Title of the Research Paper: Students’ Perceptions on the War on Drugs in the Philippines

Introduction

Extrajudicial Killings are defined by law as killing due to the political affiliation of
the victim,the method of attack,and the involvement of acquiescence of stage agents in the
commission of the killing (Bub Mo , 2018). Around the country, bodies have been found
bloody, lifeless, and adorned with signs proclaiming their crimes involvement. A battle of
moralities has begun in the Philippines (Cornelio , 2016). War on drugs in the Philippines is
morally and legally unjustifiable. Resulting in egregious and large-scale violations of human
rights, it amounts to state-sanctioned murder. It is also counterproductive for countering
the threats and harms that the illegal drug trade and use pose to society — exacerbating
both problems while profoundly shredding the social fabric and rule of law in the
Philippines( Felbab-Brown, 2017).

Since taking office on June 30, 2016 , Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has
carried out a war on drugs that has led to the deaths of over 12,000 Filipinos to date,mostly
urban poor and incited the killings in a campaign that could amount to crimes against
humanity (Human Rights Watch , 2018). A total of 3,257 extrajudicial killings (EJKs) were
committed during the Marcos dictatorship. In contrast, there were 805 drug-related
fatalities from May 10 (when Rodrigo Duterte emerged winner of the presidential election)
to Aug. 12, per the Inquirer count by ( Butuyan, 2016).The challenge is for the public to
denounce it. Public opposition, or better yet outrage, is needed for the government to
change its policy. With more than 3,000 drug war-related killings and counting, there is no
doubt that President Rodrigo Duterte is continuing the unwritten state policy of
extrajudicial killings (Casino, 2016).

First six months has been a human rights calamity for the Philippines(Sabillo, 2017 )
The Church right now is asserting its influence, that's why in the coming months the
Church will be at the forefront in leading against extrajudicial killings( Morella,2017). The
main question should be why these persons become targets and to whom these persons
were considered a threat?

Research Objectives:

 To determine the participants’ perceptions on the war on drugs.

 To identify the factors affecting their perspectives on the war on drugs.
 To generate a theory that could explain the surrounding conditions on the war on
drugs.
Theoretical Framework

This study aimed to generate theory that could explain why is the killing in the
Philippines became a rampant issue in the society and the feedbacks given by about the
issue of Extra-judicial killing in the Philippines. Thus, this study is coordinate with the
grounded theory the discovery of theory from data systematically obtained and analyzed”
Strauss in a 1994 interview tells of meeting Glaser and their developing grounded-research
theory during a study they did together in 1960 (Legewie & Schervier-Legewie, 2004).

They aimed to improve research generally by linking theory and data more
thoroughly. Glaser and Strauss (1967) also saw the the incurrent state of qualitative
research as one of over-subordination to quantitative research, being used nearly
exclusively as a precursor to what was seen as the more important and more legitimate
quantitative research. Their purpose was to introduce rigorous new methods of qualitative
research that would enable systematic collection of data, coding, and analysis of data. They
said that their methods were usable in quantitative research also but that they were
focusing on qualitative research because of the suitability of deriving theory from data.
(Cresswell,2014)

The key elements of the discovery process advocated by Glaser and Strauss (1967)
included: (a) the systematic obtaining of data, (b) the constant comparative method of
qualitative analysis, and (c) the generation of theory. The purpose is the generating of ideas
throughout the process and ending with a unified theory emerging from data and closely
linked to, or grounded in, data as opposed to the kind of verification of ideas sought in
quantitative research. Interestingly, part of the rigor necessary in a qualitative study
involves interacting closely with the data and making inferences from the data instead of
following preconceived theories—or even hypotheses formed too quickly (Glaser, B. G. &
Strauss, A. L.,1967)

They emphasized the Glaser (1992) has written about a tension between the need to
allow concepts and theories to emerge and the problem of a natural inclination to force
data to fit preconceived theories. The intimate linking of data is such that Glaser and
Strauss (1967) insisted upon an approach that shunned preconceptions and relied upon an
inductive process of generating theory from data. The goal is the generation of a theory
that fits the data and works practically. Such a goal, Glaser and Strauss maintained,
necessitates that the theory be generated during research—not before, not after, but
through a process of ongoing examination and re-examination and contemplation and
tentative theorizing.

Marshall and Rossman (1999) maintained: “By avoiding precise hypotheses, the
researcher retains her right to explore and generate questions in the general area of the
topic” .A grounded-theory approach, then, is well suited to an exploration of student
perceptions because of its appreciation for and attention to the data Qualitative methods
acknowledge bias and subjectivity and seek to capture a rich view of the perspective of
those being studied, even embracing bias and subjectivity as essential parts of a larger
view. Thus, qualitative methods are more complete and more capable of capturing tacit
perceptions and even eliciting the verbalization of perceptions previously unknown even to
those being studied. Most importantly, they are ideally suited for the investigation at hand
(Feeler, 2012)

Conceptual Framework

The Southern Leyte State University Main Campus students’ participation about
their perceptions on the war on drugs in the country. It is also important to gather their
perceptions and feedbacks to gain sufficient data to this research. SLSU students’
perceptions on the war on drugs in the Philippines which can formulate data through their
feedbacks and identify also the factors, the boons and banes of the war on drugs in the
country.

Extra-judicial Killing in the Philippines

Perceptions of the
Students about war on
drugs

Causes of EJK Research Setting: Factors of War on Drugs

SLSU MAIN CAMPUS

Boons of War on
Drugs Fishbowl Technique Banes of War on Drugs

Formulate the students’ perceptions into data

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework for gathering data to the students’ perceptions towards EJK
Methodology

The purpose of this study was to determine the participant’s perceptions on the war
on drugs in the country which the research was gathered in Southern Leyte State
University-Main Campus and in order to generate a theory about the topic. This qualitative
study used interviews based Fishbowl Technique and followed by a grounded theory
design in formulating the data to guide the collecting of interview data and as to identify
the factors of affecting their perceptions.

The researcher asked permission to the students for the conduct of the study. After
the getting the approval from the students, the researchers gave insights about their
particular topic. Series of questions are followed afterwards. In accordance with the
grounded theory methodology, the researchers collected data by interviewing 10 students
using Fishbowl Technique and conduct and generate analysis of the data gathered. The
Fishbowl Sampling procedure was used in discussing topics within the groups. In Fishbowl
sampling, the researchers pick a question from the bowl and then ask the participants who
can give perceptions about the EJK questions.

To begin, invite the representatives to sit up front , explain to the group how the
process will work, and open the flow with a provocative question, inviting the
representatives in the forum to give their feedbacks (Knowledge Sharing Toolkit, 2014. The
process of data collection for generating theory whereby the analyst jointly collects, codes,
and analyzes the data and decides what data to collect next and where to find them in order
to develop how as it emerges ( Glaser & Strauss , 1967).

Research Questions
1. What is Extra-judicial Killing?
2. How does EJK started or exist in the Philippines?
3. How can the EJK became a instrument to eradicate the people who are involve in drugs?
4. What do you think are the factors why is it that there is a suuden increase of cases about
EJK?
5. What are the boons and banes of eliminating drug user?