Alternative symbols

High-quality
8 impedance
closed-cup audio
headphones step-down transformer

1N4001 diodes

1k
100 k audio-taper
Test probes potentiometer

1k
 Vout

Vout

6 VRMS
 Vout

Vout

6 VRMS

4:1 ratio

120 VAC RMS Vout

line power
 Vout

Vout

Vout Vout
 Load

Anode

Gate

Cathode
SCR circuit TRIAC circuit
 Base 2

Emitter

Base 1

Base 2

Emitter RB2

RB1

Base 1

Base 2

Emitter RB2

VBB
RB1

Base 1
 +V

On R1
C1 Q1
Input
terminal
R2
Off
R3

F1
+V

R3 R1
Q1
Sensitive SCR1 D1
load
R2

R4
Lamp1 Lamp2 Lamp3

SW1 SW2 SW2

 Lamp1 Lamp2

R1 C R2

SW1 SW2

SCR1 SCR2

Load

MT2

Gate MT1

Load
 Load

Solid-state relay

Load

Electromechanical
relay
Power
plug

G 12

Power
plug

G 12
 Lamp

AC DIAC
source TRIAC

Power
plug

Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50
1 50 m 5m 10
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5
5 10 m 100 m 0.5
10 5m 500 m 0.1
20 2m 1 0.025
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
G 12 A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1
Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
10 5m
Invert Intensity Focus Beam find Norm AC
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Reset Slope
Trace rot. HF Rej

Full power
Volts/Div A Sec/Div
250
0.5 0.2 0.1 1m 50
1 50 m 5m 10
2 20 m Position 25 m 2.5
5 10 m 100 m 0.5
10 5m 500 m 0.1
20 2m 1 0.025
2.5 off
DC Gnd AC
X-Y
Position
A B Alt Chop Add
Triggering Level
A
B
Volts/Div B Alt Holdoff
0.5 0.2 0.1
50 m Line
1 Position
2 20 m Ext.
5 10 m
Ext. input
Invert Intensity Focus Norm AC
10 5m Beam find
20 2m Auto DC
DC Gnd AC Off Single LF Rej
Cal 1 V Gnd Reset Slope
Trace rot. HF Rej

330 k
Lamp

AC DIAC
source TRIAC
0.068 F
 Fuse

Line power
plug

Chassis ground
Control signal from
"pulse" circuit

Transistor

Mtr
 VCC

Vout

VCC

Mtr
Motor
power
source

MOSFET
Vertical sensitivity = 1 volt/div
Probe ratio = 1:1
Coupling = DC
Timebase = 0.5 ms/div
Vertical sensitivity = 5 volts/div
Probe ratio = 10:1
Coupling = DC
Timebase = 0.2 ms/div
Drive Load
circuit Vin

Drive Load
circuit Vin
 Linear voltage-reducing circuit
Iload = 240 mA

13.5 V Load 5 V at load

Isupply = ???

Switching voltage-reducing circuit

Drive
circuit
Iload = 240 mA

13.5 V Load 5 V at load

Isupply = ???
 Buck converter circuit
D

Vin Vout = D Vin

Boost converter circuit

Vin
Vin D Vout =
1-D
 D Inverting converter circuit

D Vin
Vin Vout =
1-D
 reset

Vout Load
Vin

Vctrl ON

reset

Vout Load
Vin

Vctrl OFF
Competency: Diode clipper circuit Version:
Schematic
R1
Vout

Vsupply D1 D2

Given conditions

Vsupply = R1 = VF (typical) =

Parameters
Input and output waveforms
Predicted Measured
Vout

Fault analysis
open other
Suppose component fails
shorted
What will happen in the circuit?
Competency: SCR latch circuit Version:
Schematic

Mtr
Vsupply
SCR1

Given conditions

Vsupply =

Parameters

Predicted Measured
Vmotor (on)

Isupply (on)

Calculated
PSCR1
Competency: PWM power controller, discrete Version:
Schematic
+V

Rpot
Add commutating
diode if load is
R2 R3 Load inductive
R1 R4
C1 C2

Q1 Q2 Q3

Given conditions

+V = R1 = R2 = Rpot = C1 =

R4 = R3 = C2 =

Parameters
Predicted Measured
Vload (avg.) Duty cycle = ____ %

Vload (avg.) Duty cycle = ____ %

Vload (avg.) Duty cycle = ____ %

Vload (avg.) Duty cycle = ____ %

(ideal diode)
Vout
D1
R1

Vout
R1
D1
(ideal diode)
 T1

D1
D2

R1

Test probes Rpot

R2
 Low-voltage
AC power supply

12
6 6

Switch
Load
R1
V1 SSR1 V2
 +V

On R1
C1 Q1

R2
Off
R3
 Lamp
Rpot

AC DIAC
source TRIAC
C1

Drive Load
circuit Vin
 Drive Load
circuit Vin

F1 Crowbar circuit

R1 R3
Q1
Vsupply D1 SCR1 Sensitive
load
R2

R4
 Low-voltage
AC power supply
???

12
6 6

+V

Rseries

30 VRMS Rload

Rload >> Rseries

 Antenna
Sensitive headphones

"Crystal" diode

Earth ground

C1 R2

R1 C2 Vout
VP = ???
= 0.8
15 V VBB

VBB
+V

R2
R1 Load
Q1

C2 CR1

C1
R3 R4
 Source Load

Conventional flow notation used

in drawing current direction arrows

Acting as sources Acting as loads

Current increasing

Current decreasing
Voltage increasing

Voltage decreasing
Output stage of
PWM-generating
circuit
VDD
PWM signal
VDD

0V
Passive integrator
Vout
... VDD

0V
 Drive Load
circuit Vin

Drive Load
circuit Vin
 Cuk converter circuit

D Vin
Vin D Vout =
1-D

"Linear" regulator circuit types

Series regulator Shunt regulator

Vin Vout Vin Vout

Drive
circuit

Diode Load

Drive
circuit

Load
DC input
power

AC to load

Voltage waveform generated

by the inverter circuit

Normal sine wave

Normal sine wave

Modified square-wave output

Normal sine wave

a
Ratio =
a b