Dummie Funciones y Modelos Parte 2

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Describing the
Relation Between
Two Variables
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Describing the Relation Between Two...

Quiz
1. A scatter diagram shows the relationship among which of the following?

[Hint]
univariate qualitative data

univariate quantitative data
bivariate qualitative data
bivariate quantitative data
2. The Sanchez household is about to install solar panels to reduce the cost of
heating their house. In order to know how much the solar panels help, they
record their consumption of natural gas before the panels are installed. The
table below gives the data for 16 months. Heating degree-days are the
usual measure of demand for heating. One degree-day is accumulated for
each degree a day’s average temperature falls below 65 degrees. An
average temperature of 20 degrees Fahrenheit, for example, corresponds to
45 degree-days.
Month Degree-days Gas (100 cu. ft.)

Nov. 24 6.3
Dec. 51 10.9
Jan. 43 8.9
Feb. 33 7.5
Mar. 26 5.3
Apr. 13 4.0
May 4 1.7
June 0 1.2
July 0 1.2
Aug. 1 1.2
Sept. 6 2.1
Oct. 12 3.1
Nov. 30 6.4
Dec. 32 7.2
Jan. 52 11.0
Feb. 30 6.9
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Source: Robert Dale, Purdue University
What is the response variable? [Hint]
amount of natural gas consumed

number of heating degree-days
months
temperature
3. Refer back to question two. Make a scatter diagram of the data set. What
type of relation appears to exist between the two variables? [Hint]
negative linear association

no relation
nonlinear association
positive linear association
4. Refer back to question two. What is the linear correlation coefficient,

rounded to three decimal places? [Hint]
0.189
–0.995
0.995
1.089
5. Refer back to your result from question 4. Based on the value of the linear
correlation coefficient, what can be concluded? [Hint]
There is evidence of no linear association between the two variables.
There is almost a perfect negative linear association between the two

variables.
The number of heating degree-days causes specific natural gas
consumptions.
There is almost a perfect positive linear association between the two
variables.
6. Refer back to question two. What is the equation of the line that contains
the points (13, 4.0) and (52, 11). [Hint]
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y = 4x + 11
y = 7/39x + 61/3
y = 13x + 52
y = 7/39x + 5/3
7. Refer back to question two. Find the equation of the least-squares

regression line. [Hint]
y = 1.09x + 0.19
y = –0.19x + 1.19
y = 0.99x + 0.95
y = 0.19x + 1.09
8. Refer back to question seven. Based on the equation of the least-squares

regression line, predict the natural gas consumption for 48 degree-days.
[Hint]
52.51
7.93
10.21
48.47
9. Refer back to question two. What are the residuals for this data set,
rounded to two decimal places? [Hint]
{0.67, 0.17, –0.32, 0.17, –0.70, 0.45, –0.15, 0.11, 0.11, –0.08, –0.12,
–0.26, –0.36, 0.06, 0.08, 0.14}
{0.22, –0.27, 0.22, –0.66, 0.50, –0.10, 0.15, 0.15, –0.39, –0.08, –0.21,
–0.31, 0.11, 0.14, 0.19}
{19.42, 0.82, –0.20, –0.37, –1.70, –1.40, –2.59, –2.60, –2.60, –2.72,
–2.44, –2.18, –1.10, –0.54, 0.79, –0.60}
{–0.67, –0.17, 0.32, –0.17, 0.70, –0.45, 0.15, –0.11, –0.11, 0.08, 0.12,
0.26, 0.36, –0.06, –0.08, –0.14}
10 . How does the fuel consumption of a car change as its speed increases?
Here are data for a British Ford Escort. Speed is measured in kilometers per
hour, and fuel consumption is measured in liter of gasoline used per 100
kilometers traveled.
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Speed Fuel Used (liters/100

(km/h) km)
10 21.00
20 13.00
30 10.00
40 8.00
50 7.00
60 5.90
70 6.30
80 6.95
90 7.57
100 8.27
110 9.03
120 9.87
130 10.79
140 11.77
150 12.83
Source: T.N. Lam, “Estimating fuel consumption from engine size,”

Journal of Transportation Engineering, 111 (1985), pp. 339-357
What is the predictor variable? [Hint]
fuel consumption
liters/100km
speed
km/h
11 . Refer back to question ten. What is the linear correlation coefficient,

rounded to two decimal places? [Hint]
–0.17
11.06
–0.01
0.03
12 . Refer back to question eleven. Based on the value of the linear correlation
coefficient, what conclusion can you make? [Hint]
There is a strong, negative, linear association between the two
4 of 11 10/16/2010 9:23 PM
variables.
There is evidence of no linear relationship between the two variables.
There is a perfect positive linear association between the two variables.
There is a strong, positive, linear association between the two

variables.
13 . Refer back to question ten. What is the equation of the least-squares

regression line? [Hint]
y = 11.06x – 0.01
y = 0.03x + 0.17
y = 0.17x + 0.03
y = –0.01x + 11.06
14 . Refer back to question thirteen. Based on the equation of the least-squares

regression line, predict the fuel consumption for a speed of 78 km/h. [Hint]
13.29
2.51
10.28
862.67
15 . Refer back to question ten. What are the residuals for this data set, rounded
to two decimal places? [Hint]
{–10.09, –2.24, 0.62, 2.47, 3.33, 4.28, 3.73, 2.94, 2.17, 1.32, 0.42,
–0.57, –1.64, –2.76, –3.97}
{–47.66, –53.74, –49.77, –43.79, –35.80, –28.01, –17.20, –5.90, 5.35,
16.75, 28.28, 39.97, 51.82, 63.79, 75.92}
{1.68, 4.69, 1.55, –0.59, –1.73, –2.96, –2.70, –2.19, –1.71, –1.15, –0.53,
0.17, 0.95, 1.80, 2.72}
{10.09, 2.24, –0.62, –2.47, –3.33, –4.28, –3.73, –2.94, –2.17, –1.32,
–0.42, 0.57, 1.64, 2.76, 3.97}
16 . The Sanchez household is about to install solar panels to reduce the cost of
heating their house. In order to know how much the solar panels help, they
record their consumption of natural gas before the panels are installed. The
table below gives the data for 16 months. Heating degree-days are the
5 of 11 10/16/2010 9:23 PM
usual measure of demand for heating. One degree-day is accumulated for

each degree a day’s average temperature falls below 65 degrees. An
average temperature of 20 degrees Fahrenheit, for example, corresponds to
45 degree-days.
Month Degree-days Gas (100 cu. ft.)

Nov. 24 6.3
Dec. 51 10.9
Jan. 43 8.9
Feb. 33 7.5
Mar. 26 5.3
Apr. 13 4.0
May 4 1.7
June 0 1.2
July 0 1.2
Aug. 1 1.2
Sept. 6 2.1
Oct. 12 3.1
Nov. 30 6.4
Dec. 32 7.2
Jan. 52 11.0
Feb. 30 6.9
Source: Robert Dale, Purdue University
What is the coefficient of determination, rounded to three decimal places?

[Hint]
0.991
0.189
0.995
1.089
17 . How does the fuel consumption of a car change as its speed increases?
Here are data for a British Ford Escort. Speed is measured in kilometers per
hour, and fuel consumption is measured in liter of gasoline used per 100
kilometers traveled.
Speed (km/h) Fuel Used (liters/100 km)

10 21.00
20 13.00
30 10.00
6 of 11 10/16/2010 9:23 PM
40 8.00
50 7.00
60 5.90
70 6.30
80 6.95
90 7.57
100 8.27
110 9.03
120 9.87
130 10.79
140 11.77
150 12.83
Source: T.N. Lam, “Estimating fuel consumption from engine size,”

Journal of Transportation Engineering, 111 (1985), pp. 339–357
What is the coefficient of determination, rounded to three decimal places?

[Hint]
0.029
0.172
0.111
0.015
18 . Refer back to question two. The value coefficient of determination can be

interpreted in which of the following ways? [Hint]
Speed explains 2.9% of the variation in fuel consumption.

Speed explains 17% of the variation in fuel consumption.
Speed explains 15% of the variation in fuel consumption.
Fuel consumption explains 2.9% of the variation in speed.
19 . How do you construct a residual plot? [Hint]
Plot the predictor variable along the horizontal axis and the response
variable along the vertical axis.
Plot the predictor variable along the horizontal axis and the residuals
along the vertical axis.
Plot the response variable along the horizontal axis and the predictor
variable along the vertical axis.
7 of 11 10/16/2010 9:23 PM
Plot the residuals along the horizontal axis and the response variable
along the vertical axis.
20 . What criteria are necessary in a residual plot in order for a linear model to
be appropriate? [Hint]
The variance of the residuals is constant.

A discernable pattern is not visible.
both of the above
Residuals must be greater than –50 and less than 50.
21 . Refer back to question one. Is a linear model appropriate for this data set?
[Hint]
It cannot be determined.
Yes
No, because a discernable pattern is visible.
No, because the variance of the residuals is not constant.
22 . Refer back to question two. Is a linear model appropriate for this data set?
[Hint]
It cannot be determined.
No, because a discernable pattern is visible.
Yes
No, because the variance of the residuals is not constant.
23 . In analyzing a scatter diagram, how do we determine if outliers are present?

[Hint]
Construct a residual plot.

Construct a boxplot of the residuals.
both of the above
Determine if any z-scores are less than –3 or greater than 3.
24 . Which of the following represents an observation that significantly affects

the value of the slope and/or intercept? [Hint]
influential observation
8 of 11 10/16/2010 9:23 PM
neither an influential observation nor an outlier

both an influential observation and an outlier
outlier
25 . Change the exponential expression, 1.23 = m, to an equivalent expression

involving a logarithm. [Hint]
m = log 31.2
3 = log 1.2m
1.2 = log 3m
m = log 1.23
26 . Change the logarithmic expression, log 35 = c, to an equivalent expression

involving an exponent. [Hint]
c3 = 5
3c = 5
53 = c
5c = 3
27 . Write the following expression as a sum of logarithms. Express powers as

factors.
log d (a3b 7) [Hint]
3log d a + 7log d b
log d b 3 + log d a7
log d a3 + log d b 7
7log d a + 3log d b
28 . Evaluate the following logarithmic expression. Round your answer to three

decimal places.
log 6.2 [Hint]
0.792
1584893.192
1.792
9 of 11 10/16/2010 9:23 PM
1.825
29 . Beth is interested in finding a function that explains the closing price of Dell
Computer stock at the end of each month. She obtains the following data:
Date Closing Price

Nov-96 6.3516
Dec-96 6.6406
Jan-97 8.2656
Feb-97 8.8906
Mar-97 8.4531
Apr-97 10.4609
May-97 14.0625
Jun-97 14.6797
Jul-97 21.375
Aug-97 20.5156
Sep-97 24.2188
Oct-97 20.0312
Nov-97 21.0469
Dec-97 21
Jan-98 24.8594
Feb-98 34.9688
Mar-98 33.875
Apr-98 40.375
May-98 41.2031
Jun-98 46.4062
Jul-98 54.2969
Aug-98 50
Sep-98 65.75
Oct-98 65.5
Nov-98 60.8125
Using a graphing utility, fit an exponential model to this data, rounded to five
decimal places. Let 1 represent November 1996, 2 represent December
1996, and so on. [Hint]
y = 6.27284x + 1.10426
y = 1.10426(6.27284)x
y = 6.27284(1.10426)x
y = 1.10426x + 6.27284
10 of 11 10/16/2010 9:23 PM
30 . Scott drops a ball from various heights and records the time it takes for the
ball to hit the ground. Using a motion detector connected to his graphing
calculator, he collects the following data:
Time t 1.528 2.015 3.852 4.154 4.625

(seconds)
Distance s 11.46 19.99 72.41 84.45 104.23
(meters)
Using a graphing utility, fit a power model to this data, rounded to three
decimal places. [Hint]
y = 4.934x1.993
y = 1.993x4.934
y = 1.993x + 4.934
y = 4.934x + 1.993
Answer choices in this exercise are randomized and will appear in a different order
each time the page is loaded.
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Statistics: Informed Decisions Using Data http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_sullivan_statistics_1/7/1863/477097.cw/too...

Describing the Relation Between Two...

1. A scatter diagram shows the relationship among which of the following?

univariate qualitative data

Month Degree-days Gas (100 cu. ft.)

Source: Robert Dale, Purdue University

What is the response variable? [Hint]

amount of natural gas consumed

negative linear association

4. Refer back to question two. What is the linear correlation coefficient,

There is evidence of no linear association between the two variables.

There is almost a perfect negative linear association between the two

7. Refer back to question two. Find the equation of the least-squares

8. Refer back to question seven. Based on the equation of the least-squares

Speed Fuel Used (liters/100

Source: T.N. Lam, “Estimating fuel consumption from engine size,”

What is the predictor variable? [Hint]

11 . Refer back to question ten. What is the linear correlation coefficient,

There is a strong, negative, linear association between the two

There is a perfect positive linear association between the two variables.

There is a strong, positive, linear association between the two

13 . Refer back to question ten. What is the equation of the least-squares

14 . Refer back to question thirteen. Based on the equation of the least-squares

usual measure of demand for heating. One degree-day is accumulated for

Month Degree-days Gas (100 cu. ft.)

Source: Robert Dale, Purdue University

What is the coefficient of determination, rounded to three decimal places?

Speed (km/h) Fuel Used (liters/100 km)

Source: T.N. Lam, “Estimating fuel consumption from engine size,”

What is the coefficient of determination, rounded to three decimal places?

18 . Refer back to question two. The value coefficient of determination can be

Speed explains 2.9% of the variation in fuel consumption.

19 . How do you construct a residual plot? [Hint]

The variance of the residuals is constant.

23 . In analyzing a scatter diagram, how do we determine if outliers are present?

Construct a residual plot.

24 . Which of the following represents an observation that significantly affects

neither an influential observation nor an outlier

25 . Change the exponential expression, 1.23 = m, to an equivalent expression

26 . Change the logarithmic expression, log 35 = c, to an equivalent expression

27 . Write the following expression as a sum of logarithms. Express powers as

log d (a3b 7) [Hint]

28 . Evaluate the following logarithmic expression. Round your answer to three

log 6.2 [Hint]

Date Closing Price

Time t 1.528 2.015 3.852 4.154 4.625

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