Power Systems Engineering: Per Unit System - Practice Problem Solved For Easy Understanding

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Power Systems Engineering
Per Unit System – Practice Problem Solved

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Let’s understand the concept of per unit system by solving an example. In the one-line Join 975 other subscribers
diagram below, the impedance of various components in a power system, typically derived
from their nameplates, are presented. The task now is to normalize these values using a
common base.
Per Per Unit System - Practice

Unit
Problem Solved For Easy
Understanding
Power Power Circuit Breaker -

Circuit
Operation and Control
Scheme
Figure 1: Oneline Diagram Of A Power System

What What Do Symmetrical,
Do
Asymmetrical,
Now that you have carefully examined the system and its parameters, the equivalent
Momentary, Interrupting,
impedance diagram for the above system would look something like the following.
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Mean?
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Cable
System Grounding
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Figure 2: Impedance Diagram Of A Power System
1 of 13 2018-11-27, 6:30 AM
Resistive impedance for most components have been ignored. Rotating machines have been
replaced with a voltage source behind their internal reactance. Capacitive effects between
lines and to ground are ignored as well.
To obtain the new normalized per unit impedances, first we need to figure out the base
values (Sbase, Vbase, Zbase) in the power system. Following steps will lead you through the
process.
Step 1: Assume a system base

Assume a system wide of 100MVA. This is a random assumption and chosen to make
calculations easy when calculating the per unit impedances.
So, = 100MVA
Step 2: Identify the voltage base

Voltage base in the system is determined by the transformer. For example, with a 22/220kV
voltage rating of T1 transformer, the on the primary side of T1 is 22kV while the
secondary side is 220kV. It does not matter what the voltage rating of the other components
are that are encompassed by the zone.
See figure below for the voltage bases in the system.
Figure 3: Voltage Base In The Power System
Step 3: Calculate the base impedance
The base impedance is calculated using the following formula:
Ohms…………………………………………………………………..(1)
For T-Line 1: = 484 Ohms
For T-Line 2: = 121 Ohms
For 3-phase load: = 1.21 Ohms
Close and accept
Step 4: Calculate the per unit impedance
2 of 13 2018-11-27, 6:30 AM
The per unit impedance is calculated using the following formulas:
……………………………………………………………………………..(2)
……………………………….(3)
The voltage ratio in equation (3) is not equivalent to transformers voltage ratio. It is the
ratio of the transformer’s voltage rating on the primary or secondary side to the system
nominal voltage on the same side.
For T-line 1 using equation (2): = 0.1 pu
For T-line 2 using equation (2): = 0.5 pu
For 3-Phase load:
Power Factor:
Thus,
= 1.1495+j1.53267 Ohms
Per unit impedance of 3-phase load using equation (2)= = 0.95+j1.2667 pu
For generator, the new per unit reactance using equation (3)
= 0.2 pu
For transformer T1: = 0.2 pu
For Motor, = 0.25 pu
The equivalent impedance network with all the impedances normalized to a common system
base and the appropriate voltage base is provided below.
Close and accept
3 of 13 2018-11-27, 6:30 AM
Per Unit Impedance Diagram
To view full load amps due to motor load and inductive load at Bus 2, see this post.
Summary:
1. Assume a Sbase for the entire system.

2. The Vbase is defined by the transformer and any off-nominal tap setting it may have.
3. Zbase is derived from the Sbase and Vbase.

4. The new per unit impedance is obtained by converting the old per unit impedance on old
base values to new ones. See equations (2) and (3).
*****
base values per unit per unit impedances per unit system per unit value Power transformers
57 Responses to Per Unit System – Practice Problem Solved For

Easy Understanding
Abiodun says:
Please can you prove the change of base formula
Close and accept
4 of 13 2018-11-27, 6:30 AM
Shawn says:
Please kindly assist with the cable schedule for a 15MW,11KV gas turbine
generating set to the switching substation. The distance is 4.5km putting
into consideration 15%
Nimal Diunugala says:
I like to be in contact. Do you offer PE Electrical (Power) classes?
Per Unit System: Problem Solved For Easy Understanding

(continued) | Power Systems Engineering says:
[…] This post is a continuation of Per Unit System – Practice Problem

Solved for Easy Understanding. […]
Tom says:
Can someone help please how can i calculate R and X from p.u. to base
units?
samantha says:
please help: Three transformers each rated 25 MVA, 38. 1 /3.81 kV are
connected star-delta with a balanced load of three 0.6?, Y-connected
resistors. Choose a base of 75 MVA, 66 kV for the high-voltage side of the
transformer and specify the base for the low-voltage side. Determine the
per-unit resistance of the load on the base for the low-voltage side. Then,
determine the load resistance R_L i n ohms referred to the high-voltage
side and the per-unit value of this resistance on the chosen base.
daran says:
please add more
Rusty says:
Shouldn’t the 3-ph load be multiplied by (100/57)?
Mian Faizan says:
Love it.. A job well done.
Close and accept
5 of 13 2018-11-27, 6:30 AM
PAUL PEREZ says:
HELP! How do determine the equivalent three phase impedance of three

single phase transformer? Example. Three each of 10 kva transformer,
7.52kv-240V, wiith an individual impedance of 4%. What is the equivalent

impedance when they are connected in three phase at 30 kva.
Admin says:
@sayonsom
What we developed in this exercise is a positive sequence network. A
transformer’s winding configuration does not affect it. The positive
sequence network is good for calculating balanced load current and 3

phase faults (not involving ground).
The zero sequence network however does get affected by transformer

winding configuration. Delta and ungrounded Y have a big impact in the
design of zero sequence impedance network.
You will need a zero sequence network for unsymmetrical fault current
analysis like L-G or L-L-G etc.
I am getting into symmetrical components with this discussion.
Vanjinathan P says:
good thing, to see a dedicated power system website.
sayonsom says:
How does the calculations change if the transformers are Y-Y or Y-Delta
connected in different parts of the network?
Shalini says:
Awesome !!! Best explanation ever.. thank u
Naz says:
good job. its a comprehensive article. Appreciate your hard work
Jathin says:
Thanks a lot.. Nice elaboration..

Close and accept
6 of 13 2018-11-27, 6:30 AM
Ashwin says:
Can someone tell me what would happen if for T2 and T4, the Primary and
Secondary were swapped i.e. T2 would be 11/220 and T4 would be11/110?
I have a simialr problem and I am getting two different values for Vbase4.
narayan says:
IJAJ :what do you mean by….. s*-??

ans: it mean conjugate of S i.e changing sign of angle only
mike: When calculating Xtl2 using (22/22) . Vbase in T2 is 220 primary
and 11 secondary, 220 come from?
ans: in all transformer we are allowed only take primary or secondary as

reference. here primary is taken
Harsh says:
sir how to choose base kv value transformer? some time you take (22/22)
nd sometime (10.45/11)
Aslam says:
Hi, thanks for the nice sharing,
I wana know how to model delta-grounded y transformer for load flow
calculation.thanks
tuafi says:
nice job dude, highly comprehensible and presise, thumbs up
CJ says:
Good example of the method but pay attention the generator can supply
only 90MVA the loads absorb 57 + 66.5 =123.5 MVA the network will in
reality overload or under power the loads
Amey says:
if the transformer’s secondary is grounded by a neutral impedance then

how to proceed with the calculations please suggest with an example
demis
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7 of 13 2018-11-27, 6:30 AM
is that posible to calculate each parameter without giving a base voltage?
adel ahmed says:
good job
IJAJ says:
what do you mean by….. s*-??
an says:
Can we find the short circuit current at each end?
samuel says:
A load of 50mw at 0.8 power factor lagging is taken from the 33kv.( taking
a base MVA of 100mva), calculate the terminal voltage of the synchronous
machine? (Please help me solve this question) thanks
Nikhil says:
very useful thanks
alshaia says:
How can we determine the voltage on the bus 1
BRian says:
Do you know how to find the voltage at the bus?
Thanks
tahseen says:
Hi
how we can find the voltage in bus1 in PU and in volte
noa says:
tanks alot save me alot of stress
Close and accept
8 of 13 2018-11-27, 6:30 AM
abi says:
. Obtain the per unit impedance(reactance) diagram of the power system

shown in the fig
G1 : 30MVA , 10.5KV, X?=1.6 ?

G2 : 15MVA , 6.6KV, X?=1.2 ?
G3 : 25MVA , 6.6KV, X?=0.56 ?

T1 (3 phase): 15MVA , 33/11KV , X= 15.2 ? per phase on the high tension
side
T2 (3 phase): 15MVA , 33/6.2KV , X= 16 ? per phase on the high tension
side
Transmission line : 20.5 ohm per phase
Load A : 15MW , 11KV , 0.9 p.f lagging
Load B : 40MW , 6.6KV , 0.85 p.f lagging
abi says:
how to convert ohms value to per unit value
Lee Taylor says:
Hi, great article – thanks very much! I have a similar problem to solve but
I am struggling with the Zact calculation. My inputs are Vrated = 4.16kV, S
= 2MVA <-36.87. Can you help?!
bhanu says:
awesome
kaushik vastarpara says:
its really bcoz by reading this my confusion abut selection of base nd other
is very clear…sommust read it frend /…thank u
Admin says:
@Pavan @Mike: That’s a typo. Correct values are now shown in the
calculations. Since the ratio of Vbase_old/Vbase_new is the same, the end
result, therefore, does not change. Appreciate the feedback.
Pavan says:
Close and accept
when I saw the below comment by Mike, it seems like a question worth
9 of 13 2018-11-27, 6:30 AM
answering. However the content is really clear and understandable. Keep
up the good work!

Thanks,
mike says:
I don’t understand one part: When calculating Xtl2 you are using (22/22)
which is reflected from where? Vbase in T2 is 220 primary and 11

secondary, so where does 22 come from?
The same for Xtl4.
mark says:
will the impedance or p.u impedance in each line will be like in series? will
the current for the PRIMARY AND SECONDARY of the transformer now
be equal??? how will i find the actual line current for each line and for the
whole system…
chris says:
A single phase ,350 kva, 1380v generator has an internal impedance Zg of
j6 ohms. The generator is used to supply a load of 250kva/440v at power

factor 0.78 lagging. determine: the turns ratio of the transfomer, the
impedance per km if the line between the generator and the transformer is
5km, the voltage regulation of the system.
Using the ratings of the generator as base values determine the generated
per unit voltage that is required to produce a full load current under short
circuit condition.
CAN SOMEONE HELP ME WIT THESE CALCULATION PLZ!!!
Admin says:
Kam,
Once you have the impedance network, use the current division rule to
determine the current flowing each line. I am not sure I understand
“voltage at 3”, if bus 3 is faulted (3ph) then it is zero otherwise it should be

the same as nominal voltage as seen on the secondary side of the
transformer.
I will solve one for the currents in the future but for now, you will have to
learn how to reduce a circuit (using KVL and KCL) to determine the
currents.
kam says:
Close and accept
10 of 13 2018-11-27, 6:30 AM
thanks a lot
karthik says:
very well explained but could you pls show me how to calculate voltage and
current in both lines, will be very greatful , thanks a lot……….
kam says:
It is really well explained but could you pls show me how to calculate
voltage at but 3 and current in both lines, will be very greatful , thanks a
lot
manish says:
what if transformers are connected in star and delta connection?
Anayat says:
i am very new to Power side , so i really dont know abt all these concepts ,
what we only have T1 and T2 , and all the rating given are three phase line
to line ? how we ll solve it then?
richa says:
very nicely explained….to the point and complete..thanks a lot
Sanket says:
VERY NICELY EXPLAINED THANK-YOU ………
I WILL VISIT WEBSITE AGAIN FOR FURTHER REFERENCES.
BABULS RAJ says:
Thank u so much…..after searching for a proper explanation for the same

in so many sites, i got it finally from your site. Clear explanation with
proper diagrams with multi colour…….very nice …..
Admin says:
Nice catch. Fixed it. Thanks.
Close and accept
Renjith M says:
11 of 13 2018-11-27, 6:30 AM
Commendable work. But there is a small error. The per-unit system is the
ratio of two quantities of the same units. Therefore it is unitless. Well that
is what I know. So accordingly we specify the per-unit quatities as just
‘P.U’. So you need to remove the ‘Ohms’ from the text and insert ‘p.u’
Alfredo says:
It was very useful, but it is short because is necessary to get the complete
solution, any way I liked.
Abdul Rauff says:
Very Good Info About PSA.Thanks Alot
Hilary says:
Protection engieering, i have been give the reactance as Xd’ to calculate

faults on a system do i convert to Xd” how do i do this
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Power Systems Engineering

Per Unit System – Practice Problem Solved

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Per Per Unit System - Practice

Power Power Circuit Breaker -

Figure 1: Oneline Diagram Of A Power System

Power Power Cable Neutral and

Power System Equipment

Step 1: Assume a system base

Step 2: Identify the voltage base

See figure below for the voltage bases in the system.

Figure 3: Voltage Base In The Power System

Step 3: Calculate the base impedance

The base impedance is calculated using the following formula:

For T-Line 1: = 484 Ohms

For T-Line 2: = 121 Ohms

For 3-phase load: = 1.21 Ohms

The per unit impedance is calculated using the following formulas:

For T-line 1 using equation (2): = 0.1 pu

For T-line 2 using equation (2): = 0.5 pu

For 3-Phase load:

Per unit impedance of 3-phase load using equation (2)= = 0.95+j1.2667 pu

For transformer T1: = 0.2 pu

For transformer T2: = 0.15 pu

For transformer T3: = 0.16 pu

For transformer T4: = 0.2 pu

For Motor, = 0.25 pu

base and the appropriate voltage base is provided below.

Per Unit Impedance Diagram

1. Assume a Sbase for the entire system.

3. Zbase is derived from the Sbase and Vbase.

base values to new ones. See equations (2) and (3).

57 Responses to Per Unit System – Practice Problem Solved For

Please can you prove the change of base formula

into consideration 15%

Nimal Diunugala says:

I like to be in contact. Do you offer PE Electrical (Power) classes?

Per Unit System: Problem Solved For Easy Understanding

[…] This post is a continuation of Per Unit System – Practice Problem

resistors. Choose a base of 75 MVA, 66 kV for the high-voltage side of the

determine the load resistance R_L i n ohms referred to the high-voltage

please add more

Shouldn’t the 3-ph load be multiplied by (100/57)?

Mian Faizan says:

Love it.. A job well done.

PAUL PEREZ says:

HELP! How do determine the equivalent three phase impedance of three

7.52kv-240V, wiith an individual impedance of 4%. What is the equivalent

What we developed in this exercise is a positive sequence network. A

transformer’s winding configuration does not affect it. The positive

sequence network is good for calculating balanced load current and 3

The zero sequence network however does get affected by transformer

design of zero sequence impedance network.

analysis like L-G or L-L-G etc.

I am getting into symmetrical components with this discussion.

good thing, to see a dedicated power system website.

connected in different parts of the network?

Awesome !!! Best explanation ever.. thank u

good job. its a comprehensive article. Appreciate your hard work

Thanks a lot.. Nice elaboration..

IJAJ :what do you mean by….. s*-??

mike: When calculating Xtl2 using (22/22) . Vbase in T2 is 220 primary