Videosignalverarbeitung, 2-D Signal Processing

Continuation window method:

The effect of the separable and the circular symmetric
window method can be seen in following picture:

From: Jae S. Lim: Two Dimensional Signal and Image

Processing
There are more practical window functions than the
rectangular window. The rectangular window often leads to
not enough stop band attenuation (the stop band is the
frequency range which we would like to remove, but with
real filters we only get a certain attenuation of these
frequencies). Hence improved windows leading to higher
stop band attenuation are useful:
The Hamming Window:
𝜋𝑡
0.54 + 0.46 cos � � , |𝑡| < 𝜏
𝑤𝑎 (𝑡) = � 𝜏
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
The Kaiser Window:

⎧𝐼 �𝛼�1 − � 𝑡 �2 �
⎪0 𝜏
𝑤𝑎 (𝑡) = , |𝑡| < 𝜏
⎨ 𝐼0 (𝛼)
⎪
⎩ 0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
These window functions can now be applied in the same way
as we saw for the rectangular window: separable along the
axis, or circular symmetric around zero.
The following picture shows example frequency responses of
these windows:
From: Jae S. Lim: Two Dimensional Signal and Image
Processing
Observe: we have a trade-off between the width of the main
lobe and the stop band attenuation. This leads to
corresponding properties of the resulting filters. These are
the ideal filters multiplied with these window functions,
hence the frequency response is the convolution of the ideal
frequency response with the frequency response of the
window function. This means the width of the main lobe of
the frequency response of the window function determines
the width of the transition band of our resulting filter. The
size of the ripples of the frequency response of the window
determines the stop band attenuation of the resulting filter.
The following shows an example of a resulting low pass filter:
From: Jae S. Lim: Two Dimensional Signal and Image
Processing

The next example shows a band pass filter:

From: Jae S. Lim: Two Dimensional Signal and Image
Processing
 Image Enhancement
Gray scale modification:
The intensity distribution of the pixels of an image can be
analyzed using a so-called Histogram, which is, in principle,
the probability density function of the intensity (luminosity)
in an image.
We can change this distribution by applying functions which
map intensities to (other) intensities. Example:
From: Jae S. Lim: Two Dimensional Signal and Image
Processing
The resulting histograms of original and modified picture can
be seen in the following picture:
From: Jae S. Lim: Two Dimensional Signal and Image
Processing

By using this mapping or function for the intensity, we now

obtain a new histogram or probability density function.
Observe: The modified image has a broader histogram, where
almost all intensities are used. This is useful to better use a
display. The resulting modified picture appears with more
contrast (and brighter).