (a) Slope of BA   3
0  ( 2 3 )
y  ( 5)  6 The equation of BA is
 1 y 3x  6
∴ Coordinates of R  ( 5,  1) tan ABO  slope of BA
tan ABO  3
ABO  60
∵ BP is the angle bisector of ABO in △OAB.
180
PBO  30 1 2
∴ ∴   m and m 
1 2 3
tan PBO 
3 Let m  0.
Then, the equation of L is
1
∴ Slope of BP  y  4  0( x  3)
3 ∴ y4
The equation of BP is
1 1
y0 [ x  ( 2 3 )] Let m  .
2
3
Then, the equation of L is
∴ 1
y x2 1
3
y4 ( x  3)
2
(b) ∵ y-intercept of BP  2 ∴ 1 5
∴ Coordinates of P  (0, 2) y  x
2 2
BP  ( 2 3  0) 2  (0  2) 2 units
1
 4 units Let m   .
3
(c) AP  (6  2) units Then, the equation of L is
 4 units 1
∵ AP  BP y4  ( x  3)
3
∴ △PAB is an isosceles triangle.
∴ 1
y   x5
27. Let y  mx  c and y  nx  d be the equations of L1 and L2 3
respectively. ∴ Possible equations of straight line L are
∵ L1  L2 1 5 1
L1  slope of L2  1 y  4, y  x or y   x  5 .
2 2 3
∴ Slope of m  n  1 (or any other reasonable answers)
1
n Level 2
m 29. (a) Slope of AB  2
1 y0
∴ L1 : y  mx  c and L2 : y   x  d 2
m 65
∵ L1 has a positive x-intercept and L2 has a negative x- y2
intercept.
∴ By substituting y  0 into the equations of L1 and L2, (b) ∵ L  AB
we have Slope of L  slope of AB  1
c Slope of L  2  1
  0 and dm < 0 ∴
m 1
∴ The possible equations of two straight lines are Slope of L  
2
L1: y x  4 and L2: y  x  4 or L1: y  2x  1 and
1
L2: y   x  2 respectively. (or any other 1
2 y2  ( x  6)
reasonable answers)
2
1
y x  5 ……(1)
28.
L1 : 2 x  3 y  6  0   (1) 2
L2 : x  2 y  11  0   (2) (c) ∵ L1  L and L  AB
∴ L1 // AB
2( x  2 y  11)  ( 2 x  3 y  6)  0 ∴ Slope of L1  slope of AB
(2)  2  (1) :
y4 2
By substituting y  4 into (2), we have
y  2x ……(2)
x  2( 4)  11  0 By substituting (2) into (1), we have
x3 1
2x   x5
∴ Coordinates of A  (3, 4) 2
2 2 x2
Slope of L1   
( 3) 3 By substituting x  2 into (2), we have
1 y  2(2)
Slope of L2  
2 4
Let m be the slope of L. ∴ The coordinates of the intersection are (2, 4).
∵ L lies in the shaded region.
181
1 6
30. (a) Slope of L 2   y ( 5)  6
2 5
∵ L1  L2  12
Slope of L1  slope of L2  1 ∴ Coordinates of P  (5, 12)
∴  1
Slope of L1      1 32. (a) ∵ M and N are the mid-points of AB and AC
 2 respectively.
Slope of L1  2  2  5 3  8 
M  , 
The equation of L1 is Coordinates of  2 2 
∴
y  5  2( x  5)
 3 11 
∴ y  2 x  5 ……(1)
 , 
2 2 
(b) L2: x  2 y  5  0  ( 2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have:  2  5 3  8 
N  , 
x  2( 2 x  5)  5  0 and coordinates of  2 2 
x3 7 5
 , 
By substituting x  3 into (1), we have: 2 2
y  2(3)  5
1
∴ The coordinates of the intersection are (3, 1).
(c) The perpendicular distance from A to L2
 the distance between A and the point (3, 1)
 (5  3) 2  (5  1) 2 units
 20 units (or 2 5 units)
60 6
31. (a) Slope of L  
05 5
6
∴ y x6
5
(b) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of P.

∵ P lies on L.
6
∴ y x6
5
 6 
∴ Coordinates of P   x,  x  6
 5 
∵ PA  PO
2
 6  
[ x  ( 10)] 2    x  6   0
 5  
∴
2
 6  
 ( x  0) 2    x  6   0
 5  
2 2
 6   6 
( x  10) 2    x  6   x 2    x  6 
 5   5 
x 2  20 x  100  x 2
x  5
6
By substituting x  5 into y   x6,
5
we have
182
∵ P is the mid-point of MN.

(c) Length of AC  [10  ( 5)] units
 3 7 11 5 
     15 units
P 2 2, 2 2 The altitude of AC in △ABC
 2 2 
∴ Coordinates of    [ 4  ( 2)] units
 
 6 units
5 
  , 4 1
2    15  6 sq. units
∴ Area of △ABC 2
84 8  45 sq. units
L 
(b) Slope of 5 5
5 34. (a) (i) ∵ P(a, 5) lies on L.
2
The equation of L is ∴ By substituting (a, 5) into the equation of L,
we have
8 2a  5  9  0
y 8 ( x  5)
5 a 2
∴ 8
y x (ii) ∵ L1  L
5 ∴ Slope of L1  slope of L  1
Coordinates of the mid-point of  2
Slope of L1      1
 2  2 3  3   1
BC   , 
 2 2  1
Slope of L1 
 (0, 0) 2
By substituting (0, 0) into the equation of L, we have The equation of L1 is
L.H.S.  0 1
y5 ( x  2)
8 2
R.H.S.  (0)  0 ∴
5 1
y x4
∵ L.H.S.  R.H.S. 2
8 (b) (i) ∵ PA is vertical.
∴ (0, 0) satisfies the equation of y  x.
5 ∴ x-coordinate of A  x-coordinate of P
∴ L passes through the mid-point of BC. 2

∴ Coordinates of A ( 2, 0)
33. (a) ∵ L is a horizontal line. ∵ y-intercept of L1  4
∴ The equation of L is y  2. ∴ Coordinates of B  (0, 4)
4  ( 2) 1
Slope of L1   40
 2  10 2 (ii) Slope of L 2   2
02
The equation of L1 is The equation of L2 is
1 y  2 x  4
y  4   [ x  ( 2)]
2 (c) Slope of L  2
∴ 1 Slope of L2  2
y x3 ∵ Slope of L2  slope of L
2 ∴ L2 is parallel to L.
∵ L2  L1
∴ Slope of L2  slope of L1  1 35. (a) L1: 3x  y  3
 1 i.e. 3x  y  3  0
Slope of L2      1
 2  3 
x-intercept of L1    1
Slope of L2  2  3 
The equation of L2 is  3 
y  4  2[ x  ( 2)] y-intercept of L1   3
 1 
∴ y  2x  8
(b) L : y  –2 ……(1)
and coordinates of B  (1, 0)
L2 : y  2x + 8 ……(2)
∴ By substituting (1) into (2), we have (b) ∵ L2 is a horizontal line.
2  2 x  8 ∴ p3
∵ B(1, 0) lies on L3.
x  5
∴ By substituting (1, 0) into qx  4y  3  0, we
∴ Coordinates of C  ( 5, 2) have
q (1)  4(0)  3  0
q3
183
(c) L2 : y  3 ……(1)  2  area of △OAB

L3 : 3x  4y  3  0 ……(2)
1
By substituting (1) into (2), we have  2   OB  OA
3 x  4(3)  3  0 2
x5  1  10  
 2    0   (10  0)  sq. units
∴ Coordinates of C  (5, 3) 2  3  
BC  (5  1) 2  (3  0) 2 units 100
 sq. units
(d)  5 units 3
AC  (5  0) units
 5 units
∵ BC  AC
∴ △ABC is an isosceles triangle.
36. (a) Let (0, y) be the coordinates of A.

∵ AO  AP
y 6  0) 2  ( 2  y ) 2
∴ y 2  36  4  4 y  y 2
4 y  40
y  10
10  2
AP 
(b) Slope of 06
4

3
∵ AP  PB
Slope of AP  slope of PB  1
4
∴   slope of PB  1
3
3
Slope of PB 
4
The equation of the straight line passing through P and
B is
3
y2 ( x  6)
4
∴
3 x  4 y  10  0 ......(1)
3 5
y x
4 2
(c) (i) In △OAB and △PAB,
AOB  APB  90 given
AB  AB common side
AO  AP given
∴△OAB  △PAB RHS
(ii) From (1),
(10) 10
x-intercept   
3 3
 10 
∴ Coordinates of B   , 0
 3 
Area of quadrilateral OAPB
184
2  ( 5) area.
37. (a) Slope of BC  1 (ii) AC  [5  ( 2)] units
52
The equation of BC is  7 units
y  ( 2)  1  ( x  5) The altitude of AC in △ADC = 3 units
 area of △ ADC
y  x7
∴
x y 7  0 1
Area of △BCD  2  7  3 sq. units
∵ AP is the altitude of BC in △ABC.
∴ AP  BC 21
 sq. units
Slope of AP  slope of BC  1 2
∴ Slope of AP  (1)  1
Slope of AP  1 39. (a) ∵ AC is a vertical line.
∴ L1 is a horizontal line.
The equation of AP is
Coordinates of the mid-point of AC
y  0  1  ( x  1)
 3  3 9  5 
∴
y  x  1  , 
x  y 1  0  2 2 
 ( 3, 2)
(b) BC : x  y  7  0   (1)
∴ The equation of L1 is y  2.
AP : x  y  1  0   (2)
9 1
( x  y  7)  ( x  y  1)  0 Slope of BC   1
(1)  (2) : 35
2x  8 Coordinates of the mid-point of BC
x4  3  5 9  1 
By substituting x  4 into (1), we have  , 
 2 2 
4 y70
 (1, 5)
y  3
∵ L2  BC
∴ Coordinates of P  (4,3)
Slope of L2  slope of BC  1
AP  ( 4  1) 2  ( 3  0) 2 units
∴ Slope of L2  ( 1)  1
 18 units (or 3 2 units)
Slope of L2  1
38. (a) The equation of L2 is The equation of L2 is
y  2 x  5 y  5  1  ( x  1)
∴ 2x  y  5  0 ∴ yx4
0  ( 2) 1 (b) Circumcentre is the intersection of the perpendicular
Slope of L1   bisectors of a triangle.
60 3
The equation of L1 is L1 : y  2   (1)
1 L 2 : y  x  4   ( 2)
y x2
3 By substituting (1) into (2), we have
∴
x  3y  6  0 2 x4
L1 : x  3 y  6  0   (1) x  2
(b) (i) ∴ The intersection of L1 and L2 is (2, 2).
L2 : 2 x  y  5  0   ( 2) ∴ The coordinates of the circumcentre of △ABC are
(1)  (2)  3 : (2, 2).
x  3 y  6  3( 2 x  y  5)  0 40. (a) ∵ OR  OP
Slope of OR  slope of OP  1
7 x  21  0
∴
3m  1
x3
1
By substituting x  3 into (1), we have m
3  3y  6  0 3
y  1 (b) (i) ∵ PQ // OR
∴ Slope of PQ  slope of OR  3
∴ Coordinates of D  (3, 1)
∴ The equation of PQ is
Coordinates of the mid-point of AB
y  2  3( x  8)
 0  6 2  0 
 ,  y  3 x  22
 2 2 
 (3, 1), which are the coordinates of D.
∴ D is the mid-point of AB.
∴ AD  DB
∴ Area of △ADC  area of △BDC
∴ L2 divides △ABC into two triangles of equal
185
(ii) ∵ RQ // OP
1
∴ Slope of RQ  slope of OP  
3
∴ The equation of RQ is
1
y2 ( x  8)
3
1 14
y x
3 3
41. (a) ∵ AD // BC
∴ Slope of AD  slope of BC
3

2
The equation of AD is
3
y4 ( x  7)
2
∴ 3 13
y x
2 2
∵ AB  BC
Slope of AB  slope of BC  1
3
∴ Slope of AB     1
2
2
Slope of AB  
3
The equation of AB is
2
y4 ( x  7)
3
∴ 2 26
y x
3 3
(b) No, because we only know the slope of CD, but we do
not know any point on CD.
42. (a) (i) ∵ A(6, 8) lies on the line y  mx  4.

∴ By substituting (6, 8) into y  mx  4, we
have
8  m(6)  4
m2
(ii) The straight line passing through A and B is
y  2x  4
2x  y  4  0
( 4)
x-intercept  2
2
∴ Coordinates of B  ( 2, 0)
(b) ∵ B(2, 0) lies on the line y = kx + 6.
∴ By substituting (2, 0) into y = kx + 6, we have
0  k ( 2)  6
k 3
(c) (i) BC: y = –3x + 6
∵ AD // BC
∴ Slope of AD  slope of BC
 3
The equation of AD is
y  8  3( x  6)
∴ y  3 x  26
186
(ii) AD : 3 x  y  26  0
( 26)

x-intercept 3
26

3
 26 
∴ Coordinates of D   3 , 0 
 
(d) Area of △ABD  area of △BCD
∴ Area of parallelogram ABCD
 2  area of △ ABD
 1  26  
 2    2   8 sq. units
2  3  
160
 sq. units
3
43. (a) ∵ O lies on the line x  2 y  k  0 .

∴ By substituting (0, 0) into x + 2y + k = 0, we have
0  2(0)  k  0
k 0
∵ C(c, 6) lies on the line OC : x  2 y  0 .
∴ By substituting (c, 6) into x + 2y = 0, we have
c  2(6)  0
c  12
(b) ∵ AB // OC
∴ Slope of AB  slope of OC
1

2
The equation of AB is
1
y 8   ( x  14)
2
∴ 1
y   x  15
2
(c) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of B.
∵ BC is parallel to the y-axis.
∴ x  12
∵ B(12, y) lies on AB.
1
∴ By substituting (–12, y) into y   x  15 ,
2
we have
1
y (12)  15
2
 21
∴ Coordinates of B  (12, 21)
1
From the equation of AB : y   x  15 ,
2
y-intercept  15
∴ Coordinates of P  (0, 15)
187
(d) Area of parallelogram OPBC (c) ∵ x-coordinate of P < x-coordinate of C

 15  12 sq. units ∴ P does not lie on CB.
∵ y-coordinate of P = y-coordinate of C
 180 sq. units
∴ P does not lie on OC or OA.
Area of △OPA ∴ P does not lie on the rhombus OABC.
1 By substituting x = 11.5 and y = 2 into
  15  14 sq. units 4x – 3y – 40 = 0, we have
2
 105 sq. units L.H.S.  4(11 .5)  3( 2)  40
∴ Area of the trapezium OABC 0
= area of OPBC + area of △OPA R.H.S.  0
 (180  105) sq. units ∵ L.H.S.  R.H.S.
 285 sq. units ∴ Q(11.5, 2) lies on the line AB.
∴ Q(11.5, 2) lies on the rhombus OABC.
44. (a) Let (a, 0) be the coordinates of A.
OA  BA 4  ( 2)
45. Slope of AC   1
1 5
a (16  a ) 2  (8  0) 2
The equation of AC is
a 2  (16  a ) 2  8 2 y  ( 2)  1  ( x  5)
∴ y  x  3
a 2  256  32a  a 2  64
0  320  32a ∵ The diagonals AC and BD are perpendicular to each
other.
a  10 Slope of AC  slope of BD  1
∴ Coordinates of A  (10, 0) ∴ ( 1)  slope of BD  1
Let (h, k) be the coordinates of C.
∵ BC // AO Slope of BD  1
∴ BC is a horizontal line. The equation of BD is
∴ k=8 y  0  1  ( x  1)
OC  OA ∴ y  x 1
h 2  8 2  10
h 2  8 2  10 2 46. (a)
L1 : hx  4 y  3  0
h6 or  6 (rejected) L2 : 3hx  4 y  k  0
∴ Coordinates of C  (6, 8) h h
8 4 ( 4) 4
(b) Slope of OC  
6 3 3h 3
The equation of OC is Slope of L2    h
(4) 4
y 4x ∴ Slope of L2  3  slope of L1
3 (b) Let (c, 0) be the coordinates of C.
∴ 4x  3y  0 Coordinates of B = (9, a + b)
CB is a horizontal line. ∵ Slope of L2  3  slope of L1
∴ The equation of CB is
y8 i.e. Slope of BC  3 slope of AC
i.e. y  8  0 a60 a0
∴  3
80 9c 9c
AB  a  6  3a
Slope of 16  10
4 a3

3 Coordinates of A  (9, 3)
The equation of AB is ∵ A (9, 3) lies on L1.
∴ By substituting (9, 3) into
4
y0 ( x  10) L1 : hx  4 y  3  0 , we
3
have
3 y  4 x  40 h(9)  4(3)  3  0
∴ 4x  3y  40  0 h 1
∴ L2 : 3x  4 y  k  0
Coordinates of B  (9, 3  6)
 (9, 9)
∵ B(9, 9) lies on L2.
∴ By substituting (9, 9) into
L2 : 3x  4 y  k  0 , we
have
188
3(9)  4(9)  k  0 2
 13 
k 9 BN  n    (0  12) units
2
 2 
(c) L2 : 3x  4 y  9  0
CM  (10  2) 2  (0  6) 2 units
9
x-intercept of L 2    3  10 units
3
BN 6
∴ Coordinates of C  (3, 0) 
CM 5
(d) ∵ Area of △BCD  3  area of △ABD
∴ CD  3DA  13 
2
∴ CD : DA  3 : 1  n    144
By the section formula for internal division, we have  2  6

coordinates of D 10 5
 3  9  1  ( 3) 3  3  1  0  2
 ,   13 
 3 1 3 1   n    144  144
 2 
 9 13
  6,  n
 4 2
9  13 
9 ∴ Coordinates of N   2 , 0 
Slope of
BD  4  9  
96 4 13
The equation of BD is The equation of BN is x  .
2
9
y9 ( x  9) 13
4 By substituting x  into the equation of CM,
4 y  36  9 x  81 2
we have
∴ 9 x  4 y  45  0
 13 
3   4 y  30  0
47. (a) (i) ∵ CM is the perpendicular bisector of AB.  2 
∴ M is the mid-point of AB.
Coordinates of M 21
4y 
 5 13  2
  
2 2 0  12 21
 , 
y
 2 2 
  8
 
 ( 2, 6)  13 21 
∴ Coordinates of K   2 , 8 
 
12  0 4
AB    21 
(ii) Slope of 13  5  3 BK  12   units
    8 
2  2
∵ CM is the perpendicular bisector of AB. (c) 75
 units
∴ CM  AB 8
∴ Slope of CM  slope of AB  1 21
4 KN  units
Slope of CM   1 8
3 75 21
3 ∴ BK : KN
 :
Slope of CM   8 8
4  25 : 7
The equation of CM is
∴ Area of △BKC : area of △KNC
3
y6   ( x  2) BK  NC KN  NC
4  :
2 2
4 y  24  3 x  6
 BK : KN
∴ 3 x  4 y  30  0
 25 : 7
(b) CM : 3 x  4 y  30  0
( 30)
x-intercept of CM    10 Multiple Choice Questions (p. 6.60)
3 1. Answer: B
∴ Coordinates of C  (10, 0) The equation of the required straight line is
Let (n, 0) be the coordinates of N.
189
1 y-intercept of BC = 2
y  ( 2)   ( x  4) ∴ Coordinates of B = (0, 2)
2
1 1
∴ y x By substituting y = 5 into y  x  2 , we have
2 2
x  2y  0 1
5 x2
2
2. Answer: D x6
Let L be the line passing through P(0, 3) and Q(–2, 1). ∴ Coordinates of C = (6, 5)
3 1 ∴ Area of △ABC
Slope of L  1
0  (2) 1
y-intercept of L = 3   AB  AC
2
The equation of L is y  x  3 .
1
  (5  2)  (6  0) sq. units
2
3. Answer: B
 9 sq. units
∵ L: x + my + 4 = 0 passes through P(2, –3).
∴ By substituting (2, –3) into the equation of L, we have
2  m(3)  4  0
m2
∴ The equation of L is x  2 y  4  0 .
1
4. Answer: A
b
x-intercept of L   0
a
 b 
y-intercept of L   b0
 1
∴ The answer is A.
5. Answer: D
Let L1 and L2 be the two parallel lines with equations
2x – ky + 7 = 0 and x + 3y + 4 = 0 respectively.
2 2
(k ) k
1
Slope of L2  
3
∵ L1 // L2
Slope of L1  Slope of L2
∴ 2 1

k 3
k  6
6. Answer: C
6
x-intercept of L1    3
2
∵ L2 is a vertical line.
∴ The equation of L2 is x = –3.
7. Answer: B
Since the line y = 5 passes through A, the coordinates of A
are (0, 5).
1
BC: y  x2
2
190
8. Answer: B ( 5) 5
L1: x + 2y + 8 = 0  (1) x-intercept of L1   
4 4
L2: 3x + ay – 11 = 0  (2)
( 5) 5
By substituting (b, –5) into (1), we have x-intercept of L3   
b  2( 5)  8  0 4 4
b2 x-intercept of L1 = x-intercept of L3
∴ The coordinates of intersection are (2, –5). 5 

∴ The intersection of L1 and L3 is the point  , 0 ,
By substituting (2, –5) into (2), we have 4 
3( 2)  a ( 5)  11  0 which is on the x-axis.
a  1 ∴ Only I and III are true.
9. Answer: A 12. Answer: D

3 2
Slope of L   Slope of L1  
4 a
( 6) 3 ∵ The slope of L1 is positive.
y-intercept of L    2
4 2 ∴  0
a
Let L be the required straight line.
∵ L  L
∴ a0
∴ ∴ I must be false.
2
Slope of L  slope of L   1 Slope of L2    2

3
 slope of L   1
1
4
4
Slope of L 
4 Slope of L3  
3 b
∴ The equation of L is ∵ L2 // L3
4 3 Slope of L2  slope of L3
y  x
3 2
∴ 4
6 y  8x  9 2 
b
8x  6 y  9  0
b2
c
10. Answer: C x-intercept of L3  
Both A and B lie on L1: ax – y – 3 = 0 and 4
L2: 4x + 2y + b = 0, i.e. L1 and L2 are coincident. ∵ The x-intercept of L3 is negative.
a 1 3 c
∴   ∴  0
4 2 b 4
∴ a  2 and b  6 ∴ c0
∴ III must be false.
11. Answer: C
4 HKMO (p. 6.63)
Slope of L1   2 1. Let L1, L2 and L3 be the straight lines with the equations
( 2)
4x + y = 4, mx + y = 0 and 2x – 3my = 4 respectively.
Slope of L2 = 2 4
4 Slope of L1     4 , y-intercept of L1 = 4,
Slope of L3    2 1
2
x-intercept of L1 = 1
(5) 5
y-intercept of L1    m
(2) 2 Slope of L2      m  0 , y-intercept of L2 = 0,
1
5
y-intercept of L2  x-intercept of L2 = 0
2
 2  2
∵ Slope of L1 = slope of L2  (1) Slope of L3    0,
y-intercept of L1  y-intercept of L2  (2)   3m  3m
∴ By (1) and (2), L1 and L2 have no intersections. 4 4
y-intercept of L3 =    0 , x-intercept of
∵ Slope of L2  slope of L3  3m 3m
∴ L2 and L3 do not have an infinite number of L3 = 2
intersections.
∴ II is false.
191
From these information, we can sketch the following
From this sketch, we see that if L1, L2 and L3 cannot form a

triangle, then there are two possible cases.
Case 1: L1 // L2
 4  m
m4
Case 2: L1, L2 and L3 intersect at one point P(x, y).
4 x  y  4 ......(1)

mx  y  0 ......(2)

2 x  3my  4......(3)
4 x  mx  4
(1) – (2): ( 4  m) x  4
4
x  (4)
4m
4
4m
 4 
m  y 0
4m
4m
y  (5)
4m
By substituting (4) and (5) into (3), we have
 4   4m 
2   3m  4
 4m   4m
2  3m 2  4  m
3m 2  m  2  0
(3m  2)(m  1)  0
2
m or  1 (rejected)
3
2
∴ The minimum possible value of m is .
3
2
∴ Q
3
2. Let L1, L2 and L3 be the straight lines with the equations

y = –x + 3, y = x + 1 and y = –5x + 19 respectively.
192

L1 : y   x  3......(1) y=1+1=2
 ∴ L1 and L2 intersect at (1, 2).
L2 : y  x  1 ......(2) L2 : y  x  1......(2)

(2) – (1): 0 = 2x – 2 
x=1 L3 : y  5 x  19......(3)
(2) – (3): 0 = 6x – 18
x=3
y=3+1=4
∴ L2 and L3 intersect at (3, 4).
L3 : y  5 x  19......(3)

L1 : y   x  3......(1)
(1) – (3): 0 = 4x – 16
x=4
y = –4 + 3 = –1
∴ L3 and L1 intersect at (4, –1).
Let (1, 2), (3, 4) and (4, –1) be the coordinates of points A,
B and C respectively.
Slope of L1 = –1
Slope of L2 = 1
∵ Slope of L1  slope of L2 = (–1)  (1) = –1
∴ L1  L2
∴ CAB = 90
AB  (3  1) 2  ( 4  2) 2 units
 8 units
AC  ( 4  1) 2  ( 1  2) 2 units
 18 units
1

 AB  AC
2
∴ Area of △ABC 1
  8  18 sq. units
2
 6 sq. units
∴ R 6
3. C(–1, 2) is the reflection of A(1, 0) about the straight line x

– y + 1 = 0.
If the sum of PA and PB is the least, then P(a, b) must lie on
BC.
∴ P(a, b) is the intersection of the straight line
x – y + 1 = 0 and BC.
20 1
Slope of BC  
1 3 2
The equation of BC is
1
y  0   ( x  3)
∴ 2
x  2y  3  0
193
4
 x  y  1  0......(1) By substituting y 
3
into (1), we have
 4
 x  2 y  3  0......(2) x
3
1  0
1
2 y  ( y )  3  1  0 x
(2) – (1): 3
4
y 1 4
3 ∴ a and b 
3 3
1 4
ab  
∴ 3 3
5

3
 y  x  d  (1)
4.

 x   y  d   ( 2)
x  ( x  d )  d
x0
∴ d–1=0
d 1
Investigation Corner (p. 6.64)
1. (a) x-intercept = a ,
y-intercept = b
b0 b
(b) Slope of the straight line  
0a a
b
y xb
a
ay  bx  ab
∴ y x
  1
b a
x y
 1
a b
2. For L1: x-intercept = y-intercept = 4

For L2: x-intercept = y-intercept = –4
For L3: x-intercept = 4, y-intercept = –4
For L4: x-intercept = –4, y-intercept = 4
∴ We have the following:
194
195

6 Equations of Straight Lines: Review Exercise 6 (P. 6.7)

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6 Equations of Straight Lines: Review Exercise 6 (P. 6.7)

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NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions

13. (a) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of M.

14. (a) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of P.

2(5)  3( 5) 2(4)  3(9)

3(3)  1(7) 1 3(8)  1(16)

15. (a) Let (0, n) and (m, 0) be the coordinates of C and D

(ii) Since AB : BC = 3 : 2, by the section formula for

Activity 6.1 (p. 6.9)

Classwork (p. 6. 19)

Classwork (p. 6.32) The equation of L is

Quick Practice 6.7 (p. 6.24)

Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of L1 and L2 respectively.

Quick Practice 6.9 (p. 6.27) 2

Quick Practice 6.11 (p. 6.35) 42

(b) (i) Coordinates of P = (8, 0)

Quick Practice 6.12 (p. 6.40)

Quick Practice 6.13 (p. 6.41)

Quick Practice 6.14 (p. 6.44)

Quick Practice 6.15 (p. 6.45)

Further Practice The equation of L is

4 (c) The coordinates of A and B are (5, 0) and (0, –4)

Further Practice (p. 6.35)

QR  (9  0) 2  [0  ( 12)]2 units  15 units

14  3k  1 (b) Let m2 and m3 be the slopes of L2 and L3 respectively.

Further Practice (p. 6.45)

2. (a) Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of L1 and L2 respectively.

Exercise 6A (p. 6.19)

2. ∵ L is parallel to the x-axis.

5. The equation of the straight line L is

7. ∵ L1 is parallel to the y-axis.

8. ∵ L1 passes through (0, 0) and (–4, 6).

10. ∵ x-coordinate of A = x-coordinate of B = 6

11. The equation of the straight line is

12. The equation of the straight line is

14. Slope of the straight line  tan 45

16. The equation of the straight line is

4x  3 y  6  0 23. (a) The equation of L is y = 2x + 5.

27. (a) The equation of L is

(b) (i) ∵ B(1, 6) is a point on L.

28. (a) ∵ L1 is parallel to the x-axis.

29. (a) A lies on the y-axis and the line y = 3.

30. (a) ∵ L1 passes through P(4, k). 4

31. (a) Let (a, 0) be the coordinates of A.

32. (a) ∵ L1 passes through P(5, 2).

(ii) ∵ P(2a, a) is a point on L2.

36. (a) ∵ L1 passes through P(3, 0). 1

Exercise 6B (p. 6.28)

4. L passes through (0, 3) and (6, 0). y  3  4[ x  ( 8)]

5. L passes through (0, –6) and (–10, 0).

6. From the graph, L passes through (0, 6) and (–3, 0).

∴ B is the mid-point of AC. ∵ P is the mid-point of AC.

y  5  2( x  6) 15. (a) ∵ P(a, 2 – a) is a point on L1.

16. (a) ∵ A(a, –4) lies on L1.

Exercise 6C (p. 6.36)

By substituting y = 0 into 3x – 2y – 12 = 0, we have 3 6

Slope of L1  slope of L2 a6

15. Let m be the slope of L.

then slope of L1  slope of L2 Let a = 1,

19. ∵ L : px + qy + 12 = 0 passes through A(–4, 4). 1  2(1)  6  k [ 2(1)  (1)  1]  0

26. (a) For L: 2x + y – 16 = 0,

90 3 The equation of L2 is

28. (a) For the equation L1: x + 2y – 8 = 0,

(c) By rewriting the equation L2 : y = 2x – 6 into the Exercise 6D (p. 6.45)