FLUID MECHANICS

In stream 7, it consists of biomass, itaconic acid and water. At 303.15⁰K, biomass and
itaconic acid exist as solid. So the density and viscosity can be negligible.

Density of water at 303.15 K = 995kg/m3

Viscosity of water at 303.15 K = 0.8007 x 10-3 Pa s

Mass flowrate of water

F7 = F9 = 0.0411kg/s

Using nominal pipe of 2 inch schedule number 40

d = 52.5x 10-3 m A = 21.65 x 10-3 m2

V = 𝐹/𝜌𝐴

0.0411
=
(995.68)(21.65 ×10−3 )

= 0.0191 ms-1

𝜌𝑉𝐿
Re =
𝜇

(995.68)(0.0191)(52.5 × 10−3 )
=
(0.8007 × 10−3 )

= 1244.72
Re < 2100. So it is a Laminar flow

16
f =
Re

16
=
1244.72

= 0.01285

Friction loss

1. Loss in straight pipe

𝐿 𝑉2
F = 4𝑓
𝐷 2

(20)(0.0191)2
= 4(0.01285)
(52.5×10−3 )(2)

= 0.00375 J/kg

2. Loss in fittings

𝑉2
F = Kf
2

Consists of 3 standard 90° elbows

Kf = 0.7

(0.0191)2
F = 3(0.7)
2

= 3.831 x 10-4 J/kg

3. Loss in contraction

𝐴2 𝑉2
F = 0.55(1- )( )
𝐴1 2𝛼

𝐴2
The area of fermenter is too large compared to the area of the pipe. So =0
𝐴1

It is a laminar flow. So α = 0.5

(0.0191)2
F = 0.55(1-0)
2

= 2.006 x 10-4J/kg
4. Loss in expansion

𝐴2 𝑉 2
F = (1- )( )
𝐴1 2

(0.0191)2
= (1-0) ( )
2

= 3.6481 x 10-4 J/kg

Total Friction Loss

∑F = 0.00375 + 0.0003831 + 0.0002006 + 0.00036481

= 0.0047 J/kg

Mechanical Balance Equation

1 P2 − P1
(V22 − V12 ) + + g(z2 − z1 ) + ∑F + Ws = 0
2α ρ

120000−100000
+ 9.81(4) + 0.0047 + Ws = 0
995.68

Ws = -59.33 J/kg

Suction Head Calculations

1. Contraction loss at fermenter

𝑉2
Hc = 𝐾𝑐
2

(0.0191)2
= (0.55)
2

= 0.0001 J/kg

2. Loss in straight pipe

∆𝐿 𝑉 2
F = 4f
𝐷 2

(7)(0.0191)2
= 4(0.01285)
(52.5×10−3 )(2)
 = 0.00143 J/kg

3. Loss in 90° standard elbow

𝑉2
F = Kf
2

(0.0191)2
= (0.7)
2

= 0.000128 J/kg

Head Calculations

V21 P1
H1 = + gz 1 + + ∑ F1
2 𝜌

(0.0191)2 100000
= + (9.81)(3) + + 0.001658
2 995.68

= 29.53 m2/s2

Discharge Head Calculations

1. Expansion loss

𝑉2
Hex = Kex
2
2
𝐴 (0.0191)
= (1- 𝐴2 )
1 2

= 0.000182 J/kg

2. Friction in the pipe

∆𝐿 𝑉 2
Ff = 4f
𝐷 2

(13)(0.0191)2
= 4(0.01285)
(52.5 ×10−3 )(2)

= 0.00232 J/kg

3. Friction in 90° Standard elbow

𝑉2
F = 2Kf
2
 (0.0191)2
= 2(0.7)
2

= 0.000255 J/kg

Head Calculations

V22 P2
H2 = + gz 2 + + ∑ F2
2 𝜌

(0.0191)2 120000
= + (9.81)(7) + + 0.002757
2 995.68

= 68.79 m2/s2

∆H = H2 – H1

= 39.26 m2/s2

Pump head in unit length

∆H
H =
g

39.26
=
9.81

= 4m

Net Positive Suction Head

𝑃1 𝑃𝑣𝑝 𝑉12
g(NPSH) = - + gz1 - - ∑F
𝜌 𝜌 2

100000 4242 0.01912

=( ) - (995.68) + 9.81(1) - – 0.009115
995.68 2

NPSH = 9.80 m

Pump Efficiency
F
Q =
𝜌

0.0411
= 995.68

= 0.00004127 m3/s

= 0.00248 m3/ min

 Efficiency , μ Volumetric flowrate ,

Q (m3/min)

50 0.075

62 0.19

68 0.38

75 0.76

82 1.89

85 3.8

Source: Geankoplis 2003

By extra plotting the volumetric flowrate to 0.00248 m3/ min, the efficiency of the pump is
obtained which is 42.43 %

Ws = -Wp

-59.33 = -Wp (0.4243)

Wp = 139.83 J/kg

Power in pump = FWp

= (0.0411)(139.83)

= 5.75 W