I C Engines and Fluid Machinery Lab

I C Engines and Fluid Machinery Laboratory P15MEL58
Experiment No – 1
FOUR STORKE DIESEL ENGINE

AIM: To conduct load test on 4 – stroke single cylinder Vertical Engine.
To study the performance characteristics of the engine.
To draw Heat Balance Sheet for the engine.
THEORY:
Explain the following components of the diesel engine:
i) Fuel injection system
ii) Governing
iii) Lubrication system
iv) Different types of Dynamometers
APPARATUS: Four Stroke Diesel Engine Test Rig.
Fig: Four Stroke Diesel Engine Test Rig

ENGINE DETAILS / SPECIFICATION AND DATA:
Cylinder Bore D = 101.6 mm
Cylinder Stroke L = 101.6 mm
Engine Power (B H P) = 10 HP
Rated Speed N = 1500 rpm
Fuel used = High speed Diesel
Specific Heat of air C pa = 1.0035 kJ/kg0K
Specific heat of water C pw = 4.187 kJ/kg0K
Gas constant R = 0.287 kJ/kg0K
Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESCE-Mandya Page 1

Barometric Pressure Pb = 706 mm of HG

0
Room temperature Ta = C
Specific Gravity of fuel S = 0.9
Calorific value of fuel CV = 44,000 kJ / kg
Orifice diameter do = 1.4 cm
FULL LOAD CALCULATIONS:

PMaximum  N
BHP 
2500
(Where P is the Maximum Load to which the Engine can be loaded and N is the rated engine
R P M)
2500  BHP
PMaxim um  kg
N
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl.
Particulars Symbol Units 1 2 3 4
No
1 Net Load on brake P kg
2 Duration of trial T Sec
Initial X1 CC
3 Fuel Measurements
Final X2 CC
OBSERVATION TABLE FOR HEAT BALANCE (FOR TRIAL NO.3)

Sl. No Particulars Symbol Units Readings
1 Cooling water measurements

o
i) Inlet temperature T1 C
o
ii) Out let temperature T2 C
iii) Mass of Bucket mb kg
iv)Mass of Bucket + water m kg
v) Mass of water only mw = (m- mb ) kg
vi) Time of collection t Sec
vii) Mass of water flowing / Sec m = mw / t kg / Sec

2 Mono meter Initial h1 cm

readings
Final h2 cm
o
3 Exhaust Gas temperature Tg C
SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:
1. Quantity of fuel consumed X   X 2  X1  cm3
X S
2. Mass of fuel consumed mf  kg / Sec
1000  T
Where S = Specific gravity of oil
T = Time taken for X cm3 of oil

consumption
3. Heat in fuel supplied to the Engine: H f  m f  CV kW
Where CV = Calorific Value of fuel
P N
4. Power Output (Brake Power) BP   0.735 kW
2500
Where P = Load on the Engine and
N = Speed of the Engine
5. Frictional Power (From William’s line Method) F. P= kW
6. Indicated Power IP  BP  FP kW
BP
7. Mechanical Efficiency  Mech 
IP

BP
8. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)  BTE  Where, Hf = Heat in fuel
Hf
supplied
m f  3600
9. Specific Fuel Consumption SFC  kg/kW-Hr
BP
CALCULATIONS FOR HEAT BALANCE
Pb  101.325
1. Atmospheric pressure Pa  kPa
760
Where, Pb = Atmospheric pressure measured by Barometer in mm of

Hg
Pb = 706 mm of Hg at Mandya (760 mm of Hg = 101.325 kPa)
Pa
2. Density of air at R.T.P a  kg / m3
R  Ta
Where R = Gas constant = 0.287 kJ/kg 0K and
Ta = Room temperature
3. Manometer reading hw  h1  h2 Mts of water
w
4. Air head causing flow Ha  h Mts of air
a w
Where  w = Density of Water = 1000 Kg/m3
  d02
5. Cross sectional Area of the Orifice Ao  m2
4
6. Velocity of Air Va  2  g  H a m / sec

7. Volume flow rate of air Qa  Cd  Ao  Va m3 / Sec
Where, Cd= Coefficient of discharge of the

Orifice.
8. Mass flow rate of air ma   a  Qa kg / Sec.
9. Mass flow rate of exhaust gas mg  ma  m f kg / Sec
HEAT BALANCE
1. Heat in fuel supplied to the Engine: H f  m f  CV kW
1. Where CV= Calorific value of Fuel = 44000

kJ/kg
2. Heat equivalent of Break Power Output of the engine (BP) = kW
3. Heat carried away by exhaust gases Qg  mg  C pa  (Tg  Ta ) kW
1. Where Cpa= Specific heat of air = 1.0035 kJ/kg 0K and

a. Ta = Room temperature
b. Tg = Exhaust Gas Temperature
4. Heat carried away by Cooling water Qw  mw  C pw (T2  T1 ) kW

Where Cpw= Specific heat of water = 4.187 kJ/kg 0K
5. Heat lost by radiation & Unaccounted losses Qu  H f  ( BP  Qg  QW ) kW

HEAT BALANCE SHEET

HEAT SUPPLIED kW % HEAT EXPENDITURE kW %
1) Heat equivalent of
Brake power (B.P)
2) Heat carried away by
Heat in Fuel supplied to Exhaust gases ( Qg)
Engine H f  m f  CV  100
3) Heat carried away by
Cooling water ( Qw)
4) Heat lost by radiation
& Unaccounted (Qu)
TOTAL 100 TOTAL
PROCEDURE:
1) Check the lubrication system of the engine and fuel tank level
2) Allow the water to Circulate through the cylinder block
3) Keep the Exhaust valve open with the help of sprigging control lever and stop peg
provided.
4) Crank the engine shaft briskly with the help of handle provided
5) When the engine picks up sufficient speed close the exhaust valve by disengaging the
sprigging control lever.
6) Load the engine with the help of Hydraulic dynamometer to required value.
7) Bring the engine speed to its rated RPM by adjusting the governor control knob.
8) Note down the following readings
i. Engine speed
ii. Initial and final fuel level
iii. Duration of trial
iv. Net brake load
9) Repeat procedure numbers 6 to 8 at different loads
10) Stop the engine by first removing the load on the engine and then cutting off the fuel
supply.
GRAPHS:
Shaft Power (x – axis) V/S Specific fuel consumption
Mechanical Efficiency
Experiment No – 2
FOUR STORKE PETROL ENGINE

AIM: To conduct Load Test on Single Cylinder Four Stroke Petrol engine and
To determine its Air / Fuel ratio at different loads
THEORY:
The test-rig consists of a four-stroke single cylinder greaves make petrol engine
coupled to electrical dynamometer. The engine is air-cooled type, hence only load test can be
conducted and heat balance cannot be done. It runs at a constant speed of 3000 rpm. The test-
rig is complete with base, air measurement system, fuel measurement system and arrangement
for temperature measurement using thermocouples.
APPARATUS: Single Cylinder Four Stroke Petrol Engine Test rig.
ENGINE DETAILS / SPECIFICATION AND DATA:

Engine Make = Greaves, MK25
Compression ratio = 4.67:1
Bore diameter = 70mm
Stroke length = 66.7mm
Displacement = 256cc
Diameter of the Orifice do =18 mm
Coefficient discharge of the Orifice Cd = 0.62
Density of water w = 1000 kg / m3
Barometric pressure Pa = 706 mm of Hg
Density of petrol f = 0.72 kg / litre
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m /sec2
Calorific value of petrol CV = 41,000 kJ / kg
Cylinder diameter D = 70 mm
Stroke length L = 66.7 mm
Generator efficiency g = 0.65
PRECAUTION:
 Do not allow the engine speed to reach above 3200 RPM
 Do not increase load on the engine above 1800 watts or 9 Amps in ammeter
 Do not run engine without engine oil

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl. No. Particulars Symbol Units 1 2 3 4
1 Speed of the Engine N RPM
2 Voltage V Volts
3 Current I Amps
Fuel Initial X1 cm3

4
Measurements
Final X2 cm3
5 Time for X cc of oil consumption T Sec
6 Water Monometer Left h1 cm
reading Right h2 cm
1. Quantity of fuel consumed X   X 2  X1  cm3
X S
1000  T
T = Time taken for X cm3 of oil consumption
V I
3. Engine Output power BP  kW
1000   g
4. Frictional Power (From William’s line Method) F. P = kW

BP
IP
m f  3600
BP
BP
8. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE)  BTE   100 %
m f  CV
AIR FUEL RATIO CALCULATIONS:
Pb  101.325
760
Where, Pb = Atmospheric pressure measured by Barometer in mm of Hg

and 760 mm of Hg = 101.325 kPa
Pa
R  Ta
Where, R = Gas constant = 0.287 kJ/kg 0K and
w
a w
Where  w = Density of Water = 1000
Kg/m3
  d02
4
Where do= Diameter of the Orifice.

8. Mass flow rate of air ma   a  Qa kg / Sec.
ma
9. Air fuel ratio 
mf
 D2   N  1
10. Engine Swept Volume Vs       L       kg / Sec
 4   60   2 
11. Mass of the engine Swept Volume ms  Vs  a kg / Sec
Where  a = Density of Air at RTP
ma
12. Volumetric Efficiency  vol 
ms
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill up water in manometer to the level shown.
2. Ensure minimum petrol level in the fuel tank and fill if necessary.
3. Ensure that the engine oil is present in the crankcase up to the mark.
4. Switch off all resistances
5. Now start the engine, by pulling the rope, and wait till the engine picks up speed to
its rated RPM (3000) Engine speed need not be adjusted as it is governed engine.
6. At this no load condition, note down manometer reading, voltage, current, and time
for 10cc of fuel consumption.
7. Put ON the switch No.1 and note down all above said reading.
8. Repeat experiment for next load condition. By switching one by one.
9. Engine can be loaded up to a maximum output power of 1.8 KW

Experiment No – 3
TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
AIM: To determine the Brake Power and efficiency of the Engine.
THEORY:
1. Explain with neat sketches the working of a Two Stroke Petrol Engine.
2. List the difference between the Two Stroke and Four Stroke Petrol Engine.
3. Derive an expression for the Air standard efficiency of Otto Cycle.
4. Explain the working of experimental setup with a neat sketch.
APPARATUS: Single Cylinder Two Stroke Petrol Engine Test Rig.
ENGINE SPECIFICATION:
Engine type: Single cylinder two stroke, reed valve type forced air cooled engine
Fuel Used: Pre mixed petrol with 2T oil (20 ml per 1.0 Liter of petrol)
Engine Bore D = 40 mm
Engine Stroke L = 39.7 mm
Engine Displacement V = 49.9 cm3
Rated Engine Speed N = 3600 RPM
Compression Ratio CR = 6.1:1
Rated Engine Output Pmax = 1.5 HP (at 3600 RPM)

GENERATOR DATA:
Generator efficiency ηg = 0.9
Rated Voltage V = 220 Volts
Rated current A = 2.25 Amps
Frequency f = 50 Hz
Rated Output = 500 VA
Maximum Output = 600 VA
GENERAL DATA:
Specific gravity of fuel (Petrol) S = 0.76 gm/cc
Energy meter constant K = 1200 Rev/kW-Hr
Calorific value of fuel CV = 44,000 kJ/Kg
Air Box Orifice diameter do = 15 mm
Co-efficient discharge of the Orifice Cd = 0.6
Density of water (w) = 1000 kg/m3
Gas constant for air (R) = 0.287 kJ/kg0 K
Atmospheric pressure (P) = 706 mm of Hg.
Quantity of fuel used (X) = 20 cc
No. of revolution of Energy meter (n) =5
Room temperature (T) =

OBSERVATION TABLE:
1 Speed of the Engine N RPM
Initial X1 cm3 10 10 10 10
2 Fuel
Measurements Final X2 cm3 30 30 30 30
3 Time for 20 cc fuel Sec

T
consumption
4 Water Monometer Left h1 cm
reading Right h2 cm
5 Time taken for n = 5 t Sec

revolutions of the energy
meter disc
SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS (FOR TRIAL NO 3)
1. Quantity of fuel consumed X   X 2  X1  = 20 cm3
X S
2. Mass of fuel consumed mf  Kg / Sec
1000  T
T = Time taken for X cm3 of fuel consumption
3600  n
3. Brake Power BP  kW
K  t  g
Where n = 5 (Number of revolutions of the energy meter)
t = Time taken for 5 revolutions of the energy meter
K = Energy meter constant

4. Frictional Power (From William’s line Method) F. P= kW
BP
IP
m f  3600
BP
BP
8. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE)  BTE   100 %
m f  CV
IP
9. Indicated thermal efficiency  ITE  %
m f  CV
CALCULATIONS FOR MASS FLOW RATE OF AIR AND AIR FUEL RATIO
Pb  101.325
760
Where, Pb = Atmospheric pressure in mm of Hg
and 760 mm of Hg = 101.325 kPa
Pa
R  Ta
Where R = Gas constant = 0.287 kJ/kg 0K and
w
a w
Where  w = Density of Water = 1000 Kg/m3

  d02
4
Where do= Diameter of the Orifice.
8. Mass flow rate of air ma   a  Qa Kg / Sec.
ma
9. Air fuel ratio 
mf
PROCEDURE:
1. Petrol is first allowed to flow into the carburetor.
2. The engine is started mechanically by pulling the rope wound around the pulley.
3. The throttle of the engine is adjusted along with the rheostat provided to get a steady
output voltage of 230 Volts.
4. The speed is maintained at the engines rated rpm=3000RPM.
5. Time taken to consume 20cc of fuel is noted at no load and the manometer reading is
noted.
6. The circuit breaker switch is closed and the lamps are switched on one by one.
7. Reading of fuel consumption and manometer are taken for every 2 lamps until all the
8 lamps are switched on.

Experiment No – 4
MORSE TEST ON MULTICYLINDER ENGINE

(Demonstration Only)
AIM: To conduct MORSE test on 4 cylinder 4 stroke petrol engine.
THEORY:
Indicated power of a Multi cylinder engine can be determined by Morse Test as follows,
Assuming ‘n’ number of Cylinders, we have
(BP) n = (IP) n - (FP)n 1
Where (FP) = Fractional Power of engine.
(BP) = Brake Power
(IP) = Indicated Power
If one of the cylinder is made inoperative then the power developed by that Cylinder
(IP) is lost. The speed of the engine will fall as the load on the engine remains same.
The engine speed can be restored to its original value by reducing the load on the
engine and keeping throttle position same. This is necessary, to maintain the FP constant,
because it is assumed that the FP is independent of load and depends only on the speed of the
engine.
When one Cylinder is cut off.
(BP) n-1 = (IP) n-1 - (FP) n 2
By subtract equation 2 from equation 1; we get the IP of the Cylinder, which is not
firing.
i.e., (BP) n – (BP) n-1 = (IP) n – (IP) n-1 = (IP) 1
Similarly, IP of all other Cylinders can be obtained one by one and then the Sum of
IP’s of all Cylinders will be total IP of the engine. This method of obtaining the IP of the
engine is known as “Morse Test”.

DATA/SPECIFICATION:
Bore (D) = 68 mms.

Stroke (L) = 75 mms.
Speed = 3000 (rpm)
No. of cylinders (N) = 4
Maximum power : 47.5 HP with standard carburetor at 5000 RPM
: 40.0 HP with economy carburetor at 4800 RPM
Calorific value of petrol = 44,000 KJ / Kg
Specific gravity of petrol (S) = 0.9
Quantity of fuel used (X) = CC
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl. No Particulars Symbol Unit 1 2 3 4
1 Load on the engine P kg
2 Speed N rpm
3 Time taken for X cc of fuel T Sec

consumption
PN
1. With all cylinders firing BP   0.735 kW
2000
PN
2. With cylinder No.1 short circuited BP   0.735 kW
2000
PN
2000

PN
2000
PN
2000
6. I.P of cylinder No. 1 (IP)1 = BP – (BP)1 kW
7. I.P of cylinder No. 2 (IP)2 = BP – (BP)2 kW
8. I.P of cylinder No. 3 (IP)3 =BP– (BP) 3 kW
9. I.P of cylinder No. 4 (IP)4 = BP– (BP)4 kW
10. I.P of the engine I. P (total)= (IP)1+ (IP)2+ (IP)3+ (IP)4 kW
BP
IP
X S
1000  T
13. Heat in fuel supplied H f  M f  CV kW
BP
14. Brake Thermal efficiency BTE 
Hf
PROCEDURE:
1. BP of the engine is first measured at a certain speed and load.
2. One of the cylinder is made inactive by short circuiting the spark plug of that
Cylinder.
3. Load on the engine is reduced to bring the Speed to the initial Value.
4. Now the BP of the three Cylinders is noted.
5. Similarly by short circuiting second, third and fourth cylinders one by one, note
down the BP of the engine

Experiment No – 5
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

AIM: To draw valve timing diagram for a four stroke diesel engine.
THEORY:
1. Explain the working of a four stroke Petrol & Diesel engines neat Sketches and the
corresponding P.V and T.S diagrams.
2. Sketch and explain the theoretical valve-timing diagram for a four strokes and two
stroke cycle engine.
3. Explain briefly the working experimental setup with a neat Sketch.
The valves of the reciprocating piston engine are opened and closed by Cam
Mechanisms. The clearances between cam, tappet & valve must be slowly taken up and the
valve slowly lifted at first, if noise and wear are to be avoided. For the same reasons, the
valve cannot be closed abruptly, else it will ‘bounce’ on its seat. Thus the valve opening &
closing periods are spread over a considerable number of crankshaft degrees. Usual practice
is to start opening the inlet valve of the four-stroke engine before T.D.C. on the exhaust
stroke.
Similarly, the slowly closing exhaust valve comes to rest after T.D.C. on the intake
stroke to avoid a rise in exhaust pressure, which would lead to backflow into the inlet
manifold. Since both valves are open at the T.D.C. position, they are said to be over lapped.
The inlet valve remains open during the early part of the compression stroke to allow
time for charging of the cylinder at high speeds & also to reduce the compression ratio at low
speeds as a means of avoiding knock in S.I. engines.
The exhaust valve opens before the power stroke is completed to allow most of the
gases to escape in the blow down process before the exhaust process is well under way.
Although a part of the energy is wasted. The lower pressure encountered on the exhaust
stroke yield a net gain at wide-open throttle and full speed.
In a vertical engine, the extreme positions of the cylinder are called Dead Centers.
The Dead Center at the highest position of the piston is the Top Dead Center (TDC) and the
Dead Center at the lowest position of the piston is the Bottom Dead Center (BDC)

Fig: Four Stroke Cycle
DATA/ SPECIFICATION:
Circumstantial length of fly wheel (C.L) = cm
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Inlet valve opens before T.D.C (X1) = cm

2. Inlet valve closes after B.D.C (X2) = cm
3. Exhaust valve opens before B.D.C (X3) = cm
4. Exhaust valve closes after T.D.C (X4) = cm

Inlet valve opens before T.D.C =360 * X1/ (C.L) Degrees
Inlet valve closes after B.D.C =360 * X2/ (C.L) Degrees
Exhaust valve opens before B.D.C =360 * X3/ (C.L) Degrees
Exhaust valve Closes after T.D.C =360 * X4/ (C.L) Degrees
PROCEDURE:
1. The flywheel of the engine is rotated till the marks on the engine and flywheel
coincide. Corresponding to the piston position at TDC.
2. The flywheel is rotated slowly in the clockwise direction (From the engine side). So
that inlet value starts to open. (i.e. To the position where the inlet value roller just
touches or rests on the cam) A mark is made on the flywheel at this position which
corresponds to the opening of inlet valve.
3. The rotation of the flywheel is continued and similar marks and made on the flywheel
corresponding to the positions at which Exhaust value opens, inlet valve closes and
exhaust valve closes.
4. The circumferential distance from flywheel mark (at T.D.C) to each of marks made
on the flywheel are measured in ‘cm’ using a tape and converted to angles in degrees.
Value timing diagram is drawn using these angles.

Experiment No – 6
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

AIM: To study the performance characteristic of a Pelton wheel turbine and to draw its
characteristic curves.
THEORY:
1. Give the Classification of turbines.
2. Define the following terms:
i) Unit Power. ii) Unit Discharge.
iii) Unit Speed. iv) Specific Speed.
3. With a neat sketch explain the working of the experimental setup.
APPARATUS: With a neat sketch explain the working principle of the experimental
setup.
Fig: Pelton Wheel

DATA/SPECIFICATION:
Specific Weight of water W = 9.81 kN/m3
Radius of break drum R= m
Initial Hook Gauge Reading h1 = m
OBSERVATION TABLE:
For head constant Hd = 20 Mts of water
Sl. GATE OPENING

Particulars Symbol Units
No ¼ ½
Final hook gauge
1 h2 cm
Reading
Spring balance
2 W1 kg
Reading
3 Dead Weight W2 kg
4 Turbine Speed N RPM
For speed constant N = 800 rpm (for ½ gate opening)

½ GATE OPENING
Sl.No Particulars Symbol Units
1 Final hook gauge h2 cm

Reading
2 Spring balance Reading W1 kg
3 Dead Weight W2 kg
4 Head of the Water H m

1) Head over V notch h  h2 ~ h1 Mts of water
5
2) Discharge Q  1.417 * h 2
m3 / Sec
3) Shaft Power Wout 

W1  W2  * 2 *  * R * N * 0.735 kW
4500
4) Input Power Win  W * Q * H kW
Wout
5) Overall Efficiency  ovrl  %
Win
N Wout
6) Specific Speed Ns  5
4
H
Wout
7) Unit power Pu  3
H2
Q
8) Unit Discharge Qu 
H
N
9) Unit Speed Nu 
H

PROCEDURE:
1. Prime the centrifugal pump which supplies water to the Pelton wheel.
2. Note down the initial hook gauge reading.
3. Open the delivery valve of the centrifugal pump completely.
4. Start the centrifugal pump
5. Operate the gate opening lever of the Pelton wheel to open the Spear valve and fix at
the required position. (1/4, ½, 3/4, or full)
6. Select a particular head over turbine.
7. Note down the following readings.
 Spring balance reading
 Weight added on the break drum
 Speed of the turbine.
 Final hook gauge reading.
8. Repeat the above procedure for various load on the break drum keeping head constant
and for a particular gate opening
9. Repeat the above procedure for different gate openings.
10. Keep the speed of the turbine constant (Say 800 rpm) for a particular gate opening
(Say 1 / 2 gate)
11. Note down the readings as in procedure (7) except speed of the turbine for different
loads.
GRAPHS:
 For constant Head Unit Speed V/s Unit Power
Unit Speed V/s Unit discharge
Unit Speed V/s Overall efficiency
 For constant Speed Discharge V/s Output Power

Discharge V/s Overall efficiency

Experiment No – 7
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
AIM: To study the performance of a single stage centrifugal pump under varying condition
of head and speed and to its draw characteristic curves.
THEORY:
1. Give the classification of centrifugal pumps.
2. Explain Priming & its methods.
3. Explain Cavitation & its prevention and Pump Losses.
4. Derive an expression for work done by impeller on water (Euler’s turbine equation)
5. With a neat sketch explain the working of a single stage centrifugal pump.
APPARATUS: With a neat sketch explain the working principle of a single stage
centrifugal pump.
Fig: Centrifugal Pump Fig: Centrifugal Pump Layout
Fig: Types of Vanes Shapes

DATA/SPECIFICATION:
Specific weight of Water W = 9.81 kN/m3
Motor efficiency ηm = 0.85
Watt meter Constant K=
Pump specifications:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
For Constant Speed N = 800 rpm.
Sl.No Particulars Symbol Units 1 2 3 4
Initial hook
1 h1 cm
gauge reading
Mts of
2 Suction Head Hs
water
Mts of
3 Delivery Head Hd
water
Final Hook
4 h2 cm
Gauge Reading
Watt meter w Watts
5
Reading
1) Total Head H  Hs  Hd Mts of Water
2) Head over V – notch h  h1 ~ h2 Mts of Water
 5
3) Discharge Q  1.417 *  h 2  m3 / Sec
 
4) Input Power Wip  w * K * m Watts
5) Output Power Wop  W * Q * H Watts
Wop
6) Overall Efficiency  ovrl  * 100 %
Wip

N* Q
H4
OBSERVATION TABLE:
For Constant head (H=5mts of water)
Sl.No Particulars Symbol Units 1 2 3 4
Initial hook
1 h1 cm
gauge reading
2 Suction Head Hs Mts of

water
3 Pump Speed N
RPM
Final Hook
4 h2 cm
Gauge Reading
Watt meter w Watts
5
Reading
1) Total Head H  Hs  Hd Mts of Water
2) Head over V – notch h  h1 ~ h2 Mts of Water
 5
3) Discharge Q  1.417 *  h 2  m3 / Sec
 
4) Input Power Wip  w * K * m Watts
5) Output Power Wop  W * Q * H Watts
Wop
6) Overall Efficiency  ovrl  * 100 %
Wip
N* Q
H4

PROCEDURE:
1. Prime the pump.
2. Keep the delivery valve in open position and make Wattmeter connections.
3. Note down the initial hook gauge reading corresponding to the crest of the V-notch.
4. Start the motor & select a particular pump speed.
5. Note down the following readings at constant speed.
a. Delivery Head.
b. Wattmeter reading.
c. Final hook gauge reading.
6. Select a constant head and note down the following readings at constant head
a. Speed of the pump
b. Wattmeter reading.
c. Final hook gauge reading.
7. Repeat the above procedure for different delivery heads and different pump speeds.
GRAPHS: `
 For constant speed Discharge V/s Head

Discharge V/s Output Power
Discharge V/s Overall Efficiency
 For constant head Discharge V/s Speed

Experiment No – 8
RECIPROCATING PUMP
AIM: To find: 1. Volumetric Efficiency 2. Overall Efficiency 3. Percentage of Slip and
To draw the performance Curves.
THEORY:
Explain the following
1. Volumetric Efficiency
2. Overall Efficiency and
3. Slip
Derive an expression for the following
1. Discharge through a Reciprocating pump and
2. Work done by a reciprocating pump. (Double acting)
APPARATUS: Explain the operation of experimental set up with a sketch.
Fig: Reciprocating Pump

DATA/SPECIFICATION:
Stroke Length: L = 0.044 m.
Diameter of the piston: D = 0.044 m.
Energy meter Constant: K = 1200 Rev/kWh.
Area of the collections tank: Ac = 0.4 x 0.4 m2
Specific weight of water W= 9.81 kN/m3
Transmission Efficiency  t = 0.85

No. of rev of energy meter N = 5

Rise in level of measuring tank: x = m
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Suction Head
1 Hs cm
Delivery Head
2 Hd KSC
Time taken for N rev of
3
the Energy meter (N=3) T Sec
Speed of the Pump
4 Np Rpm
Time taken for X cms
5 rise in water level in the t Sec
tank.
 *d 2
1. Cross sectional area of piston Q m2
4
x * Ac
2. Actual Discharge Qact  m3 / Sec
t
2* L * A* N
3. Theoretical Discharge Qthe  m3 / Sec
60
4.Total Head H  Hs  Hd Mts of water.
5. Pump Output Pout  W * Q * H kW

N * 3600 * t
6. Input to the pump Pin  kW
K *T
Qact
7. Volumetric Efficiency  vol 
Qthe
Pout
8. Overall Efficiency  ovrl 
Pin
Qthe  Qact
9. Percentage of Slip Slip  *100 %
Qthe
PROCEDURE:
1. Prime the Pump.
2. Open the delivery valve and start the motor.
3. By operating the delivery valve make the delivery head Constant.
4. Note down the following readings:
 Speed of Pump.
 Suction Head.
 Delivery head.
 Time taken for x cm Rise in level of water in the collecting tank.
 Time taken for N revolutions of the energy meter.
5. Repeat the experiment for different values of delivery head.
GRAPHS:
Delivery head V/s Percentage ship
Delivery head V/s Actual discharge
Delivery head V/s Volumetric efficiency
Delivery head V/s Overall Efficiency

Experiment No – 9
AIR COMPRESSOR
AIM: To find Volumetric Efficiency, Isothermal Efficiency and to draw characteristic
curves.
THEORY: Write short notes on:

 Classification of Air Compressor.
 Advantages of multi stage compression.
 Uses of compressed air.
Define:
 Volumetric Efficiency
 Isothermal Efficiency
 Displacement of compressor.
Derive Expressions for:
 Volumetric Efficiency
 Work done in two stage compressor
 Optimum intermediate pressure with perfect and imperfect inter cooling.
APPARATUS: Two stage air compressor with air-cooled type intermediate intercooler.
With a neat sketch, explain the working of a two-stage air compressor.
Fig: Two stage reciprocating air compressor test rig

DATA/SPECIFICATION:
Energy meter constant (K) = 300 rev / kW-h
Orifice diameter of air (d) = 20 mm
L.P. Cylinder bore (D) = 80 mm
L.P. Cylinder stroke (L) = 89 mm
Barometer pressure (Pb) = 706 mm of Hg
Density of water (w) = 1000 kg / m3
Gas constant (R) = 0.287 KJ/kg 0K
Area of the orifice (A) = π x d2 / 4 m2

0
Normal temperature (T0) = 288 C
Normal pressure (P0) = 101.325 KPa
Belt transmission efficiency (ηt) = 0.85
Coefficient of Discharge (Cd) = 0.64

0
Room temperature (Ta) = K
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl. Trails
Particular Symbol Unit
No 1 2 3 4
1. Delivery Pressure Pd kPa
2. Manometer Left h1 cm
Reading
Right
h2 cm
3. Time for 5 rev of Energy

T Sec
meter disc
4. Speed of
Nc rpm
Compressor
5. Speed of Motor
Nm rpm

Pb  101.325
760
Pa
2. Density at R.T.P a  kg / m 3
R  Ta
3. Manometer reading h  h1  h2 Mts of water
w
4. Air head causing flow H h Mts of air
a
5. Actual Volume of air Va  Cd  A  2gH m 3 /Sec

Compressor
Pa  To
6. Actual Volume of air at N.T.P Vo   Va m 3 /Sec
Po  Ta
D 2  L Nc
7. Theoretical Volume of air Vth   m 3 /Sec
4 60
Compressor
Vo
8. Volumetric efficiency  vol   100 %
Vth
( Pd  Pa )
9. Pressure Ratio Rp 
Pa

3600  5
10. Power input to compressor Wc  kW
TK
11. Isothermal work done Wiso  Pa  Va  ln( R p ) kW
Wiso
12. Isothermal Efficiency  iso   100 %
Wc
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the level of lubricating oil.

2. Open & release if there is any compressed air left in the storage tank & close the exit
valve.
3. Adjust the dynamometer by rotating the knob so that the balance reads zero.
4. Start the compressor.
5. Adjust the delivery valve until the required outlet pressure is reached.
6. Make the points of dynamometer to coincide by adjusting the loading handle.
7. Note down the following readings
i. Manometer reading ii. Speed of compressor
iii. Delivery pressure iv. Time taken for ‘n’ rev of energy meter.
8. Repeat the experiment for different outlet pressure.
GRAPHS:
i) Volumetric Efficiency V/S Pressure Ratio. (X – Axis)
ii) Isothermal Efficiency V/S Pressure Ratio. (X – Axis)

Experiment No – 10
CENTRIFUGAL BLOWER
AIM:
1) To find the mechanical efficiency of the blower and
2) To draw the characteristics curves.
THEORY:
Explain the following briefly
i) Types of vane shapes with figures and their advantages
ii) Characteristics of different vane shapes.
iii) Vane shape and their efficiency.
APPARATUS:
Explain the working of experimental set up with a neat sketch.
DATA/SPECIFICATION:
Energy meter constant K = 75 Rev / kW-h
Transmission Efficiency t = 85 %
Outer dia. of Venturimeter Do = 125 mm
Inner dia. of Venturimeter Di = 95 mm
 Cp 
Ratio of Specific Heats    = 1.4
 Cv 
Gas constant R = 0.287 KJ / Kg 0K
Barometric pressure Pb = 706 mm or Hg
Delivery of water w = 1000 Kg/ m 3
  D0 2
Outer area of Venturimeter A1 
4
  Di 2
Inner area of Venturimeter A2 
4
A1
Area ratio Ar 
A2
0
Room temp Ta = K
Blower specifications: Speed =

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl. Trials
Particulars Symbol Unit
No. 1 2 3 4
1. Suction Pressure
h1 cm
2 Delivery Pressure
h2 cm
Head across
3.
Venturimeter h3 cm
Time taken for 3 rev of the
4.
energy meter disc t Sec
Speed of Blower.
5. N RPM
Pb  101.325
760
Pa
2. Density at R T P  kg/m3
R  Ta
3. Suction Pressure P1  Pa  9.81 h1 kPa
4. Delivery Pressure P2  Pa  9.81 h2 kPa
w
5. Air head causing flow H  h3 Mts of air
a
through the Venturimeter

A1  A2  2 gH
6. Volume flow rate Q m3/sec
A1  A2
2 2
7. Mass flow rate of air M a  Q  a kg/ Sec
  1 
   

R  Ta     1
P
8. Work done on air /kg W 2
kJ/kg
 1
 1 
P

3  3600  t
9. Input to Blower I .P  kW
tK
10. Air Power O.P  M a  W kW
O.P
11. Efficiency   100 %
I .P
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the outlet valve of the blower and check the monometer connections.
2. Start the blower and adjust the valve to the required position.
3. Note down the following readings
i. Suction Pressure
ii. Delivery Pressure
iii. Pressure drop across Venturimeter
iv. Time taken for 3 revolutions of energy meter.
v. Repeat the experiment for different positions of the valve
4. Change impeller of the blower and repeat the above procedure.
GRAPHS: Head v/s η

Head v/s Q

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I C Engines and Fluid Machinery Laboratory P15MEL58

FOUR STORKE DIESEL ENGINE

Fig: Four Stroke Diesel Engine Test Rig

Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESCE-Mandya Page 1

Barometric Pressure Pb = 706 mm of HG

FULL LOAD CALCULATIONS:

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR HEAT BALANCE (FOR TRIAL NO.3)

1 Cooling water measurements

iii) Mass of Bucket mb kg

iv)Mass of Bucket + water m kg

v) Mass of water only mw = (m- mb ) kg

vi) Time of collection t Sec

vii) Mass of water flowing / Sec m = mw / t kg / Sec

Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESCE-Mandya Page 2

2 Mono meter Initial h1 cm

1. Quantity of fuel consumed X   X 2  X1  cm3

Where S = Specific gravity of oil

T = Time taken for X cm3 of oil

3. Heat in fuel supplied to the Engine: H f  m f  CV kW

Where CV = Calorific Value of fuel

N = Speed of the Engine

5. Frictional Power (From William’s line Method) F. P= kW

Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESCE-Mandya Page 3

CALCULATIONS FOR HEAT BALANCE

Where, Pb = Atmospheric pressure measured by Barometer in mm of

Pb = 706 mm of Hg at Mandya (760 mm of Hg = 101.325 kPa)

Where R = Gas constant = 0.287 kJ/kg 0K and

3. Manometer reading hw  h1  h2 Mts of water

6. Velocity of Air Va  2  g  H a m / sec

Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESCE-Mandya Page 4

7. Volume flow rate of air Qa  Cd  Ao  Va m3 / Sec

Where, Cd= Coefficient of discharge of the

8. Mass flow rate of air ma   a  Qa kg / Sec.

9. Mass flow rate of exhaust gas mg  ma  m f kg / Sec

1. Heat in fuel supplied to the Engine: H f  m f  CV kW

1. Where CV= Calorific value of Fuel = 44000

2. Heat equivalent of Break Power Output of the engine (BP) = kW

3. Heat carried away by exhaust gases Qg  mg  C pa  (Tg  Ta ) kW

1. Where Cpa= Specific heat of air = 1.0035 kJ/kg 0K and

4. Heat carried away by Cooling water Qw  mw  C pw (T2  T1 ) kW

5. Heat lost by radiation & Unaccounted losses Qu  H f  ( BP  Qg  QW ) kW

Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESCE-Mandya Page 5

HEAT BALANCE SHEET

FOUR STORKE PETROL ENGINE

APPARATUS: Single Cylinder Four Stroke Petrol Engine Test rig.

ENGINE DETAILS / SPECIFICATION AND DATA:

Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESCE-Mandya Page 7

1 Speed of the Engine N RPM

Fuel Initial X1 cm3

6 Water Monometer Left h1 cm

1. Quantity of fuel consumed X   X 2  X1  cm3

Where S = Specific gravity of oil

T = Time taken for X cm3 of oil consumption

4. Frictional Power (From William’s line Method) F. P = kW

Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESCE-Mandya Page 8

AIR FUEL RATIO CALCULATIONS:

Where, Pb = Atmospheric pressure measured by Barometer in mm of Hg

Where, R = Gas constant = 0.287 kJ/kg 0K and

3. Manometer reading hw  h1  h2 Mts of water

6. Velocity of Air Va  2  g  H a m / sec

Department of Mechanical Engineering, PESCE-Mandya Page 9

7. Volume flow rate of air Qa  Cd  Ao  Va m3 / Sec

8. Mass flow rate of air ma   a  Qa kg / Sec.

11. Mass of the engine Swept Volume ms  Vs  a kg / Sec