GLS411 : INTRODUCTION TO GEOMATICS

NAME : NOR AMANINA BT SARIPUTDIN

GROUP : RAP2201A
NAME LECTURE :

Assignment 1

a).Based on your knowledge, what is the scope of work the surveying applications in the
engineering project especially in construction field.

On my knowledge, construction surveying or building surveying (otherwise known as

"staking", "stake-out", "lay-out", "setting-out" or "BS") is to stake out reference points and
markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings. These
markers are usually staked out according to a suitable coordinate system selected for the
project. As modern times come and new technology comes the more accurate and more
efficient surveying has become. For example surveyors used to use two posts with a chain in
between to measure distance, this technology could only account for the distance and not the
elevation. The new technology that is used today, known as GPS can measure the distance
from point A to point B as well as accounting for the elevation differences. The new
technology is able to do this because it uses radar and radio frequencies.

b). Accuracy and Precise is the important elements in surveying. Briefly clearly the both in
survey job.

In order to really understand the relevance of accuracy and precision, we should start getting
the difference between both terms

 Accuracy can be defined as the degree or closeness to which the information on a

map matches the values in the real world. Therefore, when we refer to accuracy, we
are talking about quality of data and about number of errors contained in a certain
dataset. In GIS data, accuracy can be referred to a geographic position, but it can be
referred also to attribute, or conceptual accuracy. Accuracy refers to the closeness of a
measured value to a standard or known value. For example, if in lab you obtain a
weight measurement of 3.2 kg for a given substance, but the actual or known weight
is 10 kg, then your measurement is not accurate. In this case, your measurement is not
close to the known value.

 Precision refers how exact is the description of data. Precise data may be inaccurate,
because it may be exactly described but inaccurately gathered. (Maybe the surveyor
made a mistake, or the data was recorded wrongly into the database). Recision refers
to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other. Using the example
above, if you weigh a given substance five times, and get 3.2 kg each time, then your
measurement is very precise. Precision is independent of accuracy. You can be very
precise but inaccurate, as described above. You can also be accurate but imprecise.

A good analogy for understanding accuracy and precision is to imagine a basketball player
shooting baskets. If the player shoots with accuracy, his aim will always take the ball close to
or into the basket. If the player shoots with precision, his aim will always take the ball to the
same location which may or may not be close to the basket. A good player will be both
accurate and precise by shooting the ball the same way each time and each time making it in
the basket.

c). Hydrographic survey is the branches of surveying. Please find out the informations about
it including the objectives, scope of work, methodology of work and equipments.

Objectives : Hydrographic surveying are carried out for one or more of the following
activities.

1. Measurement of tides for sea coast workE.g. construction of sea defense works, harbors
etc, for the establishment of leveling datam and for reducing sounding.

2. Determination of bed depth, by soundings.

 For navigation
 Location of rocks, sand bars, navigation light.
 From location of under water works volumes of underwater excavation
 In connection with irrigation and land drainage schemes.

3. Determination of direction of current in connection with

 The location of sewer any pipe or channel that carry waste water out falls.
 Determination of areasubject to silt and seour the eating of the place.
 Fornication purposes
 Measurement of quantity of water and flow of water in connection of water schemes,
power scheme and flood controls.

Scope of work

Methodology of work
a). There are various methodologies in use nowadays to carry out a hydrographic survey,
depending on the end use of the survey and the size of the area to be surveyed. Vertical depth
measurements may be carried out using:
• hand-held calibrated lead sounding line
• simple engineering echosounder recording on paper
• advanced engineering echosounder recording on a data logger and linked to position fixer
via integrated software (fully automated).

b). Horizontal position fixing measurements may be carried out using.

• hand-held optical square in conjunction with a float line
• single theodolite in conjunction with a float line or twin theodolites;
• constant range tracking electronic positioning system (EPS)
• differential Global Positioning System (GPS).

Equipments

The Hydrographic Unit of NMSA needs to build its capability to conduct hydrographic
surveys independently. Conduct of hydrographic surveys includes planning, execution and
rendering of the data sets in the requisite formats for printing of nautical charts and
publications. The equipment held by the Hydrographic Unit, listed at Appendix 5, has been
lying untouched 7 for more than two years and may require repair and calibration for
deployment. The cost for making these equipment operational with latest technology would
be expensive. Following surveying equipment and a Survey Motor Boat will be the basic
requirement for conducting hydrographic surveys and it is proposed to procure the same
during second year of the project by when the Hydrographic Unit will have personnel trained
in hydrography and will be in a position to deploy the same for collecting the bathymetric
data. All the equipment will be portable for ease of mobility and deployment from any
platform.

4. The final products in survey is mapping or plan. What is the land alienation and what is the
scale which used in the mapping and why the scale must be considered when the draughtman
drawing the plan.

a). Land alienation is another mode of disposal of state land. Its means to convey or give
away a right and title of a piece of state land.

b). The following are types of map scale representation

 · The statement scale; The statement scale is when you make a statement saying
what the distance on the map represents on the ground. You may say 1 centimeter
measured on the map represents 1 kilometer measured on the ground or 1 centimeter
to 1 kilometer. Notice that the statements mention two distances. The smaller distance
refers to the map and the larger distance refers to the ground. For the statement scale,
the distance on the ground is always given in kilometers or meters. Thus, in this case,
the distance of 1 cm on the map represents a distance of 1 kilometer on the ground.

 The Representative Fraction (R. F.); The scale is given as a fraction: 1/10 or as a
ratio: 1:10. What it means is that one unit measured on the map stands for ten of the
same units on the ground. You can use any units that you are familiar with. So, you
can say 1 centimeter represents 10 cm. On most maps, the Representative Fraction is
given as a ratio, which is usually 1:50,000 on topographic maps. Note that the larger
the Representative Fraction denominator, the smaller the scale and the less detail that
can be shown. A scale of 1:25 000 will show more detail than a scale of 1:100000.
The smaller the denominator of the Representative Fraction, the larger the scale and
more detail can be shown for a given area.

 The linear scale or line scale; this is the most common scale used for maps and you
need to really know how to use it. This is a special ruler that is drawn below a map
that can be used to measure an area or distance. It is divided into a number of equal
parts. The divisions on the line scale measures map distances and the labeling will
give you the distance on the ground. To the right of zero – each scale division
represents a distance of 1 kilometre. To the left of zero – the distance representing 1
km is shown. This is subdivided into ten equal parts, each part representing a distance
of 100m. Distances can be measured and read off directly from the scale. On many
maps, two linear scales are drawn to show distance measured in the metric units,
in kilometers and metres and in imperial units, in miles, yards and feet. If asked to
measure a distance on a map, be sure to use the one that measures in metric units
(kilometers and meters), because Commonwealth countries use the metric unit of
measurement.
c).