Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
-Jaiswal Priyanka
M.Sc – II [Inorganic]
Mithibai College
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Production of X-rays
X rays can be produced in a highly evacuated glass bulb, called an X-ray
tube, that contains essentially two electrodes—an anode made of
platinum, tungsten, or another heavy metal of high melting point, and
a cathode. When a high voltage is applied between the electrodes,
streams of electrons (cathode rays) are accelerated from the cathode
to the anode and produce X rays as they strike the anode.
Cathode
Anode
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What is X-ray Diffraction?
• Diffraction occurs when each object in a periodic array
scatters radiation coherently, producing concerted
constructive interference at specific angles.
• Crystalline substances (e.g. minerals) consist of parallel
rows of atoms separated by a ‘unique’ distance, d.
• Diffraction occurs when radiation enters a crystalline
substance and is scattered
• Direction and intensity of diffraction depends on
orientation of crystal lattice with radiation
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Bragg Law
• Bragg considered crystals to be made up of parallel planes of atoms.
Incident waves are reflected specularly from parallel planes of atoms
in the crystal, with each plane reflecting only a very small fraction of
the radiation
EF = d sin θ
DE = d sin θ
DE + EF = 2d sin θ
nλ = 2d sin θ
a
d=
h2 + k 2 + l 2
Note that the smaller the spacing the higher the angle of
diffraction, i.e. the spacing of peaks in the diffraction pattern is
inversely proportional to the spacing of the planes in the lattice.
The diffraction pattern will reflect the symmetry properties of the
lattice.
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X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHODS
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1. LAUE METHOD
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ROTATING CRYSTAL METHOD
• Lattice constant of the crystal can be determined by
means of this method; for a given wavelength if the angle
at which a reflection occurs is known,
d hkl can be
determined.
a
d=
h2 + k 2 + l 2
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THE POWDER METHOD
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Debye Scherrer Camera
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Powder diffraction film
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Applications of XRD
• XRD is a nondestructive technique. Some of the uses of x-ray
diffraction are;
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BIBILOGRAPHY
1. Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, B.D. Cullity & S.R. Stock,
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (2001)
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