Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
후원기관: 한국연구재단
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant (2013) funded by the
Korean Government.
1
Dates: October 18, 19. 2013 (10H~18H)
Host: Interpreting and Translation Research Institute & Korean Association of Translation Studies
Contents
1. Directions in Translation Studies: Thoughts on the past and a view of the future
SUNG, Seung-eun(HUFS)…………………...…………………...................................................…...30
10. Explaining Explicitation Using Informativity Downgrading
2
13. The Use of China English and Understanding of China
Kais A. Kadhim, Ph.D(University of Malaya, Malaysia) & Sheren Khalid Abdul Razaq,
M.A(University of Malaya, Malaysia)………………………………………………………………..37
15. Reframing Narratives in Translation Translated CNN News Articles on "Arab Spring"
Kim, Soon Mi(Sookmyung Women's University)…………………………………………………....38
16. An Investigation of the Use of Quotations in Chinese News Trans-editing: Reality and Perception
18. Some Pragmatic Issues on Japanese ComicTranslation into English: A Relevance-Theoretic Account
3
29. News Localization and Its Ambivalent Aspects
Kim Gi-young(Pusan National University)……………………………………………………………60
30. The Need for Medical Interpreters in Japan
32. Influences of Early English translations to Korean Syntax and New Literary Styles around the early
1900’s
No-Shin Lee(Hoseo University)……………………………………………………………………….65
33. Translation Aspects and its traits of ChunKiang Zhuan published by the Writer Publishing Office
王
飛燕(Korea University) …………………………………………………………………………...…66
44. Equivalence or Family Resemblance:Why the Traditional Theorists Got It All Wrong?
4
Isabelle J. Zhou Yuanjian He (Chinese University of Hong Kong University of Macau)………..…112
45. The Influence of Commissioner’s Role in the Translation of Nonfictional English Text into Malay
함수진(한국외국어대학교)………………………………………………………………….………………………………124
55. 1칸만평 번역에 대한 번역자 개입과 신문사의 이데올로기 분석 :한겨레신문 1칸만평 한영번
역과 중앙일보 1칸만평 한영번역 비교를 중심으로
박미정(한국외국어대학교 통번역대학원)……………………………………………………………………….….127
56. 시청자자막 번역에서 표현되는 문화소 번역전략에 관한 연구
이승재(경희대학교)………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…129
5
최문선(이화여대)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………143
유정화(한국외국어대학교)……….…………………………………………………………………………………………145
61. 동성애와 번역
박소영(한국외국어대학교 통번역대학원)………………………..............………………………………………..147
62. 정보처리 이론에 의거한 동시통역 학생의 형성 평가
원종화(중앙대학교)….........................................................……………………………………………………………..149
63. 영한순차 통역물의 통사적 특성 고찰: 문장의 복잡성과 다양성을 중심으로
김대영(고려대학교).............................................................................................................................................151
65. 제3세계 문학의 수용과 번역의 매개성(mediation) –스페인어 소설의 국내 번역출판에 나타나
는 중역 현상을 중심으로-
김희진(서울대학교)………………….………...............................................………………………………………….…152
서유경(한국외국어대학교)…….…………………………………………………………………………………………...154
6
7
Keynote Speech 1
Jeremy Munday
(University of Leeds)
It is a commonplace to state that Translation Studies has evolved dramatically in recent decades, with
a host of self-professed turns or paradigms and with an expansion of the conceptualization of
translation. We are living at a pivotal moment, when the “mainstream” of translation studies will, I
contend, be increasingly remodelled and will be subject to (re-) negotiation or even possible conflict
between its different branches.
This lecture will include a reflection on the impact of these changes by considering this evolution
from a personal perspective: what has it meant to be active in Translation Studies over the past twenty
years and how have developments in the field impacted upon working and teaching practices? I will
discuss these questions partly through the example of the writing of Introducing Translation Studies
and its various updates.
The second part of the lecture will discuss what I perceive to be key challenges in current research
and practice and will sketch out some possible future directions for translation studies.
Vita
8
Research interests
Translation studies, including stylistics, discourse and text analysis in translation; systemic functional
linguistics (especially evaluation and appraisal theory); ideology in the translation of literary and
political works and speeches, with special reference to Spain and Latin America; corpus-based
translation studies, including contrastive studies of lexical patterns and semantic prosody; cognitive
translation studies; the history of literary translators in the twentieth century. I collaborate in teaching
and research with the Centre for Translation Studies and co-supervise many students working on
translation into Spanish, Italian, Arabic, Thai and Malay. I am also a qualified and experienced
translator from Spanish and French into English.
Major publications
Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and applications, Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 3rd
edition, 2012, with accompanying website.
Evaluation in Translation: A study of critical points in translator decision-making, Routledge, 2012.
'Translator identity and training', to be published in Lawrence Venuti (ed.) The Oxford History of
Literary Translation in English, Volume V, OUP.
‘Translation and linguistics’, in Sandra Bermann and Catherine Porter (eds) A Companion to
‘The role of archival and manuscript research in the investigation of translator decision-making’, in
Sharon O’Brien, Susanne Göpferich and Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow (eds) Special issue of
‘The expression of attitude in translation’, Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, Special issue on
‘Evaluative Uses of Language: The Appraisal Framework’, Vol. 52 (Nov 2012): 101-14.
subtitles of Obama's 2012 State of the Union speech’, Language and Intercultural
9
Alet Kruger, Kim Wallmach and Jeremy Munday (eds) Corpus-Based Translation Studies,
London and New York: Continuum (2011), pp. 169-86.
'Translation studies', in Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer (eds) Handbook of Translation Studies,
Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins (2010).
'Evaluation and intervention in translation', in Mona Baker, Maeve Olohan and María Calzada (eds)
'Email, emilio or mensaje de correo electrónico? The Spanish language fight for purity in the new
technologies', in: Gunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers (eds) Into and Out of English: For
better, for worse, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters (2005), pp. 57-70
'A comparative analysis of evaluation in Spanish and English World Cup reports', Revista Canaria de
Estudios Ingleses, (Tenerife), 49 (2004): 117-133
'Advertising: Some challenges to translation theory', The Translator 10.2 (2004): 199-220
10
'Systems in Translation: A Systemic Model for Descriptive Translation Studies', in: Theo Hermans
(ed.) Crosscultural Transgressions. Research Models in Translation Studies II: Historical and
Ideological Issues, Manchester: St Jerome (2002), pp. 76-92
Induráin: A tempered passion, translation of the biography by Javier García Sánchez, Norwich:
Mousehold, 2002.
'Translation Studies and Corpus Linguistics: An interface for interdisciplinary co-operation', Logos
and Language 3.2 (2002): 11-20.
'The Carribean conquers the world? An analysis of the reception of García Márquez in translation',
11
Invited plenary at East China Normal University, Shanghai, Nov 2011
Invited plenary at First Asia-Pacific Translation Studies conference, Hangzhou, China, Nov 2011
Invited plenary at Cross-cultural pragmatics conference, Norwich, May 2011
Invited lectures, Salamanca University, Spain, April 2011
Invited plenary at Maastricht-Lodz Duo Colloquium Translation and Meaning , September 2010
Invited lectures, Summer Institute of Linguistics, North Dakota, July 2010
External Positions
Chair of Publications Committee, the International Association for Translation and Intercultural
Studies
General Editor for Bloomsbury/Continuum Advances in Translation series
12
Board, The Linguist, the publication of the Chartered Institute of Linguists
Advisory Board, The Interpreter and Translator Trainer (St Jerome Publishing)
Advisory Board, Linguistica Antverpiensia New Series (Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen, Antwerp)
Advisory Board, Hermeneus (Universidad de Valladolid)
Association
Consultant, Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, Second Edition
Teaching
SPPO2580 & SPP2581 Translation Theory in a Spanish<>English Context (Module Co-ordinator)
SPPO3420 Spanish<>English Translation (Module Co-ordinator)
MODL5109M Spanish-English Translation (Module Co-ordinator at MA level)
MODL5001M Methods and Approaches to Translation and Interpreting
Postgraduate Research Supervision
Translation Studies and translation theory
Discourse and text analysis of translation
Cognitive and corpus-based translation studies
Translation and ideology
The translation of Latin American writing and politics
The history of translators in the twentieth century
13
English/Mexican Spanish financial texts; names and cultural references in Chick Lit translated into
Spanish and Italian; the English translations of Naghib Mahfouz's works; Arabic-Malay translation;
the translation of the Harry Potter books into Arabic; reader response to culture-bound references in
Arabic translations of DH Lawrence; the translation of narrative point of view; the translation of
children's literature in Saudi Arabia and Italy.
Keynote Speech 2
N. Garbovskiy
(Moscow State University)
The lecture deals with the most common issues of translation didactics as a special branch of
pedagogy that studies the process of forming a personality that will have special competencies, mental
capacities and realize the uniqueness of their social status. The lecturer shows that translation
didactics is in high demand in the field of pedagogical studies today due to the fact that mass training
of translators is getting indispensable to the society.
Vita
14
소속: 모스크바 국립대학교 통번역학교
직위: 학장
발표주제: 러시아 통번역연구의 어제와 오늘
주요경력: 러시아어-불어 통역사
모스크바 국립대 통번역학교 학장
CIUTI 부회장
러시아 군사외국어대학교 졸업, 박사
학술지 «Вестник Московского университета. Серия 22. Теория перевода»
(모스크바 국립대 통번역이론)편집장
UN-모스크바 국립대 통역사양성 프로그램 조정관
프랑스 CEPTET 회원
러-불 국방 및 안보분야 전문용어 실무위원회 회원
약 150 편의 논문 및 저서 발표
Главный редактор журнала «Вестник Московского университета. Серия 22. Теория перевода».
16
С 1975 по настоящее время совмещает педагогическую деятельность с научными
исследованиями в области теории, истории и методологии перевода и с практической
переводческой деятельностью.
Keynote Speech 3
Roberto A. Valdeón
(Universidad de Oviedo)
This talk will start with a historical overview of the role of translation in news production, with
specific references to the birth of journalism in Europe and North America. Although translation was
instrumental in the professionalization of journalism, research into news translation is a very recent
development of TS. Initially scholars delved into the features, norms, peculiarities and ideological
traits of news translation at a local level. In recent years, as TS has become a truly global discipline,
both cooperation among researchers and the application of new research methods have provided
innovative results published in major publications. The talk will discuss some of these publications,
and will make specific reference to the presence of news translation in international conferences and
journals. It will also argue that interdisciplinary approaches are essential in future research, as
translation scholars tend to focus on TS while researchers from other disciplines rarely consider the
work of TS authors.
Vita
17
Roberto A. Valdeón
http://www.unioviedo.es/ravg/Home.html
Papers
The 1992 English retranslation of Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias, Translation
Studies
Hispanic or Latino: the use of politicized terms for the Hispanic minority in US official documents
and quality news outlets, Language and Intercultural Communication, Routledge, 2013
The use of Latin American, Hispanic and Latino in US academic articles, 2000–2010, Terminology
On fictional turns, fictionalizing twists and the invention of the Americas, Translation and Interpreting
Translation in the informational society, Across Languages and Cultures, akademiai.com 1/1/2010,
18
Keynote Speech 4
Edwin Gentzler
(University of Massachusetts Amherst)
In "Cities in Translation" (2012) Sherry Simon discusses how translation influences creative writing,
art, architecture, signs, buildings, shops, and museums. Traditional definitions of translation are often
too limited to analyze the vibrant multicultural life in many cities, including new cultural capitals such
as Montreal, Triest, Calcutta, Barcelona, Daka, Manila, and Seoul. In such new and emerging
metropolises, many hybrid forms of communication take place after translation and are not called as
such, but retain a translational component. Post-translation studies, a term proposed by a group of
scholars in Italy working in translation and semiotics, looks at the aftershocks of translation and their
impact on larger cultural institutions and society as a whole. In this talk I argue that translation inheres
19
in many forms of creative writing in the United States, including translation, but also in fiction,
immigrant writing, autobiography, biography, travel writing, and what a call transfiction--writing in
which translation appears as a theme or character in a book.
Vita
Edwin Gentzler
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Department of Comparative Literature
gentzler@complit.umass.edu
http://www.umass.edu/complit/people_fac.shtml
Professor and Director of the Translation Center, B.A., Kenyon College, 1973; Ph.D., Vanderbilt,
1990 divides his time between conducting teaching and research in Comparative Literature and
directing the Translation Center. His research interests include translation theory, literary translation,
and postcolonial theory. He is the author of Translation and Identity in the Americas (London:
Routledge, 2007) and Contemporary Translation Theories (London: Routledge, 1993), reissued in a
revised second edition (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2001; Shanghai Foreign Language Education
Press, 2004). He co-edited (with Maria Tymoczko) the anthology Translation and Power (Amherst:
University of Massachusetts Press, 2002), which includes essays by many of the distinguished guests
participating in the Translation Center's International Visitors series.
He serves as co-editor with Susan Bassnett of the "Topics in Translation" Series for Multilingual
Matters, is on the Board of Advisers to the Encyclopedia of Literary Translation by Fitzroy Dearborn
Publishers in England, and is a member of the Advisory Board of several journals, including Cadernos
de Tradução, Across, Metamorphoses, Journal of Chinese Translation Studies, and the Massachusetts
Review. Nominated for a distinguished teaching award for his course "Translation and Postcolonial
Studies," he lectures widely on issues of translation theory and culture, including most recently
addresses in China, Mexico, England, Italy, Austria, Ireland, Spain, Argentina, Peru, and Brazil. He
was the recipient with faculty in the Five College Canadian Studies Program and Concordia
University, Montreal, of a $5,000 International Research Linkage Grant for Research on Citizenship
20
and Identity. The Translation Center recently was awarded the Support Providers Export Achievement
Award by the Pioneer Valley Trade Council. He was also the Project Investigator for a three-year
$255,000 grant from the Trial Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to develop certification
exams and provide training for court interpreters.
Susan Xu
(School of Arts and Social Sciences, SIM University)
Bilingualism has created a paradox about translation in Singapore: if you know two languages, you
can translate. As a result, translation as a profession and translator’s education have been
marginalized, despite the fact that Translation Studies has been internationally established as an
independent discipline and translators have received increasing professional recognition elsewhere.
Indeed, the past decade has seen translator’s profession and education shift to new dimensions thanks
to technology and globalization.
21
This presentation will first survey the past and present of the translator’s education in Singapore and
discuss the challenges faced by the translators and interpreters in this specific socio-cultural setting.
Drawing on the recent developments in Translation Studies and the profession, this paper will dwell
upon their impact on the translator’s education and propose measures to train good translators and
interpreters well in order to nurture the talent that meets the new challenges in the 21st century. In
particular, the speaker will discuss the dilemma of bilingual competence arising from the bilingual
education in Singapore and its consequence on translator’s education. She will also put forward
measures that contribute to the strengthening of the students’ bilingual competence and contextual
knowledge, the cornerstone of translator’s education.
The institutional movement towards e-learning, which enhances flexibility and accessibility, poses
another challenge to the translators’ educators and drives them to embark on an innovative journey.
The fast evolving translation technology also compels the educators to embrace technology in
curriculum design and pedagogy. Given the applied nature of the discipline, the importance of
establishing the industrial linkage can never be over-emphasized in translator’s education. The
speaker will thus share her experience in developing the accreditation framework for professional
interpreters and translators in Singapore, a collaborative project between the tertiary institution and
government agency. This serves to demonstrate how the academia, practitioners and industry can
work together to define and calibrate translation and interpreting competence, raise the standard of the
profession and enhance the recognition of the profession in the society.
Vita
Ms. Susan Xu
email: susanxuy@unisim.edu.sg
Ms. Susan Xu Yun is the Head of Translation and Interpretation Programme and a Senior Lecturer in
the School of Arts and Social Sciences, SIM University, Singapore. Since 2002, she has been
involved in conceptualizing and implementing education programmes in Singapore, ranging from the
Certificate and Diploma programmes to the Bachelor’s degree in Translation and Interpretation. She
pioneered the project of developing the Certification Examination for Professional Interpreters and
Certification Examination for Professional Translators in Singapore. Her recent publications include
“When Translation Technology Meets Educational Technology: The Way Forward for Teaching
CAT” , Journal of Translation Studies , Volume 13, Number 1&2 (2010), 275-282, and “Socio-
cultural Contexts in Translation: A Case Study of a Public Speech in Singapore”, Translation
Quarterly, No. 63, 2012, 68-96. Ms. Xu is currently writing her PhD thesis at the English Language
and Literature Department of the National University of Singapore.
22
Constructing A Sociology of Translation: A Literary Case Study in China
Kan CHAI
(The Open University of Hong Kong)
It was in 1972 when James Holmes, during the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics in
Copenhagen, drawing an outline of the field of translation studies, suggested the idea of ‘translation
sociology’. Sociological approaches have gradually emerged as a field of interest in translation studies
with integration of the works of prominent social theorists like Pierre Bourdieu, Bruno Latour and
Niklas Luhmann in establishing a theoretical framework for a sociology of translation, and a broad
research domain has been opened up.
23
This paper investigates the key notions in sociology of translation, a new but robust area, using the
renowned Chinese literary figure Liang Shiqiu’s Chinese translation of Shakespeare’s works as an
example. Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological theory revolves around the coincidence of two instances in a
given social context: the external and the internal. The external is the fields, which are the sites or
settings agents and their social positions located in. They are the literary field in Liang’s case. The
position of each particular agent in a field is the result of interaction between the specific rules of the
field, the agent’s habitus and his/her capital (Bourdieu, 1984). The internal consists of textual
productions and products, the producing agents and their habitus. Bourdieu emphasises the
inseparability and interdependence of the internal and external dimensions. The habitus contributes to
the structuring of fields which in turn structure the habitus.
Focusing on the habitus of translators, this paper draws on the sociological methodologies and
analyses the interwoven relationship between habitus and field in translation studies. Liang’s habitus
is taken as an illustration of the habitus of translation agents who have taken a position in a given field
in a given time, and of the determinant factors of the field as the site of reception of the translation.
The interrelation between his acquired dispositions (habitus) and the social milieu in the first few
decades of the 20th century in China (field) is examined. The analysis demonstrated that habitus is
closely related to the dynamics of a field, and translation as production rests on the mode of
socialization embodied in the translators’ habitus. The subjective and the objective being brought
together, translation is a display of the result of the struggle between various forces in a social context.
Vita
Kan CHAI
The Open University of Hong Kong
chaikan2011@gmail.com
Kan CHAI received her MA in translation from The Chinese University of Hong Kong. She is
teaching English and translation as a programme officer at The Open University of Hong Kong. She is
also a translator of Hong Kong Literature Translation Project, and has participated in and translated
for a number of research projects in social sciences and education in the US, Singapore, Mainland
China and Hong Kong.
24
Lost in Translation: Australian Professional Terms in Public Korean Texts
Seong-Chul Shin
(University of New South Wales)
This paper aims to examine ‘Australian’ professional terms and concepts used in public texts
translated into Korean, with attention to the socio-educational concerns and professional practices.
Recent observations have witnessed extensive cases of the distortion and mistranslation of various
Australian terms and concepts in the translated version of governmental documents, community
media, training and publicity materials. Currently public texts translated into Korean by individual
translators and the community media are published in various text types without any linguistic and
professional monitoring system. Distortions or mistranslations of terminologies can be caused by a
number of factors, including false equivalents and lack of cultural or contextual (rather than linguistic)
25
understanding. To examine this, the research takes an empirical and ‘bottom-up’ action research
approach. A thematic analysis of Australian terms in translated public texts is used to generate a list of
terms under specific topics and themes. The analysis identifies Australian professional terms used in a
number of areas such as immigration, education and social welfare by examining public texts from
Australian government departments, the Korean community and socio-educational sources. By using
an error analysis method, the study identifies and describes erroneous terms but more importantly
explains linguistic and socio-cultural (i.e. contextual) accounts of why it is considered distorted or
inappropriate and what term would be more accurate and/or appropriate. It then offers discussions on
implications of the findings in professional practices and socio-educational contexts.
Vita
Dr Seong-Chul Shin
Senior Lecturer (American Associate Prof. level)
School of International Studies,
Faculty of Arts and Social Science,
University of New South Wales,
Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
■ Phone: +61 2 9385 3724
■ Email: s.shin@unsw.edu.au
Overview
Teaches various advanced and professional level Korean language courses including Advanced
Korean A and B, Korean Translation, Korean Interpreting and Professional Korean.
Supervises postgraduate research projects in areas such as: Error analysis, language teaching
methodology, foreign/second language acquisition, curriculum planning, ethno-sociolinguistic issues .
Research Summary
Error analysis and teaching methodology in Korean as a foreign or second language; Curriculum
issues in Korean at both secondary and tertiary levels; sociolinguistic issues with reference to Korean
L2 situations.
26
Publications
Books & Book chapters:
Shin, S-C. (2010). The Current State of Korean Language Education in Australian Schools. Carlton
South, Victoria: Education Services Australia. ISBN: 978-1-74200-103-6. SCIS order number:
1441570.
Shin, S-C. (2002). Korean in Australian Schools: Success or Failure, in Selected Papers from the
Twelfth International Conference on Korean Linguistics. Ahn, H-D. and Kim, N. (eds.). 18 p (423-
441). Print 2002, copyright 2001. Seoul: Gyeong-Jin Publishing Co. ISBN 89-89191-27-0.
Shin, S-C. (2012). “KSL Learners’ Perceptions on Text Types: Understanding, Preferences and
Necessity”, Journal of Korean Language Education, 23-4: 23p (471-493). International Association of
Korean Language Education. ISSN: 12256137.
Shin, S-C. (2011). "Exploring the linkage between Korean language and Korean studies education: an
Australian experience", Teaching Korean as a Foreign Language 36, 25p (113-137). KLI Institute of
Language Research and Education, Seoul. ISSN: 1598-8201.
Shin, S-C. (2011). "Cross-Cultural Factors Affecting Korean Students' Study at Australian
Universities", Korean Studies in Shift - PACKS 2010 Proceedings. 29 p (113-141), University of
Auckland New Zealand Asia Institute. ISBN: 978-0-473-18349-3.
Shin, S-C. (2010). “Strategic Direction and Tasks for the Global Expansion of Korean Language
Education”. Journal of the International Network for Korean Language and Culture 7-2. 27p (93-119).
The International Network for Korean Language and Culture. ISSN: 1738-2793.
Shin, S-C. (2010). "Grammatical Errors in Chinese KFL Learners' Compositions and Teaching
Implications". Teaching Korean as a Foreign Language 35, 26p (75-100), KLI Institute of Language
Research and Education, Seoul. ISSN: 1598-8201.
Shin, S-C. (2009). "Korean Language Education in Australian Schools: Current State, Issues and
Strategies". Teaching Korean as a Foreign Language 34. 53p (175-225). KLI Institute of Language
Research and Education, Seoul. ISSN: 1598-8201.
Shin, S-C. (2009). "Language Instructors' Use of Learners' L1 and L2 in Classroom: Perceptions by
Students and Teachers of Korean". Journal of Korean Language Education, Vol. 24. 31p (165-195).
2009. Seoul National University Korean Language Education Research Institute. ISSN: 1227-8823.
Shin, S-C. (2009). “Students' Motivation, Learning Experiences and Learning-Style Preferences: A
Survey on Australian College Students of Korean”. The Language and Culture 5-2. 31p (1-31). The
Korean Language and Culture Education Society. ISSN: 1738-3641.
Shin, S-C. (2008). “Language Use and Maintenance in Korean Migrant Children in Sydney”,
Teaching Korean as a Foreign Language 33. 30 p (139-168). 2008. KLI Institute of Language
27
Research and Education, Seoul. ISSN: 1598-8201.
Shin, S-C. (2008). “Locative Substitution Errors by English L1-KFL Learners”, The Language and
Culture 4-1. 21 p (23-43). 2008. The Korean Language and Culture Education Society. ISSN: 1738-
3641.
Shin, S-C. (2007). "Lexical Errors Caused by Semantic Similarity in Korean", Teaching Korean as a
Foreign Language 32. 30 p (141-170). 2007. KLI Institute of Language Research and Education,
Seoul. ISSN: 1598-8201.
Shin, S-C. (2007). "Types and Patterns of English L1 Students' Misspellings in Korean", Journal of
Korean Language Education, 18-3. 24 p (99-122). 2007. International Association of Korean
Language Education. ISSN 1225-6137.
Shin, S-C. (2006). "Substitution of Nominative particles by accusative particles in KFL". International
Review of Korean Studies (IROKS), 3-1. 32 p (59-90). 2006. Korea-Australasia Research Centre.
ISSN 1449-7395.
Shin, S-C. (2006). “Acceptability of some Korean lexical items judged by Korean L1 and L2
speakers”. Teaching Korean as a Foreign Language 31, 18 p (153-171). 2006. KLI Institute of
Language Research and Education, Seoul. ISSN1598-8201.
Shin, S-C. (2006). “Australasian Strategies for an Advancement of Korean Language Education”,
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference for Korean Language Educational Organizations and
Local Representatives. 11 p (99-109). December, 2006. Korea Foundation and International
Association for Korean Language Education.
Shin, S-C. and Baik, G (2002). “Learning to Teach: Needs Analysis for a KFL Teacher Education
Program”, Teaching Korean as a Foreign Language 27, 34 p (169-203). 2002. KLI Institute of
Language Research and Education, Seoul. ISSN 1598-8201.
Shin, S-C. (2002). “Australian Students’ Lexical Errors in Korean: Type, Frequency and Cause”,
Journal of Korean Language Education 13-1, 32 p (307-338). June 2002. The International
Association for Korean Language Education. ISSN 1225-6137.
Shin, S-C. (2001). “An Error Analysis: Orthographic Errors produced by Australian KFL learners”,
Teaching Korean as a Foreign Language 25-26, 26 p (361-387). December 2001. KLI Institute of
Language Research and Education, Seoul.
Shin, S-C. (2001). '"Error analysis in Korean as a foreign language: Orthographic errors"', in Asia-
Pacific Applied Linguistics: the Next 25 years, eds. ALAA 2001 Conference, Canberra, 2001,
Applied Linguistics Association of Australia.
Conference Papers:
Shin, S-C. (2012). "KFL Learners' Text-Type Preferences", presented at the 22nd IAKLE
International Conference, 10-11 August 2012, Korea University, Seoul.
Shin, S-C. (2011). "Linking Secondary Schools with Tertiary Language Programs: Current Practices
and Feasibility for Korean", presented at the 7th KSAA Biennial Conference, 16-18 November 2011,
The University of New South Wales, Sydney.
Shin, S-C. (2010). “Cross-Cultural Factors Affecting Korean Students’ Study at Australian
28
Universities”, presented at the 2010 Pacific-Asia Conference on Korean Studies (PACKS), 24-26
November 2010, University of Auckland, Auckland.
Shin, S-C. (2010). “Strategic Direction for the Global Expansion of Korean Language Education”,
presented at the 5th World Congress on Korean Studies, 25-28 October 2010, Chinese Culture
University, Taiwan.
Shin, S-C. (2010). "Grammatical Errors in Chinese KFL Learners' Compositions and Teaching
Implications", in the Proceedings of the 20th IAKLE Conference, pp 250-265. Seoul, 7-8 August
2010.
Shin, S-C. (2009). "Korean Language Education in Australian Schools" - keynote speech, in Shin G-
H, Suh C-S and Ko, S. (eds) the Proceedings of the UNSW National Strategic Conference 2009 -
Korean Language and Studies Education in Australia. pp 37-52. KAREC, University of New South
Wales. ISBN: 978-0-7334-2841-8.
Shin, S-C (2009). "Joint Developments of Korean Language Programs and Resource Materials", in
the Proceedings of the 2009 World Congress of Korean Language Educators. 16 p (169-184). Korean
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and National Institute of Korean Language. 7-9 October
2008, Seoul Olympic Parktel.
Shin, S-C (2009). "Use of Learners' L1 and L2 in Teacher Education: A Survey on Perceptions", in
the Proceedings of the 19th IAKLE International Conference on Korean Language Education. 10 p
(319-328). 8-9 August 2009, University of Seoul.
Shin, S-C (2009). "Students' Motivation, Learning Experiences and Learning-Style Preferences: A
Survey on Australian College of Students of Korean", in D-S Park (ed.) Global Korea: Old and New,
Proceedings of the Sixth KSAA Biennial Conference, 25 p (401-425). July 9-10 2009, University of
Sydney. ISBN 978-0-0986679-0-5.
Shin, S-C (2008). “Language Maintenance in Korean Migrant Children in Sydney”, in the
Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Asia Conference on Korean Studies, 21 p (40-60). 25-27 November
2008, VNU, Hanoi. The Academy of Korean Studies.
Shin, S-C (2008). “Korean for Specific Purposes (KSP) in Australian Curricula: Types,
Characteristics and Key Issues”, in the Proceedings of the 18th IAKLE International Conference, 6p
(309-314). University of Seoul, Seoul, August 9-10, 2008.
Shin, S-C (2003). "High Frequency Grammatical Errors in KFL Learners Compositions", in the
Proceedings of the 13th IAKLE International Conference. 9 p (175-183). August 2003. International
Association for Korean Language Education.
Shin, S-C (2002). "Korean In NSW: Is It Sinking or Diving?” in The Future of Korean Language
Education in Australia: An Ecological Perspective, Shin, G-H and Suh, C-S (eds.), p 7 (24-30).
September 2002. Korea-Australasia Research Centre, Sydney. September 2002. ISBN 0 7334 2021 4.
Shin, S-C (2000). "Policies, Curriculum and Implementation: Korean in Australian Schools", in the
Proceedings of the 10th IAKLE Conference, Yonsei Univ, Seoul, August 2000.
Shin, S-C (1999). "A Response to: 'Whither Teaching of Korean in Australasia in the Next Decade on:
In Comparison with American Experience' by Ho-Min Sohn", a paper presented at the 1st Korean
Studies Association of Australasia (KSAA) Conference, University of New South Wales, September
1999.
29
Monograph/Other Publications:
Shin, S-C (2008). "How to advance Korean programs in Australian schools", Korea Focus (online)
December 2008 Edition, Korea Foundation.
Shin, S-C (2003). “Errors in Learner Corpus: Pedagogical Implications for KFL Instruction”, in
KAREC Discussion Papers 4-10. 11 p (1-11). 2003. ISBN 0 7334 2063 X. Korea-Australasia
Research Centre, Sydney.
Shin, S-C and Baik, G. (2002). Learning to Teach: Needs Analysis for a KFL Teacher Training
Program – A Survey Study, KAREC Monograph No1. 36 p (1-36), 2002. ISBN 0 7334 1917 8,
Korea-Australasia Research Centre, Sydney.
Shin, S-C (2002). "Error Analysis: Lexical Errors Produced by Australian KFL Learners", in KAREC
Discussion Papers 3-3. 25 p (1-25). 2002. ISBN 0 7334 1898 8. Korea-Australasia Research Centre,
Sydney.
Shin, S-C (2001). “Australian Students' Orthographic Errors in Korean: Type, Pattern and Cause", in
KAREC Discussion Papers 2-4. , 18 (1-17), 2001. ISBN 0 7334 1853 8. Korea-Australasia Research
Centre, Sydney.
Shin, S-C (2000). “Korean Language Education in Australian Schools: Success and Failure", in
KAREC Discussion Papers 1-1. 22 p (1-22). 2000. ISBN 0 7334 1709 4. Korea-Australasia Research
Centre, Sydney.
Textbooks/Course books:
Shin, S-C. (2011 online pilot edition). Learning to Teach Korean - A quick reference to Korean
language, research and cultural practices. Korea Research Institute, University of New South Wales.
179 p. Online: http:www.ceklser.org/
Shin, S-C. (2003). (with G. Baik). Pocket Korean Dictionary. 103p. Singapore: Periplus Editions.
2003. ISBN Number-0-7946-0047-6.
Shin, S-C. (1998). (with H. Chang and S. Lee). Ancillary Cultural Materials for Teaching Korean as a
Second Language. 236 p. National Korean Studies Centre, Melbourne and the Department of
Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs, Canberra, 1998 (Pilot Edition).
Shin, S-C. (1995). Korean for Secondary Schools Book I. 139 p. Sydney: NSW Board of Studies
(Funded by the Australian Federal Department of Employment, Education and Training), 1995. ISBN
0-7310-6318-X.
Shin, S-C. (1995). Korean for Secondary Schools Book II. 107 p. Sydney: NSW Board of Studies
(Funded by the Australian Federal Department of Employment, Education and Training), 1995. ISBN
0-7310-6319-8.
Shin, S-C. (1995). Korean for Secondary Schools Book III. 126 p. Sydney: NSW Board of Studies
(Funded by the Australian Federal Department of Employment, Education and Training), 1995. ISBN
0-7310-6320-1.
Shin, S-C. (1995). Korean for Secondary Schools Book IV. 135 p. Sydney: NSW Board of Studies
(Funded by the Australian Federal Department of Employment, Education and Training), 1995. ISBN
0-7310-6321-X
30
Affiliations and Memberships
*Korean Studies Association of Australasia (KSAA) Secretary (2011-13)
*Australian Research Council (ARC) assessor (2010 - );
*2010 Marquis Who's Who in the World biographee;
*Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Higher Degree Committee (2010 - );
Academic and Professional Memberships/Board:
*The Society of Korean Semantics Editorial Board (2009-11);
*International Association of Korean Language Education (IAKLE), Journal Editorial Board (2009-
13); Public Relations Board (2007-09), Editing Board (2005-07) and Publication Board (2001-03);
* International Network for Korean Language and Culture, International Relations Board (2011-13),
Public Relations Board (2007-11);
* Applied Linguistics Association of Australia (ALAA);
* International Circle of Korean Linguistics (ICKL);
* Korean Studies Association of Australasia (KSAA);
* National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters (NAATI, Australia) Translator.
Other Information
Grants, Fellowship and Award include:
*FASS Research grant (2013), Lost in Translation, FASS UNSW.
*NALSSP Strategic Collaboration and Partnership Fund Grant (2010-11), Australian Government
DEEWR and UNSW Korea Research Institute.
*NALSSP School Languages Program Project Grant - Korean (2009-10), Australian Government
DEEWR and Asia Education Foundation.
*Korea Foundation Field Research Fellowship Grant (2009), Korea Foundation.
*Academy of Korean Studies KSIG Visiting Scholars Fellowship Grant (2008-09), Academy of
Korean Studies.
*Research Promotion Grant (2008, 2009), Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, UNSW.
*Korea Foundation Field Research Fellowship Grant (2002), Korea Foundation.
*KAREC Research Grant (2000-01), Korea-Australasia Research Centre.
*UMAP-UNSW Project Grant (1998-99), Australian Government DEETYA.
*Curriculum Development Consortium Grant (1997-98), Australian Government DEET.
*Australian Postgraduate Award (1992), Griffith University.
*Staff Development Grant (1992), Queensland State Government and Griffith University.
Translation and reification of cities:Focus on Itaewon, Korea
Hunam YUN
(Hongik University)
Cities are open texts. They are perpetually transformed by their dynamic relationship with history and
the people in them. They are “rearticulated, transformed from a singular structure into a multilateral
palimpsest that can be ‘written’ up and over, again and again,” with time. Therefore, the boundaries of
cities’ identities continuously expand with this dynamic movement. There can be no single, fixed, or
complete description of a city, which is why cities require continuous translation. However, cities are
31
commonly represented as a single, fixed, and complete image in the process of translation through
selective appropriation, and people consume that image. This paper attempts to reveal the process and
ideological bias in such selective appropriation with a focus on Itaewon, Korea. Historically, Itaewon
has always been a site of different cultural encounters reflecting the historical twists and turns of
Korea: after the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 and the Manchu war of 1636, Japanese and
Chinese soldiers stayed in the area; during the colonial period, the Japanese army was stationed there;
after liberation, the American army was stationed there. Now, Muslims are flocking to the area, and it
is becoming a city of immigrants. Through these dynamic historical moments, Itaewon has been the
site of cultural amalgamation and conflict, always retaining traces of the past. However, the images of
Itaewon created by various media are ahistorical and fixed; it has been reified as a commodity to be
consumed through selective appropriation, and its dynamic history is ignored. The most common of
these images are those of shopping centers and the red light district, images that have been reinforced
by reproduction through various media and consumption by various audiences. This paper
investigates the process of this reification of Itaewon and its underlying ideology.
SUNG, Seung-eun
(Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)
Speakability is a key element for children’s literature translation. Read-aloud to children, children’s
book translations with good speakability are often preferred. However, speakability or singability, as
Oittinen(2006: 9) calls it, is sometimes deemed a vague and abstract term, hence never easy to prove
in actual translations. Moreover, there has not been much research on this to date, despite its
recognition as an important element in children’s literature translation. Translating speakability seems
to get more mired when combined with language play, as is often the case in children’s books.
Against this backdrop, this paper aims to observe how speakability is realized in children’s book
translations. Different target texts(TTs0 of the same source texts(STs) are analyzed so as to examine
32
how translators realize speakability in their translations. The TTs of the same STs are published at
different times, published after the earlier ones were out of print. The results shows that translators
adopt different speakability patterns, and that recent versions allow more shifts in meaning in order to
realize speakability.
Email: michsung@hotmail.com
Peter Lee
(Kookmin University)
1
Pym, Anthony (2005). “Explaining Explicitation,” in Krisztina Karoly and Ágata Fóris (eds.) New Trends in
33
management. When he refers to those pragmatic concepts to describe the cognitive process involved
in explicitation, however, he focuses on intentions and ignores the actual workings of the process that
realize those intentions. The process itself is left a black box. To provide a detailed picture of the
workings of that cognitive process, at least in pragmatic explicitation, I propose that what is needed is
to utilize the concept of informativity from text linguistics. My presentation, therefore, will explore
how informativity as a cognitive process, especially the concept of informativity downgrading as
defined by Beaugrande and Dressler, can be appropriately applied to the task of offering a detailed
and insightful explanation of the inner workings of pragmatic explicitation, mainly using examples
from the English translation of Shin Kyung-Sook’s novel Please Look After Mom but also examples
from other literary translations when deemed appropriate.
One way to clarify how explicitation and informativity can be connected is to ask why explicitation is
viewed as a translation strategy. When a translator deliberately translates in such way as to make a
text more explicit, what is the purpose for that? The intuitive answer is that it allows target readers to
have an easier time understanding or appreciating the text. Put another way, the translator feels there
is something in the ST that could cause confusion or hinder understanding in the target readers and is
pragmatically motivated to insert additional information in the TT in order to help them. Here, dealing
with the intentional aspects of that translator’s cognitive process is the realm of pragmatics, which
leads us to Grice’s maxims or to Sperber and Wilson’s relevance theory, and perhaps even to Pym’s
idea of risk management. The actual process of the translator’s intention or strategy being realized,
however, can best be described as a type of informativity downgrading, which is the realm of text
linguistics. This is what I will focus on explaining. If time allows, I will also explore whether this
relationship between informativity and explicitation is a one-to-one or one-to-many correspondence
between the two.
Vita
Peter Lee is an associate professor in the Department of English Language and Literature at Kookmin
University. He is also currently in the PhD program at the Graduate School of Interpretation and
Translation, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. He was an editor for the Presidential Committee
for the G20 Summit and has worked for many years as a translator, including for the US Embassy in
Seoul, and as director for A4 Translation Center in Yonsei University. He is a winner of the Korea
Times Modern Korean Literature Translation Award for poetry.
34
A Study on the Culturemes in Fan Subtitling
Seung-Jae Lee
(Kyung Hee University)
This paper is to study the translation of culturemes shown in the Korean-English fan subtitling. As a
study framework for translating culturemes, this paper will take Hofstede(1990)’s four measuring
units originally proposed for analyzing the intercultural communication in the business, rather than
Aixela’s (1996) culture-specific items. Four units of Hofstede measuring the cultural distance between
two different cultures are generally described as power distance, individuality, masculinity, and
avoidance of uncertainty. These four units had been adopted as culturemes for transferring culture-
specific items in Lee (2012). With the framework of culturemes of measuring units, this study will
35
conduct an analysis of the fan-subtitling. The fan-subtitling of Korean-to English on [Boys over
Flowers] and [That winter, the wind blows] will be reviewed based on the power distance,
individuality, masculinity, and avoidance of uncertainty. Consequently this paper will show the
phenomenon of translating culturemes in Korean dramas.
Issues and challenges facing Arabic translation studies in the 21st Century
Muhammad Y Gamal
(The University of Canberra)
Translation in the Arab world has a long history dating back to the 9 th century. During the European
Dark Ages, Arabic was the only language used for transferring knowledge. Furthermore, the modern
Arab world owes its rise to the translation movement in Cairo in the first half of the 19 th century.
36
There is no denying that translation is the driving force for progress. However, the state of Translation
Studies in Arabic today is complex, confused and chaotic.
Translation Studies at most Arab universities lack imagination and innovation. Most academics are
engrossed in basic teaching rather than research and creative ideas. Students are mere numbers in the
academic manufacturing machine and likewise graduates take a much longer time to become full-
fledged professionals. In the absence of a professional body, an academic conference or a national
policy the professional translation context is non-existent.
Yet against this unimpressive picture there are fantastic initiatives: a generous state-sponsored
translation program in Abu Dhabi, an international translation Award in Saudi Arabia, a conference
organised in Lebanon in addition to a myriad of local but short-lived projects in almost every Arab
capital city.
The paper looks at the translation scene in the Arab world and argues that it needs a comprehensive
check-up. In other words, academia must listen and learn from the market. This is the crux of the
current research: translation studies at Arab universities need to shed the antiquated image and to drop
the old topics of literary, religious and history of translation that have been a staple diet at every
event. The paper will argue that Arabic Translation Studies need to join the digital age and pay
attention to: audiovisual translation, localisation, online content industry and the image of the Arab
world abroad.
Vita
Muhammad Y Gamal
Adjunct Associate Professor
Arabic Translation Studies
Faculty of Government, Business and Law
The University of Canberra
Chunbai Zhang
37
This paper discusses the increasing use of China English in Chinese media and English publications
published in the mainland of China today. It purports to prove… It is first pointed out that many
features of China English can actually be found in the English translations of Chinese classics by
Christian missionaries to China in the 19th century as well as by great translators such as Pearl Buck
and Lin Yutang. The recognition of it as a variety of English, however, is a fairly recent matter. In the
past decade or two, an increasing amount of literature has focused on the distinction between China
English and Chinese English or Chinglish, a kind of substandard or unacceptable English, and the
justification of its use for the purpose of disseminating Chinese culture. In this paper it is argued that
this variety of should perhaps be used in the translation of Chinese classics, including, for example,
The Analects of Confucius and Hong Lou Meng, because, with the rapid process of globalization and
increasing communication between China and other parts of the world, there is a natural curiosity to
know China as she is and, on the part of China herself, an equally strong desire to be understood, for
much of the misunderstanding about China in the West seems to have come from “mistranslations” of
Chinese culture. It is also suggested that for translations of Chinese concepts, cultural and political
alike, to be viable, one has to take extra care where certain sensitive areas are involved, for, as it is
pointed out, the official translations of certain words, particularly political terms such as xuanchuan
(officially translated as “propaganda” in some formal contexts), seem to invite misunderstanding
themselves. It is finally suggested that some efforts be made to facilitate the understanding of China in
the West, such as the compilation of dictionaries of China English.
Vita
Chunbai ZHANG is a professor of English, a translator and translation studies scholar. He has been
teaching English and translation at East China Normal University since 1984. He has translated over
300 films and episodes of TV dramas from English into Chinese, including The Street Car Named
Desire, Anna Kalinina, Hunter and Growing Pains. He has published about three dozens of articles
including “The Translating of Film Dialogues in Mainland China” (META 2004:1) and five book
reviews in The Perspective (2000, 2003, 2004), as well as a number of Chinese articles on literary
translation, Chinese thinking on translation and the teaching of translation. He has also published two
textbooks on translation and over two dozens of English textbooks. He was dean of the School of
Foreign Languages of East China Normal University for 11 years (1997-2001, 2004-2011).
38
The Translation of Political News into Arabic : Sociolinguistics and
Cultural Considerations
39
Kais A. Kadhim, Ph.D
(University of Malaya, Malaysia)
Sheren Khalid Abdul Razaq, M.A
(University of Malaya, Malaysia)
Newmark defined culture as "the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community
that uses a particular language as its means of expression". Therefore, this paper examines the
quality of the translated message from English political news and how cultural aspect plays a crucial
role to sustain or distort the quality of the message. Our data are taken from online BBC news
and their Arabic version . It aims to find the answer to the research question in: What are the cultural
and sociolinguistics elements that control the English-Arabic political news translation?
Towards that end, a comparative methodology of the ST and TT will be adopted by paying attention
to examine the differences and similarities of the content of the message in the ST and their
corresponding message in the TT. In addition, Hatim (1997) and Venuti (1998) ideas will be used.
The findings have shown that cultural words do play important roles in communication among nations
and in the process of translation. Hatim’s ideas on artefacts, socio-facts and mantifacts have helped
the analysis; that is, creating a better understanding of the translating processes in the Arabic
translation of English news across different cultures and nations. A descriptive analytical interpretive
approach will be taken.
Key words: culture, sociolinguistics, translation, message, and political news
Vita
40
Kim, Soon Mi
Translation is not an innocent and transparent process taking place between two parties with
equal power and common interests. In most cases, there are ideological gap, conflict of interests, and
differences in value system. Because narratives are the best means to understand and make sense of
the social world around us, by reframing the narratives in the text, translators adjust the ideological
gap or differences in values and interests in translation. Drawing on the narrative and framing theories
proposed by social scientists, this paper sets out to explore how narratives are reframed in target texts.
For the analysis of texts, 34 sets of CNN news articles and their Korean translation on the issue
of Arab Spring, the revolutionary movements which have swept across the Arab world since the start
of 2011, are chosen. It is an ideologically charged topic where American diplomatic and political
interests are quite different from those of the other nations around the world including Korea.
Conservative Arab policy centered around the American interests, close diplomatic ties with Israel
and autocratic Arab nations such as Egypt and Saudi Arabia, importance of oil reserves in this region
put the US in quite a difficult situation when pro-American autocratic leaders such as Mubarak and
Gaddafi were ousted by the civil revolution. Thus, it was assumed that the narratives in the source text
would be changed in the target text through reframing.
The analysis found three new frames appeared in the target text: "dictators", "bloody
crackdown", and "pro-democracy movement." In the source text, the original frames were "longtime
Arab leaders", "clash between the police and protestors", and "uprising." By adding a new frame or
shifting an existing frame with a new one, translators "suppress, accentuate, or elaborate particular
aspects in a narrative encoded in the source text"(Baker 2006: 114). The main narrative in the source
text was "Arab people protested against their longtime rulers. There was a clash between riot police
and protesters." Through reframing process it was changed into "Arab people made pro-democratic
movements against dictators. Riot police and soldiers' bloody crackdown on protestors triggered more
violence." This kind of narrative change in translation is reflecting the different interests and
perspective between the two countries.
41
Qiuhong HUANG
(University of Macau)
The last three decades have seen numerous studies on ideological manipulations in news
discourse through the use of quotations. Researches have so far suggested that the selection of
quotation patterns and contents reflect the ideologies of the news institutions. Studies which have
focused on the relationship between quotations and power relations in society, such as relations on
race, gender and social classes, support the notion that the ideological construction of gender
inequality, racism, elite ‘in-groups’ and so on is embedded in the structure of news reporting. When
foreign news is first translated and reported to a domestic audience, a similar ideological embedding
occurs in the process of the trans-editing process. Against this theoretical background, this paper
investigates how quotations are used in news trans-editing in China from the perspective of how
readers’ perceptions are compared and contrasted with realities, with a specific reference to Chinese
trans-edited texts of the coverage of the Chinese athlete Ye Shiwen’s victories in the 2012 London
Olympics by the Reference News (RN, the largest circulated newspaper daily published by the state
Xinhua news agency of China.
I argue that in relation to the above-mentioned trans-edited texts, the choices of quotations and
their sources, contents and patterns are by no means objective or neutral and that the news trans-
editors presented the news with considerable ideological bias. For example, the RN directly copied a
report by BBC Chinese but made major changes of wording, such as changing the wording from “中
国运动员使用违禁药物是当局的政策” into “中国运动员使用违禁药物”, presumably in order to
fit in the ideological embedding. My findings are in agreement with Chen (2009)’s analysis of trans-
edited Chinese news texts, where she found that the overall contents of quotations in the three target
newspapers are not objective but rather partisan, for they selectively used those quotation contents
congruent with their ideological viewpoints and deleted contents incompatible with their ideologies.
It is hoped that the findings of this paper could further contribute to the studies on ideologies and
news discourse in China where trans-editing has played a major role in news reporting. Just the
Reference News alone trans-edits news articles from most of the countries in the world and was a
main source of news during the London Olympics. As a result, how direct quotations are used has a
vivid and dramatic effect on the target newspaper reporting. More studies are needed to give more
insights on issues like text precision and the choice of quotation contents congruent with its
ideological viewpoint.
Vita
42
Qiuhong HUANG received her MA in Advanced Translation from Macquarie University, Australia.
After graduation, she taught English courses and translation/interpreting courses at tertiary level in the
mainland and Macau in the past 5 years. She is currently a PhD student at University of Macau. Her
main research interest is in the field of Translation Studies, particularly in media translation, language
ideologies and retranslation.
43
Hyunju Ryu
(GSTI, Busan Univ. Foreign Studies)
In this paper, I will discuss dub localization where films in English are transposed into Korean
language versions. With the world ever globalised in many ways, localization plays a key role in
providing local people with better accessibility to globalised contents. One of the most popular cross-
border contents are movies.
In a research field of localization, the main issue has been focused on computer tools such as software
written in English while dubbing has been relatively marginalized in the subject. Software is full of
computer jargons yet most of the terminology is literal set-terms, which explains why this kind of
localization is essentially performed by localization software including Trados. On the contrary, dub
localization texts are concerned with non literal tropes which are heavily loaded with culture-specific
languages. This is more prevalent in orality(dubs) than literacy(subtitles) targeting young viewers
because voices can grab their attention more powerfully than texts in film translation. Animation
genre is a good case in point. Given the situation that characters come to life with voices more vividly
in film narratives, the dubbed characters can give to audience different perspectives according to
voice castings. This is more true in appreciation of fictional narratives as the recipients are deeply
immersed in what they see and hear with “suspension of disbelief.”
The present paper will address voiced character issues surrounding a recent controversy of extreme
localization in Korea triggered by marketing strategies. At the center of the argument is increasing
dependence on Korean “star powers.” As a result voice-over stars’ characters often replace or
overshadow those in the original films. This multivocality poses many questions to think about
literally with respect to “voices” : Where is locality in dub localization?; Who/what are characters in
film narratives and dubbed products?; How specific is culture in the localization? to name a few.
Vita
Hyunju Ryu is a professor of Korean-English major at GSTI/BUFS, and has long been performing
specialized translations in a variety of texts for technical, medical, legal and other industrial fields
along with art, literature and TV programs(AVT). She has Ph. D in English literature criticism and a
master degree in English novels at Kyungbook National University, Korea and MATranstion &
Interpretation at Monterey Institute of International Studies, USA. In addition to her active
professional practices in translation & interpretation, Ryu has been writing prolific research papers.
Her publications include Hypertext Literature, Computer Games and Narratives, and
Cybertext(translation), Interpretation Skills: Acquisition & Training, and many other academic
papers such as “(Comparative) Literature and Rewriting”, “Defamiliarization and Foreignization in
Critical Discourses”, “Translatorese and Translationese”, “Death of Literature and Media
44
Diversification”, “Korean AVT from Roman Jakobson's Translation Perspectives”, “Literature
Translation Criticism in Pride & Prejudice”. Ryu's interests of research lie in translation studies,
narratives & media and intercultural studies.
45
Some Pragmatic Issues on Japanese Comic Translation into English: A
Relevance-Theoretic Account
Isao Higashimori
(Ryukoku University)
In this paper, I argue that many Japanese comic cartoons are translated into English, but some of them
seem to be unsuccessful from the pragmatic and cultural points of view. I would like to compare some
Japanese comics and their translated versions to find out some cognitive or pragmatic differences
between them. I will use “The Ghost Hunt”, illustrated by Inada Shiho, written by Ono Fuyumi as one
of the textbooks. Explicatures and implicatures and many types of interpretive resemblances in
English Translation: And on one evening, my sempai was passing by the old building and…
In Japanese culture, speaking to an upper grader without using the honorific “Sempai”
is regarded as a very rude attitude In English Speaking culture, they normally call
their friends and family members by their first names, not by their social rank and title
Literal Translation: to tap on the stone bridge before crossing to make sure it doesn’t break
English Translation: “You’re the type of a person who looks before he leaps.” )
Many Japanese proverbs are cited in this cartoon. In original comic, Mai said 「石橋を叩いて渡るタイ
プなんだー」to Kazuya. ”Ishibashi o tataite wataru” is such a famous proverb in Japan that every
Japanese knows its true meaning, that is, to tap on the stone bridge before crossing to make sure it
doesn’t break, so it represents an extremely careful way. However non-Japanese people have some
46
difficulty in understanding this proverb only by Literal translation. In English translation, the
translator puts otherwise, “You’re the type of a person who looks before he leaps.”
REFERENCES:
Inada, Shiho., and Fuyumi Ono. The Ghost Hunt. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1998.
Inada, Shiho., and Fuyumi Ono. Ghost Hunt. London: Tanoshimi, 2006.
Vita
47
Cognitive Characteristics?Proceedings: Selected Papers on
CD-Rom(Rhetoric in Society, 2009.1.22 University of
Leiden)ISB-Number/EAN: 978-90-9024676-5
6. Jokes and Metarepresentations: Definition Jokes and Metalinguistic Jokes
2009 LACUS FORUM CD-ROM
7.『関連性理論の新展開:認知とコミュニケーション』2003 研究社(共著:吉村あき子)
9.『プラクテイカル・ジーニアス英和辞典』2004.11.1 大修館書店(編集主幹:東森勲、小西友七)
48
Implications of World Englishes on Interpreting Performance
Jiun Huh
(Ewha Womans University)
English is used widely around the world and is no longer owned by native speakers alone. Non-native
English speakers are using and learning English as their second language(L2) or English as a Foreign
Language (EFL). However English is not a monolith standard variety. There are different varieties of
Englishes around the world, and each variety is influenced by local language and culture. The term
‘World Englishes’ refer to the different varieties of Englishes used in different regions around the
world.
In fact, the spread of English is affecting the working environment of English-Korean interpreters. As
there are increasing use of World Englishes by speakers at international conferences, features of
different varieties of World Englishes may impose difficulties on interpreters’ performance. This is
confirmed by AIIC’s ‘Workload Study’ and Albl-Mikasa’s research on ELF(English as Lingua
Franca)’s impact on interpreting professions. However, research on World Englishes or ELF’s impact
on interpreting performance is still at a nascent stage and thus requires an in-depth inquiry.
This paper analyzes the difficulties experienced by interpreters with English and Korean as their
working language, and attempts to find the features of different English varieties causing difficulties
for them. The study compares American English, Indian English and Chinese English as they are
deemed representative varieties of Inner Circle, Outer Circle, and Expanding Circle – a classification
made by Kachru(1985).
This paper focuses on the segmental and supra-segmental features of each variety as phonological
intelligibility consists the first step in the listening phase in the Interpreting process. The paper will
find the link between phonological features of different varieties, difficulties experienced by
Interpreters, and the output of interpreting performance.
For this purpose a number of interpreters were asked to interpret from native and non-native English
speakers’ speech into Korean.
Vita
49
jiun_h@naver.com, 010-3127-2512
Intertextuality in interpreter-mediated discourse in legal contexts: A case
study of police interpreting in South Korea
Jieun Lee
(Ewha Womans University)
In legal cases which involve witnesses from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds,
interpreters play an important role in interpreting statements made during police interviews and
courtroom examinations. Interpreted evidence and statements provided through interpreters, which are
often multi-voiced and heteroglossic discourse, have complex intertextuality. In the cases where
interpreters lack professional attributes such as interpreting competence and impartiality, it is very
likely that the interpreted evidence and statements will not be a faithful reproduction of original
utterances in foreign languages. If attention is not paid to possible alterations by interpreters to the
original utterances of the witness and duty of care is lacking in the procedure of obtaining statement
from witnesses through such interpreters, the official legal record kept in the host country’s official
language may not be an accurate one. This paper is based on a case study of a video-recorded
interpreter-mediated police interview of a Russian-speaking minor whose half-sister died on the
previous night. This study examines the intertextuality between the bilingual interview involving a
Russian interpreter at a police station, the official witness statement, namely the police record of the
interview in Korean, and the trial court’s judgment. The findings reveal that the interpreter’s
deviations from the norms in legal interpreting and the police officers’ lack of care in witness
statement through interpreters influenced the fact-finding process during the early stages of police
investigation and eventually the trial of a Russian speaking defendant.
50
Interpreting self-efficacy (ISE) scale for undergraduate students
Construction and preliminary validation in the context of Korea
Sang-Bin Lee
(HUFS)
Research findings from diverse professional domains of activity have shown that self-efficacy or
"beliefs in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given
attainments" (Bandura 1997:3) is a good predictor of how one feels and behaves and what one can
accomplish. For example, students with a strong sense of academic self-efficacy are willing to
undertake challenging tasks (Bandura and Schunk 1981), display lower anxiety levels (Pintrich and de
Groot 1990), attain higher intellectual achievement (Bouffard-Bouchard 1990), and self-regulate
better than students with lower levels of self-efficacy (Zimmerman et al. 1992). Absent from this
body of research are studies on the Interpreting Self-Efficacy (ISE), a person's belief about their
interpreting competence. Informed by a central mechanism grounded in Bandura's (1986, 1997) social
cognitive theory of human functioning, this research aims to develop an ISE scale for undergraduate
trainee interpreters in Korea. The ISE scale was developed following a statistically sound format. An
initial pool of 63 items was generated based on a review of previous studies on self-efficacy
instruments and interpreting competence, and the draft scale was checked for face and content
validity. Undergraduate students majoring in consecutive interpreting at three universities in Seoul
were participants (n=413) in validating the scale. The preliminary scale was refined into 21 items
through analysis of internal consistency reliability and exploratory factor analysis.
Keywords
Bandura's self-efficacy, interpreting self-efficacy (ISE), perceived interpreting competence, self-
efficacy scale, scale development
Vita
Sang-Bin Lee
Department of English Interpretation and Translation
College of English
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS)
51
Renarrating the victims of WWII through translation
While personal narratives elaborated by a powerful institution, such as media, may strengthen public
narratives, translation can play decisively in challenging, and sometimes deconstructing, the dominant
public narratives that are widely circulated within a society (Baker 2006). Yoko story, a Korean
translation of So Far from the Bamboo Grove (1986), is a good example that reflects these two points.
As a semi-autobiographical novel based on the writer Yoko Kawashima Watkins’s childhood
memories, it offers the personal narratives of an eleven- year-old Japanese girl who narrates the last
days of World War II. The book received wide recognition in the US that it could have been a source
of education for primary and middle school pupils in some states of the US, including the state of
California, until it became the subject to much criticism by some Korean-American parents. The
parents have boycotted the book, arguing that, although it is a personal story, it misguided young
students by constructing the ‘good Japanese-bad Korean’ binary and elaborating Koreans as atrocious
while Japanese are projected as victims. This ultimately led to the un-listing of the book from the
curriculum in the US in 2006.
In Korea, So Far from the Bamboo Grove was translated and circulated by a well-established
publishing house, and later it became subjected to much controversy, and eventually was removed
from bookstores in 2007. The publishing house claimed that it published a Korean translation in an
attempt to offer a more nuanced, balanced view and a fresh perspective on the war, believing that the
Korean translation would challenge the dominant public narratives circulated in Korea in which
Koreans were regarded as victims and Japanese as barbaric colonizers.
Although much criticism was raised about the book and translation, it has never been examined in the
field of translation studies. Considering translation as a more complex and multi-layered process,
where not only translators but other players such as publishing houses are also involved in producing
translation, in the case of written translation; this paper examines various ways in which, and the
extent to which, narratives encoded in the source text are modified and mediated through translation.
Drawing on narrative theory as theoretical framework, So Far from the Bamboo Gove and its Korean
translation, Yoko story, will be analyzed at both macro and micro levels, the former involving the
analysis of para-textual elements such as cover designs, images and blurbs; the latter involving more
in-depth linguistic analysis of the text itself.
52
References
Baker (2006) Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account, London and New York: Routledge.
Vita
53
Assessing Published Translations in the Cyberspace
Ji-Hae Kang
(Ajou University)
This paper sets out to explore how translation assessment in the cyberspace has become a site for
interactive and participative reflection on the part of translation receivers concerning published
translations. Based on a case study of an online translation debate concerning the Korean translation
of Steve Jobs, a record-breaking bestseller released in South Korea in October 24, 2011, the present
study examines the assumptions held by translation receivers about published translations and their
quality. The debate originally began with a post on Daum Agora, a major online discussion forum in
South Korea, which raised the possibility of mistranslation of certain parts of the source text; the
debate quickly spilled over into the public domain and received significant media coverage. Although
the debate centered on the accuracy of translation, posts and discussion threads reveal important
aspects of translation receivers’ views regarding language, translation, quality, translator competence,
and translation’s social and cultural roles.
In the present analysis, I draw on the concepts of “framing” and “role performance” (Goffman 1961,
1974) to examine how translation receivers approach translation assessment. By analyzing the
discourse of assessment on the online discussion forum, the study argues that voices in the debate
perform the roles of not only assessors and critics but also cultural activists, ‘smart’ consumers,
pedagogues, and gatekeepers. Although assessors discuss and judge the quality or merits/demerits of
translation, the analysis of posts and discussion threads shows that assessors engage in situated and
reflexive role performance, often seeking ways to address translation-related social or cultural issues
via translation assessment. As the role of translation assessor is far from stable or uniform, the
discourse of assessors are also fraught with varied, or even contradictory, constructions of translation
and its quality. Despite the widely held view that online translation assessors are problematic for
numerous reasons, including speaking definitively about translation without proper expertise or
knowledge regarding translation, the study demonstrates that assessors often distance themselves from
an expert/critic role and choose to embrace a cultural activist or a ‘smart’ consumer role instead. The
findings suggest that online translation assessment is an arena for both conflict and collaboration
where translation receivers not only utilize the state-of-the-art media technology to make their
individual voices heard but also exploit their collective intelligence to solve translation-related social
and cultural problems.
54
Semantics and Pragmatics in Note-taking during Consecutive Interpreting
Yoshihiro Minamitsu
(Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies)
This paper discusses the underling ability which enhances an interpreter’s note-taking in consecutive
interpreting (CI). Previous studies have regarded note-taking in CI as an assist device to prevent the
saturation of consecutive interpreters’ memory. The previous studies developed on the basis of
practitioners’ experience, and focused on how to facilitate making notes for consecutive interpreters
with reference to their special systems of note-taking. In other words, note-taking in CI has been
commonly regarded as empirically–grounded techniques (See, Rozan 1956, Mignard-beloroutchev
1969, Henderson 1976, Gilles 2005). The question of which ability makes consecutive interpreters
facilitate techniques for note-taking in CI is still open. Therefore, this paper analyzes the underling
ability which enhances an interpreter’s note-taking in CI in terms of cognitive pragmatics.
Through the scrutiny of professional consecutive interpreters’ notes, it is obvious that symbols or
words which professional interpreters use do not correctly reflect what original speakers explicitly
expressed. The problem is why these gaps emerge. The present study first analyzes professional
consecutive interpreters’ notes, and then proposes that the gaps emerge as a consequence of human
utterance comprehension process.
The ability which enhances note-taking in consecutive interpreters is meta-representational ability
representing a mental state of others. During CI, an interpreter inferentially draw an original speaker’s
communicative intention guided by the linguistic form of the original speech, and using information
from other sources such as stored knowledge and objects that are provided. The symbols or words
used in note-taking are a kind of meta-representation which reflects the proposition expressed
determined by the inference from original speeches. It is also clear that the notation is diagonally
structured in the units of proposition expressed of the original speeches. In the right of the proposals
mentioned above, it is reasonable to suppose that note-taking in CI shows a consecutive interpreter’s
on-line utterance understanding.
Vita
55
Portrait of a Korean Translator: Yongho Lee
Yeong-Houn Yi
(Korea University)
The aim of this paper is to present a portrait of a Korean Translator, Yongho Lee who introduced
works of Sigmund Freud, Erich Fromm and Karl Menninger to Korea by translation. As a co-
publisher of the publishing house Baekjo, he is also famous of his first Korean translation of Simone
de Beauvoir’s Le Deuxième Sexe. 1950s is the period when the translation field was formed in Korea.
We have observed the birth of the translator-publisher and the academic translator. In our presentation
we investigate how the habitus of Yongho Lee, his social trajectory as a translator and co-publisher
has influenced his selection of the works to be translated, his attitude towards these translated works
and his strategy of translation under the politics of translation publication of the publishing house
Baekjo.
1950 년대는 국내의 출판번역장이 처음으로 형성되는 시기이며, 우리는 이때에 출판과
번역을 겸한 출판-번역가와 대학에 적을 둔 강단번역가의 탄생을 목도하게 된다. 본
발표에서 우리는 형성과정에 놓인 한국의 출판번역장 내에서 번역가 이용호의 학력,
경력 등 사회적 이력, 즉 아비투스가 이용호의 번역대상 작품의 선택과 그에 대한 태도,
번역전략에 어떤 파급 효과를 낳았는지를 백조출판사의 번역출판 정책에 대한 고려 하에
구체적으로 살펴볼 계획이다.
Vita
56
E-mail : erasme@korea.ac.kr / saerom5596@naver.com
Title : Portrait of a Korean Translator : Yongho Lee
57
Implications of Formulaic Expressions on Processing Efficiency during
Simultaneous Interpretation
Migyong Lee
(Kyung Hee University)
Simultaneous interpreting (SI) is described as a process during which the interpreter needs to
strategically allocate her available processing capacity to carry out different tasks to transfer Source
Language (SL) message into Target Language (TL). According to scholars, simultaneous interpreters
are able to carry out different tasks under severe time constraints characteristic to this mode of
communication attributable to various tactics and strategies to ease processing loads. Gile (1995)
describes expertise in SI as capacity to efficiently manage available efforts to be allocated to suffice
required efforts for different tasks. In discussing strategies for SI, Wills (1978) notes the merits of
syntactic and semantic anticipation which, he describes as, the result of intelligent textual prediction
triggered by linguistic units which, within the framework of specific communication situations, serve
as important cues for the achievement of high-quality SI performance.
This study focuses on a particular type of expression referred to as "formulaic sequences."
Researchers note that formulaic sequences are more than strings of words linked together with
collocational ties; they are often used to accomplish recurrent communication needs. More
importantly, formulaic sequences offer processing efficiency because single memorized units, even if
made up of a sequence of words, are processed more quickly and easily than the same sequences of
words which are generated creatively. The aim of this study is to compare the SL original and TL re-
expressions of simultaneous interpreting in order to first, find out what are formulaic sequences used
at international conferences; second, analyze whether interpreters' rendering of formulaic sequences
contribute to enhance efficiency in processing during SI; and lastly, analyze the implications of such
rendering in achieving communication. For the study, authentic data was collected from two
international conferences hosted in Seoul. Comparison of the renderings of interpreters and student
interpreters showed formulaic sequences contributed to easing time constraints and cognitive load as
well as enhance the communicative relevance of TL expression. Also, the study suggests development
of a subtle syntactic and semantic anticipatory ability as a useful goal for the linguistically and
psychologically based teaching of SI.
58
Vita
Migyong Lee
Assistant Professor,
Department of English, Kyung Hee University
59
Lexical competence of professional interpreters
- An empirical research on interpreting competence -
전문통역사의 어휘능력
Professional interpreters are regarded as experts with ‘special’ abilities. However, these abilities -or
more accurately, ‘the competence’, a psychological term for an innate ability system- are hard to
identify. This paper focuses on one aspect of interpreting competence, namely lexical competence.
The study builds the hypothesis based on the presumption that the lexical competence of professional
interpreters is developed (specified) from the lexical system of bilinguals. The lexical system of
bilinguals, in turn, is based on the lexical system of monolinguals. Based on the findings by
researches that relate bilingual and interpreting qualities, this study set up the following hypotheses:
The longer one acquires the interpreting competence (1) the more balanced are the L1 and L2 lexical
systems (based on Kurz 1996), (2) the more similar are the L2 lexical structure to that of native
speakers, (3) the stronger are the links between synonyms in L2 as well as in L1 (compared to non-
interpreters) (based on Gerver et. al. 1989). These hypotheses are verified through the lexical transfer
and words association tests. In this experiment 16 subjects(4 undergraduate students, 4 first years, 4
second year students of graduate school of interpretation and 4 professional interpreters with more
than 5-year-experience) are tested for their lexical transfer and words association competence. In all
related tests, the professionals showed the best results, while other groups yielded results that did not
differ greatly from one another. This and the fact that undergraduate students who did not take regular
interpreting classes, but had more interpreting experiences than first year students, showed constantly
better results than the latter, indicate that interpreting experience, rather than interpreting education,
has more influence on the development of professional lexical competence.
60
연구로는 Kurz (1996), Gerver et. al.(1989)이 있다. 이들 연구에 바탕을 두고 본 연구는 다음 세 가
지 가설을 세웠다.
상으로 두 가지 실험을 하였다. 가설① 검증을 위해서는 어휘전환 실험을, 가설②, ③ 검증을 위
수 있겠다.
표를 신청하게 되었습니다.
61
The Effective Content of Translation Curriculum
One of the main reasons for students' dissatisfaction with translation courses is related to inefficiency
of translation curriculum. This research was done to analyze the deficits of translation curriculums
especially the ones applied in Iranian universities. Translation competence includes sound knowledge
of SL and TL, translation theory, transfer procedures, cognition and methodology , comprehension of
what translation is and how it occurs, permanent interest in reading various kinds of texts , ability to
communicate ideas clearly, empathically and openly, ability to work out interrelationship of ideas ,
capacity to create, foster and maintain a warm work environment, and capacity to foster research
,accuracy and truthfulness; critical, self-critical and analytical capacity . There should be some
revisions in different aspects of this curriculum including the size and structure of the class, and
translating materials. About planning translation curriculum some factors must be considered
including providing different reading, listening, writing and L1 and L2 proficiency, listening,
speaking courses and changing the teacher oriented curriculum to student centered curriculum and
the teachers must try to have some academic information about theories of translation and their
application while translating and also assessing translations. Also in most cases students were not
familiar with recent technologies related to their field of study that using them facilitates translation
and improves the quality of translations. Group work also must be encouraged so students can learn
from each other . To design a translation curriculum, the teacher at first can prepare the students for
translation activity, then he can want them to translate it in a group, and they can discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of each of these translations and the students will score them
themselves. So as a whole, by changing the texts to be translated, by having teachers who are more
competent, and by encouraging more effective curriculum the translation courses will be improved.
Vita
m.zargarbashi24@gmail.com
62
News Localization and Its Ambivalent Aspects
Kim Gi-young
(Pusan National University)
Until the 18th century from the Middle Ages, translators were permitted to delete, add or edit the lines
of original text on their own. Since then, however, such changes made by translators have sometimes
drawn criticism that they distort the author’s spirit or suppress the otherness imbued in the foreign
texts. As Translation Studies developed into a distinctive discipline in 1950s and 1960s, linguistic
models were introduced to the field with the concept of ‘equivalent’ emerging as a crucial norm
governing translation theories and practice. But the principle of equivalence came to be challenged
by the Functional Theory of Translation started from Germany in 1970s. The Functional Theory is
best applied to the commercial and technical texts because it gives the first priority to the functions
translated text have in target culture. Noticeably, news translation also seems to have diverged from
the equivalence rule. Events and accidents occurring around the world are processed by media
companies to be transformed into news products. The news contents crossing borders in real time are
usually involve a series of adaptation, such as selection, deletion, addition and manipulation,
according to the public sentiments and ideologies of target society before reaching the readers or end
users. This study assumes that news translation is going beyond the classically defined translating
activity, expanding to the boundary of ‘localization’, the software optimization process. Localization
means a range of process carried out to make software products (online games, for example) be
broadly accepted and consumed in its target Locale (territorial, cultural, or linguistic unit of
localization). The aspects of news Localization may be ambivalent: it softens resistance to foreignness
of international news and protect national (media) discourse from huge wave of western centered
Globalization, especially when the news is concerned with political and economic interests of target
society. Another notable point in news localization is the shift of translator’s stance and identity from
objective third person to participative second person operator. The second person translator receives
the news from participant’s point of view, and edit and manipulate the lines so that it is acceptable to
‘our’ society, while the objective third person translator keeps a certain distance from texts. This study
examines a range of theories around practice of news translation and software localization, and
investigates the overlap area between them.
63
Vita
Kim Gi-young
Mobile Phone: 017-227-8439
E-mail : trangie@pusan.ac.kr
Completion of Doctor Course of Graduate School of Translation and Interpretation at Ewha Womans
University
Full- time Instructor of the Department of English Language and Literature at Pusan National
University
64
The Need for Medical Interpreters in Japan
Kie Kawauchi
(Aomori University of Health and Welfare)
In Japan, where the number of registered foreign residents continues to increase each year, medical
staff and foreign patients are encountering numerous problems due to language barriers that are
inhibiting effective communication. A national framework of qualifications for trained medical
interpreters has not yet been established in Japan, leaving foreign patients with limited language
support options in medical situations.
All patients have the right to access adequate information concerning their medical condition, yet, for
foreign patients with limited Japanese language ability, it is difficult to obtain this information, This
lack of information, or misinformation, often impedes medical treatment.
This study was conducted to understand the current situation for medical interpreters in Japan, the
language support offered to foreign residents in medical settings and the necessity for medical
interpreters. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with actively working interpreters. The
results expose the problem of Japan’s medical industry relying heavily on volunteer interpreters who
cannot always provide reliably accurate information. Even though foreign residents acknowledge that
the presence of a interpreters would significantly reduce their communication anxiety, there is
currently no mechanism in place that enables patients to easily access qualified interpreters. There is a
clear need for domestically unified qualifications for medical interpreters, as well as an employment
and dispatch system that connects interpreters with medical institutes.
Japan needs to examine practices in countries with well-established medical interpreter systems and
move quickly to develop a national system capable of supporting both foreign patients and medical
staff.
Vita
65
Self-translation and Bilingual Writing
Chun, Hyunju
(Hanbuk University)
This paper attempts to the investigation into what the substances of self-translation and bilingual
writing is and raises a question whether self-translation and/or bilingual version of writing can be
The research method will be focused on the establishment of their definition and concept for the
above two terminologies in the basement of theoretical analysis and case study. The following
features concerning self-translation will be noticed: 1) it is ‘bilingual writing' which approaches in the
area of translation and creative writing simultaneously; 2) it has 'the stronger motivation of writing'
than that of translation; 3) both source and target texts of author-translator's should be accepted and
consulted as independent and complementary ones to apprehend them properly; and 4) 'a new writing
style' including the comprehensive concepts of rewriting and bilingual writing. 5) the prominent
author-translator can be found in the group of ethnic writers and of minority, 6) the writing style is
like that of autobiography, 7) the sensitivity of multi-cultural awareness is mainly treated with, and 8)
the distinctive boundary between self-translation and bilingual writing can be drawn.
By the same token, this paper explores that the theories and criterion of other-translation quality
assessment and criticism can be literally applied to the case of self-translation. And the
comprehensive approach may take place to measure the significance of bilingualism as self-
Vita
Chun, Hyunju, PH.D., focuses her research interests on the translation criticism and translation quality
assessment. She is currently training future translators at the Department of English at Hanbuk
University (Dongducheon-si, Korea). Her publications have concentrated on areas such as the
66
paradigms of the translation criticisms, translation and discourse, translation and culture, and
67
Influences of Early English translations to Korean Syntax and New
Literary Styles around the early 1900’s
No-Shin Lee
(Hoseo University)
Early English translations to Korean, which had been done in Korea and its adjacent regions, Manchu
and Japan, from the late 19th century through the early 20th century, widely influenced the formation
of early modern Korean grammar and simultaneously new written styles of the Korean novel that
appeared around the early 1900’s. This paper explores how and why such processes occurred to the
Korean language from perspectives of syntax and stylistics. In terms of syntax, for instance, Korean
was one of the predicate-centered languages in which the sentence subject is normally omitted in
colloquial and literary styles as well. In contrast, the subject drop rarely takes place in the English
literary style. However, in the new style Korean fiction, as seen in the Korean translations from
English novels during that era, the subject began to be clearly marked in each sentence. This paper
views such remarkable changes in relation to early English translations to Korean. Accordingly this
paper accesses to the issues in terms of stylistic interactions among Korean, English, Chinese, and
Japanese. It is necessary because the English-Korean translation work was conducted not only in
Korea but also in Chinese and Japan due to complex political dynamics during that age. This paper
looks into how Chinese characters and Japanized-Chinese characters were adopted to the Korean
literary styles through the translation process.
Key words : Early English translations, Korean syntax, Korean literary styles, cultural interactions,
linguistic elements, Chinese characters, Manchu and Japan
68
Translation Aspects and its traits of ChunKiang Zhuan published by the
Writer Publishing Office
1956년 北
京 作
家出版
社에서 출판한〈春
香傳〉의 번역양상과 특징
王
飛燕
(Korea University)
the Writer Publishing Office(北京作家出版社) in Beijing, 1956. and the translators are Bingwei(冰
蔚, from North Koran) and Zhangyouluan(張友鸞, from China). The original text they used was a
North Korean〈ChunXiang Zhuan춘향전〉, the story was almost same as the traditional〈ChunXiang
classic atmosphere and the musical character of Pansori(판소리) were maintained very well in the
translation. We might say that the translators did a great job in this book. Especially Zhang can use
the classic Chinese and even the language of China traditional theater very well, that was very useful
in the translation. Even there are some questions in this book, we still can comment that the
translation was very successful.
mistranslation.
1. 머리말
69
이 글은 1956년 북경(北
京) 작가출판사(作
家出版
社)에서 출판한〈春
香傳〉의 번역양상과 특징을 살피는 것을 목
적으로 한다. 중국에서 중국어로 번역된〈춘향전〉은 여러 종류가 있다. 그 중의 대부분은 어린이 독서물인 ‘그림
의 번역양상과 특징에 대해 전체적으로 연구할 계획이 있으나, 그것은 상당히 방대한 작업이므로 짧은 시일 안
1956년 역본〈춘향전〉에 관한 연구는 많지 않다. 진영의 논의가 처음이라고 할 수 있다3. 논자는 완판84장본
〈열녀춘향수절가〉와 1956년 역본〈춘향전〉의 서사전개를 비교했고, 1956년 역본에서 삭제하거나 첨가한 내용을
역본에 나타나는 화본소설적인 성격을 살펴보았다. 그리고 그 내용상의 변동과 원인을 검토했다. 1956년 역본
에 대한 최초의 논문이라는 점에서 의미가 있는 논문이지만 논의과정에서 선학들의 논의를 그대로 가지고 온
출판한 것이고, 북한 평양의 있는 출판사에서 출판한 것도 있다. 이런 그림책 형식의 〈춘향전〉은 내용과
70
은 모두 납득하기가 어려운 논설이다6.
9
의 몇 가지 대목을 비교한 다음에 유응구 역본에 대해 상대적으로 긍정적인 평가를 내렸다10.
출판사 몇
서지사항 유형 번역자 저본
출판년도
의 출현과 유행한 시기가 더욱 ‘자본주의 사회’와 거리가 먼 것이다. 그리고 1956년 역본〈춘향전〉이 번역
판(유응구 역본, 필자)은 사실상 그 나머지 두 개와 견주어도 손색이 없다고 볼 수 있다.’ ‘(유응구 역본이)
다른 역본보다 비교적 더 활발한 융통성을 지닌다. ’학청산, 위의 논문. 42~43쪽. 별고로 논의하겠지만 사
71
越
劇 〈 新
文藝出
版社 華
東戱劇
硏究院編
輯.
1 朝
鮮民主
主義人
民共和
國 國
立古典
藝術劇
場 演
出本
春
香傳〉 (1955.2. 上
海) 莊
志執筆
古
裝
河
南人民
出版社
2 豫
劇 〈春 莊
志 改
編 朝
鮮民主
主義人
民共和
國 國
立古典
藝術劇
場 演
出本
(1955.6. 鄭
州)
香
傳〉
京
劇 〈 北
京出版
社 (1956.
3 言
慧珠改編 朝
鮮民主
主義人
民共和
國 國
立古典
藝術劇
場 演
出本
春
香傳〉 北
京)
評
劇
音
樂出版
社 (1957. 莊
志執,中
筆國評劇
院
4 曲
譜 〈春 朝
鮮民主
主義人
民共和
國 國
立古典
藝術劇
場 演
出本
北
京) 編賀·楊
飛培 作
曲
香
傳〉
潮
劇 〈 정확하게 알 수 없으나 대개 월극 〈春
香傳〉으로부터
5 1956 王
菲·黃
秋葵·楊
廣泉
春
香傳〉 이식(移
植)된 것으로 보인다.
黃
梅
영상자료만 확인되고 구체적인 자료는 아직 확인되
6 戱〈春
香
지 않았다.
〉
傳
〈春
香
作
家出版
社 (1956. 〈春
香傳〉, 연변교육출판사, 1955 (朝
鮮作家
同盟出
版社,
7 〉
傳 冰
蔚(北
韓)·張
友鸞譯
北
京) 1955.)
(소설)
〈春
香
新
世界出
版社
8 〉
傳 柳
應九(韓
國)譯 전주 완판본 〈烈
女春香
守節歌
〉
(2006. 北
京)
(소설)
〈春
香
民
族出版
社 趙
浩相(韓
國)改
編 丁
生
9 〉
傳 〈烈
女春香
守節歌
〉
(2007.9. 北
京) 花譯
(소설)
〈春
香
人
民文學
出版社(2
10 〉
傳 薛
舟·徐
麗紅譯 〈烈
女春香
守節歌
〉 (송성욱 풀어 옮김. 민음사, 2004)
010. 北
京)
(소설)
72
〈春
香
商
務印書
館
11 〉
傳 許
世旭(韓
國)譯 〈烈
女春香
守節歌
〉 (完
西溪書
鋪)
(1967, 臺
灣)
(소설)
도표에서 1부터 7까지 작품의 저본은 정확하게 말하면 조선민주주의인민공화국(이하 북한으로 지칭함)의〈춘
향전〉이다. 이들 역본에는 번역하는 과정에서 원작 내용을 삭제·개작한 내용들이 많다. 특히 중국의 희극으로
번역·개작하는 과정에서 원작에 대한 개작이 많다. 1956년 역본의 저본은 연변교육출판사에서 1955년에 출판한
통해 1954년 2월에 북한에서 출판한 판본은 1954년 6월에 연변교육출판사에서 똑같은 판본으로 제1판을 출판
는 글이 실려 있다. 이 글에서 윤세평은〈춘향전〉출현의 역사적 배경과 판본들, 작품의 주제와 사상, 그리고 문
학사적 의의를 논의해보았다. 작품의 주제와 사상에 대해〈춘향전〉을 권선징악적 소설이나 정열숭상(貞
烈崇尙
)
의 소설, 아니면 단순한 연애소설로 보는 견해를 비판하면서 이 작품은 이조 봉건사회의 특권적인 양반 관료들
의 부패한 통치를 폭로하며 반대하고 있는 소설이라 강렬하게 주장했다.〈춘향전〉의 문학사적 의의를 “리조 문
학이 낳은 최대의 걸작일 뿐만 아니라 우리들이 자랑할 수 있는 최대의 민족문학 유산의 하나”, 그리고 “인류
작품이 시작되기 이전에 붙인 이 글에서 윤세평의 사회주의적 관점을 어느 정도로 엿볼 수 있다. 이는〈춘향
전〉을 번역한 번역자에게도 영향을 끼쳤을 것이다.〈춘향전〉의 구체적인 내용에 영향을 끼친 것이 아니라 작품
에 대한 인식에 영향을 끼쳤을 것이다. 특히〈춘향전〉의 내용을 잘 모르는 역자의 경우에는 이런 평면적이고 극
단적인 평가가 작품에 대한 올바른 이해를 방해할 수 있었다. 그 외에 또한 두 가지 구체적인 문제를 주의할
73
을 모두 ‘황색본’으로 폄하한 것이고, 다른 하나는 “원본의 사랑가 장면의 일부분은 아무런 교양적 의미가 없을
적으로 논의해보겠다.
그리고 이 저본의 가장 큰 특징은 본문보다 주해가 더 많다는 것이다. 이 저본은 완판84장본처럼 상․하 권으
로 나누어 있다. 상권은 13~58쪽까지 총 45쪽이 본문이고, 59~147쪽까지 총 88쪽이 주해이며, 하권은 149~
요가 없다는 이유도 있었겠으나 윤세평 개인적으로 익숙한 고어나 한자어를 설명할 필요가 없다는 생각도 있
것이다. 이런 주해작업과 더불어 고전작품에 대한 ‘윤색’도 가했다고 한다11. 한편, 이 저본은 간단하게 단락을
나누어 있지만 문장부호를 가하지는 않았다. 번역할 때 문장부호가 없기 때문에 일어나는 문제도 있어 보인다.
11 북한에서 金正日의 교시에 따라서 해방직후부터 1960년대까지 고전의 주해작업을 중심으로 진행되었던 고
전의 현대화 작업은 1980년대 들면서부터 영화·가극 등으로 활발하게 재창작되기 시작하였다. 작업의 진
행은 먼저 고전문학의 현대적 수용의 관점을 세우는 것부터 시작되었다. 고전문학유산을 하나의 체제로
의 의미를 다음과 같이 논의했다. “윤색이 개인의 창작의도인가 아니면 독자를 이해할 수 있도록 하기 위
한 해설이나 해석인가의 문제를 해명해야 한다. (중략) 북한에서는 모든 전적들이 출판될 때 절대적으로
지켜야 할 기준이 ‘인민성’이다. ‘인민성’이란 간단히 말해서 모든 인민이 읽을 수 있도록 한다는 것이다.
북한에서 출판물은 단순한 서적 이상의 의미, 즉 인민을 위한 교양의 자료로 활용되고 있다. 따라서 인민
74
이는 다음 장에서 자세히 살펴보겠다.
절가〉의 비교작업을 진행하도록 하겠다. 이런 저본의 문제를 어느 정도 정리한 다음에 1956년 역본의 번역양
살펴보겠다.
신 버셔지니 도려임 거동을 보라하고 실금이 노으면셔 아차아차 손 바졋다 춘향이가 침금 속으로 달여든다 도련
루난 달낭달낭 등잔불은 가물가물 마시잇게 잘 자고 낫구나 그 가온ᄃᆡ 진진한 이리야 오직 하랴. ( 완판84장 〈녈
75
녀춘향수절가12 26쪽)
춘향이가 처음일일 뿐아니라 부끄러워 고개를 숙여 몸을틀제 이리곰실 저리곰실 록수에 홍련화 미풍맞나 굼
나는 항시 엇지 이ᄉᆡ이
ᆼ 나 후ᄉᆡ이
ᆼ 나 밋틔로만 될난인ᄭᆡ ᄌᆡ미업셔못쓰거소 그러면 너 죽어우로가게하마 너는 죽
화가 되고 나는 죽어 나부 되야 ( 완판84장 〈녈녀춘향수절가〉29쪽)
기로 한다.
76
( 완판84장 〈녈녀춘향수절가〉31쪽)
말 조타 쳔지만물이 ᄶᅡᆨ 업난 계 업난이라 두 도ᄎᆡ비 노라보자 그러면 불이나 ᄭᅳ고 노사이다 불리 업시면 무슨 ᄌᆡ
84장 〈녈녀춘향수절가〉32쪽)
구구쳥학이 난초을 물고셔 오송간의 늠노난 듯 춘향의 가는 허리를 후리쳐다 담숙 안고 지지ᄀᆡ 아드득 ᄯᅥᆯ며 귀
으흥거려 뒤로 돌여 담쑥 안고 져셜 쥐고 발발 ᄯᅥ며
ᆯ 져고리 초ᄆᆡ 바지 속것ᄭᅡ지 활신 버겨 노니 춘향이 북그려워
77
판84장 〈녈녀춘향수절가〉29쪽)
구고한학이 난초를 물고서 오송관에 늠노난 듯 ■■ 춘향이 부끄러워 한편으로 잡치고 앉었을제 도령님 답답
하여 가만이 살펴보니 얼골이 복짐하야 구실땀이 송실송실 앉었구나 (북한 〈춘향전〉 45쪽)
춘향아 우리 말노림이나 좀 하여보자 ᄋᆡ고 말노림이 무어시오 말노림이 만이 하여본 셩 부르게 쳔하 쉽지야
을 드러가되 순풍의 음양수를 실음업시 건네갈 졔 말을 삼어 타량이면 거름거리 업슬손야 (완판84장 〈녈녀춘향수
절가〉35쪽)
78
랸야 안이 그것도 ᄂᆡ사 실로 그러면 무어슬 먹으랸는냐 시금털털 ᄀᆡ살구를 먹으랸야 안니 그것도 ᄂᆡ가 실소 그러
제되어 있다.)
들이 곧 앞에서 윤세평이 말한 ‘아무런 교양적 의미가 없다’는 것들이다. 여기서 그가 춘향전의 판본을 소개한
이 들어있는 판본을 ‘황색본’으로 폄하하는 동시에 성적인 내용들이 삭제된 완판84장본을 높이 평가하고 있는
되지 않았다면 이 판본도 아마 ‘황색본’의 악명을 면하기가 어려웠을 것이다14. 그리고 윤세평이 완판84장본의
자체적인 모순을 인식하지 못했다는 것이다. 뿐만 아니라〈춘향전〉의 주제와 사상도 자신의 계급적인 입장에서
79
만 해석했다. 이런 경직하고 극단적인 사고방식과 연구태도는 학문을 연구하는 사람으로서 지양해야 하는 것이
이라 할 수 있기도 한다.
울(冰
蔚)과 장우란(張
友鸞, 1904~1990)의 합작으로 번역된 것이다. 빙울에 대해 구체적인 자료를 찾지 못했으나
북한의 많은 작품을 번역한 것으로 보면 대개 북한에서 중국어번역을 종사한 사람으로 추정할 수 있다. 그리고
그가 번역한 작품은 대부분이 1950, 60년대에 북한작가들이 창작한 현대소설들이다16. 장우란은 중국 안휘성(安
徽
省) 안경(安
慶) 사람이고, 1924년에 북평평민대학(北
平平民
大學) 신문(新
聞) 전공으로 졸업했고, 이후 北
平《世
界
日
報》, 上
海 《立
報》, 南
京 《民
生報》등 신문사에서 總
編輯으로 역임했다. 1953년에 인민문학출판사(人
民文學
出版
15 각주 10번 참고.
16 빙울(冰蔚)이 번역하거나 번역을 참여한 자품들은 다음과 같다. 모두 북한의 작가들의 작품들이다.
1956年)있다.
宋炳辉·吕灿,〈20世纪下半期弱势民族文学在中国的译介及其影响〉,《中國民族文學》, 中國社會科學院民族文學研究
所, 2011.
80
)로 자리를 옮기고 고전문학의 편집(編
社 輯)으로 재직하다가 1963년에 정년퇴직했다. 1950년대부터 전문적으로
고전문학의 편집(編
輯) · 주석(註
釋)·역사(譯
寫)를 종사한다고 한다. 장우란이 중국고전소설과 희극에 대한 모두
깊은 조예를 가지고 있으나17 그가 조선말을 배웠거나 할 줄 안다는 기록이 보이지는 않다. 그리고 그에 대한
렇게 보면 그는 조선말을 못 한 것 같다. 그래서 1956년 역본은 대개 빙울이 원작을 전체로 번역한 다음에 장
가장 훌륭한 번역 작품은 원작과 역작 양쪽의 언어와 문화에 모두 능숙한 번역자에 의해서만 가능한 일이다.
다. 1956년 역본의 경우에는 빙울이 조선말과 중국어를 모두 알지만 고전적인 중국어 구사능력이 완벽하지 못
한 면도 있는 듯하다. 그래서 장우란의 윤문이 필요한 것이다. 장우란은 중국의 고전문학과 희극에 대한 모두
깊은 조예를 가지고 있으나 조선말을 못 한 것 같다. 말하자면 번역자로서 두 사람은 모두 부족한 면을 가지고
있는 것이다. 그러므로 장우란이 비록 가능한 만큼 빙울의 번역문을 윤색했으나 원작의 뜻을 모르기 때문에 빙
울의 번역을 제대로 이해하지 못하거나 빙울의 오역을 발견할 수는 없었다. 빙울도 마찬가지로 장우란의 최종
적인 번역문에서의 오역을 발견하지는 못했다. 그러나 그럼에도 불구하고 전체적으로 볼 때 1956년 역본이 비
록 오역이나 의사전달이 정확하지 못한 부분도 있으나 원작의 풍모를 어느 정도로 적절하게 재현하고 있다고
다.
81
이 역본에서 나오는 문제점들을 분류하고 정리하고자 했으나 분류의 기준을 쉽게 잡을 수 없기 때문에 여기
역문:范
少伯泛
扁舟游
於五,隨
湖 行
有西施
作伴。那
西施雖
然算得
十分美
貌,比
起這個
人兒,恐
怕還有
些不。
如
번역문은 “저 서시는 비록 아주 예쁘지만 이 사람에 비하면 아마도 미치지 못할 것이다.”라는 뜻으로 춘향을
서시(西
施)와 비교시켜 서시는 춘향보다 덜 예쁘다는 점을 강조하고 있다. 그러나 원문의 중점은 ‘올 리 없다’라
서시일 가능성이 없다는 것을 말하는 것이다. 번역문에서 이런 의미를 전달하지 못했다. 이는 장우란이 조선말
원문: 나무집 늙은이는 이롱징도 있나니라 마는 귀 너무 밝은것도 예상일 아니로다 그러한다 하제마는 그럴 리
역문: 還
叫告:“即
知 便隔壁
住的是
個聾,也
叟 不
當恁般
嚷喚。” 道
令聞,為
言 之
失色,便
央通引
回復,
사또가 사람을 시켜서 그에게 전하는 말이 아니다. 그래서 이런 번역은 일종의 오역이라 할 수 있다. 그리고 원
82
문에서 이도령의 이런 말은 아버지 사또에게 상당히 불경스러운 뉘앙스를 갖고 있어서 강한 골계적인 의미를
내 생전에 급제는 쉬하리마는 급제만 쉽계하면 출육이야 베면이 지내것나 아니요 그리할 말삼이 아니라 정승을
못하오면 장승이라도 되지요 삿도이 호령하되 자내 뉘말로 알고 대답을 그리하나 대답은 하였아오나 뉘말인지
누가 하는 말인지를 잘 구분하기 위해서 우선 위의 인용문을 단락을 나누어 문장부호도 붙이면 다음과 같다.
“삿도 그새 심심하지요?”
시홍보니 어이 아니 길걸손가.”
(중략)
춘추어일수허엿ᄯᅦ.”
83
“장래 정승하오리다.”
사도 너머감격하야라고
“정승이야 어찌 바래것나마는 내생전에 급제는 쉬하리마는 급제만 쉽게하면 출육이야 베면이 지내것나”
삿도이 호령하되,
역문:
使
道見面
就問:“久
違雅,不
教 知
近來作
何消? 請
遣 坐請, 我
坐 有話相
商。你
我多年
老友, 回
想當初
同窗共
硯之,厭
時
讀
詩書,不
是打,就
盹 是
玩耍。那
是情,想
景 還
記得。不
意犬子
卻喜讀
書,适
才又乘
興高,我
吟 願
足矣。”
那
郎廳一
時不曾
把話聽
清,不
知使道
之意何
在,便
含糊回
答:
“兒
時厭讀
詩書,不
是打,就
盹 是
玩耍,果
然是人
皆有。”
之
(중략)
“(前
略)曾
記得當
初寒舍
尚在京
都之,庭
時 院
中有老
梅矣,那
株 年
犬子剛
剛九歲
,我指
梅為,讓
題 他
作文一
篇,誰
知他竟
不
加
思索,援
筆立,從
就 頭
到尾,一
氣呵。引
成 經
據典,取
精用,也
弘 算
得耳聞
則誦,過
目不忘
的了。”
郎
聽道:“似
此奇,必
才 成
名士,當
付春秋
於一.他
笑 日
身居廊
廟,位
列政,是
丞 無
疑的。”
了
使
道說:“承
蒙過,不
獎 勝
感激。政
丞之,豈
位 敢
夢想。但
求此子
能在我
生前,僥
倖博得
一第,做
個六品
官兒,於
願足矣
。”
郎
聽道:“此
言差,即
矣 使
做不到
政丞,做
個路,總
丞 是
可以。”
的
使
道聞言
不悅:“如
道 此信口
開河,真
正無。”
謂
84
郎
聽連忙
賠笑而
言:“請
恕無,前
禮 言
戲之.”
耳
앞에서도 언급했듯이 이 역본의 저본에는 문장부호가 없다. 위에 제시한 이 예문은 문장부호가 없기 때문에
번역이 혼란스럽게 된 사례이다. 말을 한 주체가 잘못된 곳 두 군데가 있다. 하나는 “삿도 그새 심심하지요?”라
작을 정확하게 해독하지 못했기 때문에 일어난 일이 아닌가 싶다.〈춘향전〉이라는 이야기를 모르는 사람이 없
이 부분의 역문에서 또 하나의 문제는 목낭청의 골계적인 인물형상이 약화되었다는 점이다. 원작에서의 목
낭청은 사또의 말뜻을 잘 파악하지 못하기 때문에 사또의 말을 따라가기만 하고 ‘정승’과 ‘장승’을 헷갈릴 정도
있다. 사또가 “자내 뉘말로 알고 대답을 그리하나?”라고 책문할 때 목낭청은 “대답은 하였아오나 뉘말인지 몰라
요.”라고 대답했다. 여전히 정신을 차리지 못한 것이다. 그러나 번역문에서 목낭청의 대답을 “請
恕無,前
禮 言
戲
之
耳.”로 곧 “무례를 용서해주시오, 아까 한 말은 농담입니다.”로 번역했다. 사또에게 꾸짖음을 듣고 나서 곧바로
정신을 차리고 사또에게 사과를 했다는 것이다. 이런 번역은 그가 끝까지 정신을 차리지 못한 인물형상임을 거
필자도 이 구절의 출처를 찾지는 못했으나 ‘眄’과 ‘顧’는 모두 ‘보다’라는 뜻으로 보면 이 문장은 “주위를 살
펴보니 부족함이 없어(아들이 묘당에 당당한 명사가 되었으니 부족함이 없다), 점점 늙어가는 나이도 한
85
의 표현해내지는 못했다. 그리고 ‘정승’과 ‘장승’를 ‘政
丞’과 ‘路
丞 ’로 번역한 것은 원문에서 발음 비슷해서 일어
역문: 春
香這才
吞吐言
道:“那
房子,引
着李道
令來。”
了
원문에서 춘향은 너무 긴장해서 말을 거꾸로 했다. 곧 원래 “방자가 도령님을 모시고 오셨다오.”라고 했어야
을 데리고 오셨다오.”로 번역했다. 이렇게 번역한 결과 춘향이 긴장하며 말을 제대로 못하는 우스운 모습을 모
역문: 童
兒聽說
,不覺
大喜:“這
道 更好,我
了 不
用進京
去了!”
엄격하게 말하자면 이 번역문은 원문의 뜻을 하나도 번역해내지 못했다. 원문에서 편지를 전하는 아이가 이
도령의 말을 듣고 분명히 상당히 불쾌(반색)한다. “서울을 저 건네로 아르시오”라는 말은 일종의 반어로서 “서울
이 어디인지 아시나 해요? 그 건너편에 있는 줄 아시오?”라는 뜻인데 이도령을 풍자하는 의미가 뚜렷하게 드러
도 되겠네.”라는 식으로 번역했다. 앞에서 나오는 이도령의 말을 철저히 믿는 식으로 번역되어 있다. 이는 물론
86
일종의 오역이다. 그리고 신분 낮은 방자가 신분 높은 어사를 풍자하는 것도 독자들에게 권위를 무시하고 도전
역문: 香
母氣得
一時忍
耐不,鼻
住 子
抽動,急
淚直,嚎
流 啕
痛哭。
여기서도 원문의 뜻을 완전히 다르게 번역했다. 번역문은 전체적으로 월매의 슬픔을 묘사하고 있다. “鼻
子抽
,急
動 淚
直流,嚎
啕痛.(코를 발록거리고 닭똥 같은 눈물이 줄줄 떨어지며 큰 소리로 울기 시작했다.)”는 월매
哭
입으로 이도령의 코를 물었다는 극단적인 행동을 했다. 이도령의 코를 물었다는 행동 자체는 극단적이면서도
역문: “趕
快與我
關上,休
風 教
門來吹
乾了。 …… 我
水 的嗓子
幹了。”
也
긴장해서 말을 거꾸로 하는 이 부분의 역문은 앞에서 살펴본 춘향이 “이도령이 방자를 모시고 오셨다오.”와
문이 들어와 물을 마르게 부르지 말게. 내 목이 마르다.”라는 이상한 문장으로 되어 있다. (중국어 문장도 이해
하기 어려운 비문이다.) 원문에서 ‘문’과 ‘바람’, 그리고 ‘물’과 ‘목’의 각각 자리를 바뀌었다는 것을 인식하고 있었
87
데 역자가 중간에 ‘문 들어온다’와 ‘물 마른다’ 두 문장을 합쳐서 하나의 문장으로 이상하게 번역했다. 물론 원문
역문: 落
春 “啊
依咕,不
得了!這
從哪說
裡起,如
今南原
可真出
了‘青
天’了
。”
우선 ‘청천(靑
天)’은 중국에서 정직하고 청렴한 관리를 가리키는 말이다. 역문에서 낙춘의 말은 “이제 우리 남
원에서도 ‘靑
天’이 나오시네.”라는 것으로 변학도를 풍자하는 말로 번역되어 있다. 그러나 원문에서의 ‘현판감’은
열녀를 표창하는 현판의 뜻으로서 춘향을 가리키는 말이다. 낙춘의 말은 “이제 우리 남원에서도 열녀가 생겼구
했듯이 빙울이 원작에 대한 해독을 부정확하게 한 것이 여러 군데가 있다. 빙울은 북한 사람이지만 완판〈춘향
사또와 목낭청의 대화를 혼란스럽게 번역한 경우도 있고, 작중인물들의 말의 진정한 의미를 잘못 파악한 경우
원문: 나도 미장전이라 피차언약이 이러하고 륙례난 못할망정 량반의 자식이 일구이언을 할리있나
역문: “我
乃未婚
之人,成
親以,定
後 以
春香為
正室,絕
不稱。”
妾
원문에서 이도령이 ‘륙례난 못할’다는 말은 정식적으로 혼례를 치르지 못한다는 뜻이다. “량반의 자식이 일구
88
이 무슨 뜻인지 춘향과 월매, 그리고 이도령도 모두 잘 알고 있다. 부친의 승직으로 인해 먼저 서울로 올라가야
작에 대한 왜곡일 수도 있다.
전체적으로 볼 때 이 역본에서 오역이 많지는 않지만, 대부분의 오역이 원문의 골계적인 의미가 강한 부분에
본에서 중국 고전소설에서 흔히 볼 수 있는 ‘常
言道得
好’, ‘俗
話說’ 등 상투어뿐만 아니라 ‘一
失足成
千古,再
恨 回
頭
已
百年.’나 ‘生
身 是你家
人,死
是你家
鬼.’ 그리고 ‘落
時鳳凰
不如’ 등 중국인의 일상생활에서 자주 쓰이는 속어나
雞
속담도 적절하게 사용하고 있었다. 주인공의 말도 모두 신분이나 처하는 상황과 어울리게 번역되어 있다. 장면
(戱
劇)적인 문장을 사용해서 원작의 운미(韻
味)를 최대로 재현하고 있다. 앞에서 살펴본 오역이나 적절하지 못한
19 북한〈춘향전〉(연변교육출판사), 50쪽.
89
번역들도 있지만 전체로 볼 때 중국독자들이 충분히 친근감을 갖게 할 수 있고, 편하게 읽을 수 있는 역본이라
원문: 나구안장 지을제 홍연자개 산호편 옥안 금편 황금륵 청홍사 고흔굴네 주머강모 덤벅달아 청청다래 은입
역문: 玉
鞍錦鞭
黃金,絲
勒 韁
五彩朱
青色,照
眼銀蹬
垂兩,恰
側 似
佛珠來
裝飾。(7쪽)
인용문은 나귀안장의 부분인데 원문에 나오는 안장과 구체적인 장식물에 대한 묘사가 아주 세밀하고도 복잡
(無
味)한 명사의 쌓임이 될 것이다. 번역자가 원문에서 나오는 모든 명사를 일일이 번역하지 않고 대신에 주요
한 장식만 골라서 집중적으로 묘사했다. 그리고 4구의 한시 형식도 원문의 긴 묘사보다 간결하다.
원문: (살펴보니) 록음속에 홍상자락이 바람결에 내빛이니 구만장천 백운간의 번개불이 쐬이난 듯 첨지재전 홀
연후라 앞으얼른 하는양은 가부야운 저제비가 도화일점 떨어질제 차려하고 쫓이는 듯 뒤로반 듯 하는 양은 광풍
역문:(此
情此,好
景 有
一比)Ⓐ綠
蔭千,紅
尺 裳
迎風放
異彩。長
空萬,白
里 雲
閃電發
奇光。瞻
之在,忽
前 焉
在後. Ⓑ蕩
向
前
時,如
盈盈燕
子,桃
紅一.蕩
點 向
後時,似
翩翩蝴
蝶,粉
翼雙. Ⓒ哪
飄 裡是人
家女子
挽繩戲
弄秋千
架,分
明是巫
山神女
乘云
飛
舞在陽
臺。(10쪽)
이 부분은 그네를 타는 춘향의 모습을 묘사한 내용이다. ⒶⒷⒸ부분에서 모두 대구를 사용하고 있다. 약간
90
긴 문장임에도 불구하고 대구 양쪽의 자수(字
數)를 엄격하게 지키고 있다. 그리고 Ⓒ부분의 문장에서 ‘哪
裡是~’
와 ‘分
明是~’은 대응이 잘 되어 있을 뿐만 아니라, 고전적인 백화문(白
話文)의 말투도 중국의 고전소설의 문장과
보자.
원문: 년구한 별초당에 등롱을 밝혔난듸 비들가지 늘어저 불빛을 가린모양 구실발이 갈공이에 걸인듯하고 우
편에 벽오동은 맑은이실이 뚝뚝떨어저 학의꿈을 놀래난 듯 좌편에 섯난반송 청풍이 건듯불면 로룡이 굼이난 듯
창전에 심은 파초 일란초 봉미장은 속잎이 빼여나고 수심여주 어린 련꽃 물밖이 계우떠서 옥로를 바쳐있고
역문: 那
後院有
一年久
之“別
草堂”,另
是一番
情景,但
見:
內
室華燭
高燒,推
出一輪
明月。庭
前垂楊
輕曳,織
就半幅
珠簾。右
則碧桐
落子,琤
瑽有聲
,欲驚
鶴夢。左
則蒼松
拔天,矯
拏
作態,待
幻龍。芭
行 蕉
綠滿,蕙
蘭香。鳳
飄 尾
之草,盈
盈展翠
於階。菡
除 萏
之花,亭
亭玉立
乎池。層
沼 巒
疊嶂,假
山聳金
蓮
之峰。貼
水浮,新
波 荷
張碧玉
之冠。
이 아니라면 하기 힘든 일이다. 그리고 대구의 형식도 아주 다양하다. 4․4자나 5․5자로 대응하는 짧은 문장도 있
고, ‘鳳
尾之,盈
草 盈
展翠於
階除.’과 ‘菡
萏之,亭
花 亭
玉立乎
池沼.’과 같은 긴 대구문도 있다. 그리고 ‘右
則~’과 ‘左
則
원문: 신선을 내몰라도 영주에 노던선녀 남원에 적거하니 월궁에 뫼던선녀 벗하나를 잊었구나 네얼굴 네태도
91
역문: 真
乃是九
天仙女
下塵,月
凡 宮
嫦娥降
南原。如
此佳,卻
人 還
是小姑
居處尚
無郎!(14쪽)
밑줄 친 부분은 원문과 역문의 뜻은 각기 다르다. 원문은 춘향의 미모와 고운 태도에 대한 이도령의 감탄이
원문: 리화도화 만발할제 수변행락 어이하며 황국단풍 늦어갈제 고절능상 어이할고 독수공방 긴긴밤에 전전반
칙 어이하리 쉬나니 한숨이요 뿌리나니 눈물이라 정막강산 달밝은 밤에 두견성을 어이하리 상풍고절 만리변에
짝찾난 저 홍안성을 뉘라서 금하오며 춘하추동 사시절에 첩첩이 쌓인 경물 보난것도 수심이요 듣난것도 수심이
라. (55쪽)
역문:
春
月裏來
百花,桃
香 李
爭榮鬥
菲芳,人
家夫婦
遊春,我
去 春
香萬轉
遷回懶
梳妝。
夏
月裏來
白晝,月
長 夜
沈沈好
風涼,杜
鵑啼血
聲聲,我
淚 春
香輾轉
難眠在
炕床。
秋
月裏來
菊花,楓
香 葉
鮮紅傲
風霜,天
高氣爽
雁飛,我
過 春
香寂寞
空閨枉
斷腸。
冬
月裏來
雪飛,松
揚 柏
長青不
發黃,淩
霜勵節
女兒,長
事 夜
慢慢剎
愁我春
香。(44쪽)
92
비슷한 형식의 노래형식이다20 . 그리고 역문의 전체의 압운(押
韻)이 상당히 정밀하다. 굵게 표사하는 글씨들인
(xiang)·芳
香 (fang)·狀
(zhuang)·長
(chang)·涼
(liang)·床
(chuang)·霜
(shuang)·腸
(chang)·揚
(yang)·黃
(huang)은 모두 하나의
운자인 ‘ang’운(韻
)을 지키고 있다. 이렇게 전체로 같은 운을 잘 지키는 것은 노래로 부를 때 자연히 음악적 운
미를 자아낼 수 있다. 단순히 읽어도 운자를 잘 맞추기 때문에 일어나는 음악의 미감이 절절히 드러날 수 있다.
절이 모두 ‘我
春香’으로 시작되어 있지만 마지막 冬
절에는 ‘아춘향’의 위치를 바꾸어 문장의 마지막 부분에 붙여
만들어 냈다. 슬프고 외로운 감정을 노래하고 있지만 그런 슬픔 안에서도 ‘생동감’이 가득 차 있다. 기운이 빠진
그런 단조로운 신음이 아니라 외로움과 원망을 품고 있는 사람이 생생하게 살아있고 자신의 애원을 ‘진지하게’
그리고 이 부분의 번역은 원문의 구절을 그대로 따라서 한 것은 아니다. 내용이 같지만 역문은 중국의 전통
적인 희곡방식으로 표현하고 있다. Marianne Lederer에 따르면 번역은 하나의 ‘텍스트’를 ‘이해’한 다음, 이 ‘텍스
트’를 다른 언어의 ‘텍스트’로 ‘재현’하는 것이라고 한다21. 이 부분의 번역은 이런 번역의 정의를 아주 적실하게
보여주었다. 번역자는 원문에서 춘향이 이별을 앞두고 장차 다가올 자신의 외로움을 상상하면서 슬피 우는 그
런 심정과 정서라는 ‘텍스트’를 충분히 ‘이해’하고 있고, 이런 ‘텍스트’를 중국어의 ‘텍스트’로 생동하게 재현해냈
93
이 역문의 가장 큰 특징은 그 희곡적인 음악성에 있다고 할 수 있다. 판소리는 ‘아니리’와 ‘창’의 형식을 동시
에 가지고 있는 강창(講
唱)예술이다. 소설은 읽는 형식으로 되어 있지만 원래의 음악적 성격을 여전히 유지하
하여 나오는 음악적인 미감이 자연스럽게 드러나 있다. 이런 음악적 성격이 ‘옥중자탄가’의 번역에서도 잘 드러
나 있다.
원문: 이내죄가 무삼죄냐 국곡투식 아니거던 엄형숭장 무삼일고 살인죄인 아니여든 항쇄족쇄 웬일이며 역률강
상 아니여든 사지결박 웬일이며 음행도적 아니여든 이형벌이 웬일이교 삼강수는 연수되여 청천일장지에 내의서
역문:
我
身在深
閨犯了
什麽,無
罪 緣
無故受
災殃?我
飢來沒
有偷國
谷,為
何杖刑
把我?
傷
我
沒有殺
人做強
盜,為
何披枷
帶鎖睡
刑床?我
沒有觸
犯綱常
忤逆,為
罪 何
要我把
命喪?
我
沒有治
容去淫
穢(诲
淫),為
何要嚴
刑拷打
在公?我
堂 愿
那三鋼
之水化
為墨,把
汁 我
的冤情
寫作青
詞奏玉
皇.(後
略)
희곡의 창강으로 볼 수 있다. 원문은 한국 사람이 익숙한 4․4자의 형식으로 되어 있고 역본에서는 중국 사람이
익숙한 백화(白
話)식의 창강으로 되어 있다. 그리고 굵게 표시된 글자들인 殃
(yang)·傷
(shang)·床
(chuang)·喪
(sang)
·堂
(tang)·皇
(huang)도 같은 운자인 ‘ang’운(韻
)을 전체적으로 잘 맞추고 있다. 읽을 때나 노래로 부를 때 음악
‘창(唱
)’의 형식으로 감정을 길게 표현하는 것은 판소리와 중국의 전통희곡의 공통적인 특징이라 할 수 있다.
94
재현하는 소설의 형식보다는 강창(講
唱)형식을 가진 전통적인 희곡의 형식이 더 잘 어울린 것 같다. ‘강(講
)’은
說
)이든 백화소설(白
話小說
)이든 고전소설에서도 시(詩
)나 사(詞
)가 들어 있는 경우가 많지만 그런 것들은 창(唱
)
의 성격과 다른 것이다.
나 슬픔, 연약함이나 외로움 등 여성적인 정서들을 느슨하면서도 세밀하게 표현하고 있다. 그러나 이도령의 노
래는 다르다. 노래를 부르는 상황도 다르지만 남성의 정서를 표현하는 방식도 다르다. ‘宮
字歌’를 예로 보자.
원문: 좁은천지 개태궁 뇌성벽력 풍우속에 서기삼광 풀려있는 염장하다 창합궁 성덕이 너부시사 조림이 어인
일고 주지객운 성하던 은황의 대정궁 진시황 아방궁 문천하득 하실적에 한태도 함양궁 그저티 장락궁 반첩녀의
장신궁 당명황제 상춘궁 이리올라 리궁 저리올라서 벽궁 룡궁속에 수정궁 월궁속에 광한궁 너와 나와 합궁하니
한평생 무궁이라
역문:
陰
陽配合
交泰,雷
宮 鳴
電閃風
雨中。聖
德廣大
蒼合,霞
宮 光
瑞氣何
璁瓏。殷
王蓋座
大庭,酒
宮 池
肉林樂
無窮。秦
始皇帝
阿
房
宮,四
海統一
得天。漢
下 祖
先居咸
陽宮, 後
來又蓋
長樂。唐
宮 明
皇有賞
春宮,班
婕妤居
長信。東
宮 也
宮來西
也宮,朝
朝代代
許
多宮,那
些宮兒
還不,更
算 有
離宮和
碧宮。那
些宮兒
還嫌,龍
少 宮
裏面更
有水晶
宮,月
宮裏面
更有廣
寒宮. 你
和我,合
了宮,
因
此一生
一世永
無窮(宮
)。
식을 유지하기 위해 조금 첨가한 내용도 있다. 번역문의 전체는 신나고 유쾌한 분위기가 넘치면서도 남성적인
씩씩하고 강건한 정서가 가득 차 있다. 시의 형식은 원래 남성적인 특성을 잘 표현하는 형식이다. 그리고 이 부
95
식으로 되어 있다. 내용에 있어서도 앞부분은 역대 제왕의 궁궐들을 노래하고 마지막으로는 자신과 춘향의 사
랑(합궁)에 귀결했다. 제왕들이 화려하고 웅장한 궁궐과 아름다운 미인들을 소유하고 있었지만 자신(이도령)이
원하는 것은 춘향과의 ‘합궁’이다. 이 부분의 내용은 ‘천자문’을 노래하는 부분의 성격과도 비슷하다. 처음에는
진지하게 노래하다가 뒤에 가면 갈수록 장난이 심해진다. 이 부분의 역문도 뒤에 가면 갈수록 가뿐하고 경쾌해
진다. 한시는 제왕들의 기세와 그것을 대표하는 궁전의 웅장함을 표현할 때 적절한 형식이지만 전체 내용을 한
시로 번역했으면 오히려 딱딱한 느낌을 들기 쉽다. 그래서 마지막 부분에서 백화형식의 희곡언어로 종결을 맺
전체적으로 볼 때 1956년 역본은 원작의 고전적인 정취와 판소리의 음악적 성격뿐만 아니라, 주인공들의 슬
가 아니라면 불가능한 일이다. 여기서 두 번역자의 실력을 다시 되돌아볼 필요가 있다. 빙울의 경우에는 중국에
다22. 장우란의 경우에는 앞에서도 언급했듯이 중국의 고소설과 희극에 대해 모두 깊은 조예를 가진 사람이다.
직접 고소설을 주석․교정하기도 하고 희극을 개편하기도 했다. 그래서 이 역본에서의 아름다운 고문과 혼연천
성(渾
然天)의 창사(唱
成 詞)는 장우란의 공적(?)으로 보아야 할 것 같다. 물론 빙울의 번역이라는 기반이 없었다면
장우란의 윤색도 불가능한 것이다. 종합적으로 말하자면 두 번역자의 합작은 상당히 성공적이라 할 수 있다.
으로 그 이유를 찾아볼 수 있다. 하나는 빙울의 번역자체가 문제가 있었다는 가능성이 있다. 앞에서 제시한 사
다. 다른 하나는 장우란이 빙울의 번역을 정확하게 이해하지 못했다는 가능성도 있다. 외국인의 경우에는 원작
22 각주8번 참고.
96
확하지 못했다면 장우란이 그 표현을 제대로 이해하지 못했을 가능성도 충분히 있었다. 그래서 오역이 발생하
거나 의사전달이 잘못되는 문제가 생겼다. 그리고 이런 오역과 잘못된 번역 때문에 원문의 혜학과 골계적인 미
인 역본이라 할 만하다. 고문과 전통적인 희곡언어로 고전적인 정취와 판소리의 음악적 성격, 그리고 주인공들
4, 결론
어떻게 번역해야 훌륭한 역작을 만들어낼 수 있는지의 문제에 대해 많은 학자들이 나름의 의견을 제시하며
논의한다. 원작과 역작 양쪽의 언어뿐만 아니라 문화나 풍속도 잘 알아야 하는 것은 기본적인 조건으로 거론되
곤 한다. 번역자가 원작 작가 못지않게 문학적인 역량을 갖추어야 한다는 논설도 흔히 볼 수 있다. 그러나 〈춘
향전〉같은 고전소설을 번역하는 데 이런 문제 외에는 더 하나의 중요한 문제가 있다. 곧 고전적인 용어와 문장
으로 원작의 미감을 재현하는 것이다. 고대어와 현대어가 다르다는 것은 세계에서 보편적으로 존재하는 문화현
상이다. 현대의 독자들도 고전작품을 편하게 읽을 수 있도록 고전작품을 현대어로 번역하는 학자도 많다. 그러
나 한 나라의 고전작품을 다른 나라의 언어로 번역하는 것은 절대 단순히 하나의 ‘번역’작업이 아니다. 전통적
인 예술의 표현방식, 원작의 격조와 잘 어울리는 용어나 말투, 역작 독자들의 수용태도와 심리 등 많은 요소들
역할 수 있지만 원작의 정취와 미감을 제대로 표현하는 것은 아주 어려운 일이다. 마찬가지로 영어로 중국고대
의 한시나 조선시대의 시조를 번역하는 데 한시나 시조가 가지고 있는 미감을 적절하게 표현해내는 것도 거의
불가능한 일이다. 고대어와 현대어의 차이에 대한 심중한 인식을 갖고 있지 않았다면 고전작품을 쉽게 ‘현대역’
97
의 사상, 주인공들의 감정, 당시사회에 대한 세밀한 관찰 등을 번역해내지 못하면 원작이 고전작품으로서의 가
한 매력이기도 한다. 이런 성적인 내용에 대한 인식은 연구자와 독자들의 시각에 따라 달라질 수 있는 것이다.
고전작품의 원래의 모습이 현대사회에서도 그대로 유지해야만 그런 작품의 완전한 ‘가치’를 유지할 수 있다. 이
이 역본의 번역상황과 특징에 대한 앞에서의 분석에서 이미 어느 정도로 논의를 해봤는데 여기서 번거롭게
역본만 ‘국가의 차원’에서 양국의 번역자의 합작으로 이루어진 것이다. ‘국가의 차원’을 강조한 것은 우선 양쪽
대한 분석을 별도로 진행할 예정이다. 1956년 역본의 특징과 양상에 대해 고찰한 본고는 〈춘향전〉의 중국에서
의 번역과 개작에 대한 연구 중 하나로 수행한 것이다. 다른 역본과의 비교도 이런 기초 작업을 완성한 다음에
98
【참고문헌】
자료:
〈춘향전〉(중국어), 冰
蔚,張
友鸞譯.作
家出版
社,北
京, 1956.
단행본과 논문:
宋
炳辉·吕
灿,〈20世
纪下半
期弱势
民族文
学在中
国的译
介及其
影响〉,《中
國民族
文學》,中
國社會
科學院
民族文
學研究
所,2011,9
Marianne Lederer, 전성기 옮김, 《번역의 오늘 (해석 이론)》, 3쪽. 고려대학교 출판부. 2001.
【中
文概】
要
本
稿對1956年
北京作
家出版
社出版
的中〈春
文 香
傳〉的
翻譯狀
況進行
了考。首
察 ,這
先 一
版本是
以北韓
的〈春
香傳〉為
底
本
進行翻
譯的。雖
然北韓
稱自己
的〈春
香傳〉為
完版84張
〈烈女
春香守
節歌〉,但
是實際
上是將
完版84張
本中的
比較色
情的
內
容全都
刪除了
的版本
。北韓
的版本
刪除了
這些內
容,北
韓的讀
者,以
及可以
看翻譯
本的中
國的讀
者,從
最初的
時候,
就
被剝奪
了接觸
這樣內
的容的
權力。
這
一翻譯
本是北
韓翻譯
家冰蔚
和中國
作家張
友鸞合
作譯就
的,本
來這樣
的合作
可以翻
譯出很
好的版
本,但
是由於
冰蔚
對
原作的
翻譯本
身就有
一定的
錯誤,似
乎不懂
朝鮮語
的張友
鸞也無
法發这
現些錯
誤,所
以就導
致了這
一譯本
在翻譯
上的
99
一些不足之處。但
是,這
樣的錯
誤並不
是很。這
多 一
譯本最
大的特
點是,運
用了中
國的俗
語,古
語和傳
統戲劇
性的語
言
將
原作(판소리)的
說唱藝
術的特
點非常
生動地
再現了
出來。翻
譯本中
的對,對
偶 ,還
仗 有
押韻都
運用地
非常成
功,很
大程
度
上講原
作的韻
味很好
地表達
了出,因
來 ,雖
而 然
也有一
定的錯
誤,但
整體而
言,可
以說這
是一部
非常成
功的譯
作。
〈中
心語〉:〈春
香傳〉, 1956譯
本〈春
香傳〉, 北
韓〈春
香傳〉, 中
文翻,說
譯 唱
藝術.
100
A preliminary study of ethical issues in the field of Translation in Korea
Cheol Ja Jeong
(GSIT, HUFS)
After more than 30 years of growth as a proper field of professional practice and academic study,
Translation in Korea is at a stage where it needs to consolidate its position by looking into its own
systems and frameworks of operations from various perspectives for further development in the field.
One of the weakest points of Translation may be considered a lack of ethics that governs fair dealings
among parties concerned: translators and interpreters, clients, and intermediaries. As a preliminary
attempt to develop a code of ethics relevant to the Korean Translation field, issues among parties have
been investigated and analyzed on the basis of codes proposed by international Translation
organizations. Furthermore, a survey has been conducted on Translation students’ responses to these
issues, revealing a clear need to establish a code of ethics and introduce it before they enter the
Translation market. An education in ethics will help them to avoid unnecessary conflict with clients
and peers, and contribute consciously and unconsciously to the field’s development.
101
Degrees of Amenability:
(Lingnan University)
Noting the unrelenting spread of “the American Way” in the past few decades, especially the
unconscious internalization of American values by inhabitants of the East Asian region, the leading
Chinese cultural critic Chen Kuan-shing has asked: Is a return to East Asia possible? Translation
scholars might ask the same. If one looks at the volume of literary translations involving Chinese,
Japanese and Korean in the past few decades, as opposed to that between these three languages and
English, one will notice a preponderance of the former. The translation of popular fiction from Japan
into Chinese provides some illuminating examples. For instance, while Murakami Haruki has been
overwhelmingly received in translations into Chinese, his acceptance by Anglophones is more
lukewarm. It is easy to see how common historical experiences, collective memories, and a shared
imagination underlie such reception of Murakami novels in Chinese translation; to these non-East
Asian cultures and communities simply do not have access. Even more symptomatic than the
Murakami Phenomenon are three cases of what might be called “amenability to translation” in the
East Asian context. Since 2007, Chinese readers have received with excitement the translation of
multi-volume historical novel Tokugawa Ieyasu by Yamaoka Sōhachi (1907-1978), but so far it is still
inaccessible to English readers in translation. The sweeping historical narrative of the ascendancy of
the sixteenth-century general, his founding of the Tokugawa regime, and almost three centuries of
rule by his descendants, is not fiction of the type that a reader unfamiliar with Japanese history will be
able to follow with ease. Two other popular fictional genres are also well-received in Chinese
translation, though denied entry to the English-speaking world. The best known contemporary
Japanese author of romance in China, after Murakami Haruki, is Junichi Watanabe (1933- ). His fifty-
plus novels, the most famous of which deal with middle-age adultery, have mostly been translated,
although even as of now, he is not accessible in English translation. A similar situation obtains with
102
the Japanese doyen of detective fiction, Akagawa Jirō (1948- ): hundreds of his novels have been
translated into Chinese, but none into English. When one adds to these the innumerable translations of
Chinese popular novels through the centuries, especially in the genre of martial arts fiction, can a case
be made for an “Intra-East Asian Translation Sphere”?
Vita
Leo Tak-hung CHAN is Professor of Translation and currently Head of the Department of
Translation, Lingnan University. His articles have appeared in journals including Harvard Journal of
Asiatic Studies, Translation Studies in the New Millennium, Perspectives, Comparative Literature
Studies, TTR, The Translator, Babel, META, and Asian Folklore Studies. Among the scholarly works
he has published are: The Discourse on Foxes and Ghosts (University of Hawaii Press, 1998),
Masterpieces in Western Translation Theory (co-edited; City University of HK Press, 2000), One into
Many: Translation and the Dissemination of Classical Chinese Literature (edited; Rodopi Editions,
2003) and Twentieth-Century Chinese Translation Theory: Modes, Issues and Debates (John
Benjamins, 2004). His Readers, Reading and Reception of Translated Prose Fiction in Chinese:
Novel Encounters, just came out in 2011 from St. Jerome Publishing Co. (Manchester, UK).
Email: Chanleo@LN.edu.hk
103
The Problematics of Cultural Contamination in Translating Contemporary
Transnational Poetry
Youngmin Kim
(Dongguk University)
Walter Benjamin, in his "The Task of Translator," sees that each language as a whole has an intention.
This intention signifies the totality of the intentions of those who come to terms with domesticating
the foreignness of languages. Pure language is such intention. Benjamin further argues that a real
translation is transparent, allowing the pure language as the medium “to shine upon the original more
fully.” Nevertheless, all the translations encounter the wall before the language of the original.
Benjamin’s insight concerning the task of the translator lies in releasing “that pure language” so that
the translator put a tangential touch lightly on the original in the Benjaminian freedom of linguistic
flux.
However, is pure language reachable? To answer this question, one may set the Benjaminian grain
against Kwame Anthony Appiah’s concept of cultural contamination. Appiah’s logic tells us that the
evolution of living cultures is, in fact, more a gradual transformation from one mixture to a new
mixture, a process that usually takes place in the conversations that occur across cultural boundaries.
In short, Benjaminian pure language is related to the translator’s enduring task of metaphoric
condensation, while Appiah’s cultural contamination is related to the multiple other’s cross-cultural
metonymic displacement.
The purpose of this presentation is then to articulate the mechanisms of the unconscious Othering
which were lost in translation as well as to demonstrate how the linguistic, textual, and geographical
Othering was represented by some contemporary transnational poetry in which the poetic subject
projects his/her own cultural self-image onto the Other. Because the Other is always already situated
within the self, and the Other is outside ("elsewhere") and at the heart of the self simultaneously. The
speaker in the poem, in fact, crosses cultures "between" Irish and Indian cultures to go "beyond" the
untranslatability of a universally shared truth or the Real truth, thereby constructing himself as the
linguistic other. However, the simple act of crossing the interstitial bridge cannot guarantee the
authenticity of the metaphoric condensation of subjective sublimation, but rather the inauthenticity of
104
allegorical displacement of contamination by way of wearing the "myriad" masks of the cultural Other.
Unless the translator is empowered by the authentic cultural translation which will be possible only by
the linguistic insider's understanding, the cultural translation will leave another space of
untranslatability to be crossed
Vita
YOUNGMIN KIM is Professor of English at Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea. He has been
teaching and doing research on the 20th Irish/English/American/Canadian poetry and critical theories,
including poststructualism/postmodernism, postnationalism, postcolonialism, and now
transnationalism. He was Visiting Professor of Korean Studies at Cornell University (1998-1999), and
Visiting Professor at Sapporo Gakuin University in Japan (2009 Fall), and the University of Virginia
at Charlottesville (2007-8; 2011 Spring). He had served as the Editor and President of the William
Butler Yeats Society of Korea. He gave lectures at Yeats International Summer School (2002, 2004,
2010). He was the Secretary General, the Chief Editor of Journal of English Language and Literature
of Korea, Vice-President, and President (2012) of the ELLAK (English Language and Literature of
Korea, and President of The Korean Society of Jacques Lacan Contemporary Psychoanalysis (2008-
2010). He also served as the conference secretary of the IATIS (International Association for the
Translation and Intercultural Studies, 2004-Present), and the representative (2000-2009) and Vice-
Chair (2009-2013) of the IASIL. He wrote books and articles on Yeats, Pound, Hopkins,
Irish/Canadian/English/ American poetry, Lacan, Heidegger, Postmodernism/ Postsructuralism,
Transnationalism, and critical theories. His current interest is transnationalism and cultural translation,
world poetries in English, and interdisciplinary border-crossing transnationalism in the humanities
and social sciences from the psychoanalytic perspective.
105
Translating Cultural-bound Expressions in the Film
--- The case of Forrest Gump
Films are like the windows open to the outside world, through which we learn stories and values from
different people, custom and culture. From the anthropologist’s point of view, films are good to think
with in order to understand the ways in which humans ignore perceived differences and assume the
possibility of similarity across cultures. (Martinez 2009) Since not everybody can read and understand
a foreign language, the translation of the subtitles becomes crucial in bridging the two cultures. In this
paper, the author looks into the subtitling of the film “Forrest Gump”, which was well received
worldwide and garnered multiple awards and nominations. The paper focuses on the culture-bound
expressions in the subtitles of the given film. Lawrence Venuti’s definition of “foreignization” and
“domestication” will be adopted to classify the strategies the translator applies in the cultural-bound
expressions translation. Then the translation methods of the subtitle translation will be identified. The
author tries to find out what kind of specific methods the translator manipulates according to the
chosen strategies. Through the data analysis, the most frequently used strategy or method will be
observed and the possible reasons will also be discussed. Through the observation, it hopes this study
will be helpful to better understand the strategies and methods of translating culture-bound
expressions, which may shed some light on the subtitling practices.
106
Archaising Translation, History and Modernity in the Victorian Age:
Morris’s Translation of the Odyssey
The research priorities of archaising translation are to establish the relationship between ideas of
modernity and the practice of archaising translation in 19th century Britain. Archaising translation of
what might be termed ‘classical’ literature provides the cultural reverberations of modernity but also
help to show its underlying material and political conditions in the Victorian period. Archaising
attempts to achieve the effect of antiquity by using a form of archaic language or inventing words. It
was widespread among many translators and historical novelists of the Victorian period. Among
them, this essay will deal with an English translation of Homer’s Odyssey (1887) by William Morris
(1834-1896). It attempts to address issues around archaising translation in the contexts of Victorian
modernity. I argue that Morris’s archaism is significant because it is an expression of his fascination
with history and discontent with modernity.
107
Integrating Vocational Translation into an English BA program: a
Hungarian Case Study
Adrienn Károly
(University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland)
It is beyond doubt that English has become the international language of communication. At the same
time, particularly in non-native contexts, translation is gaining an increasing role as a form of
communication between the local language(s) and culture(s) and the global English-speaking
community. Translation in this sense has a more general meaning and is not restricted to professional
translation done on request and for a financial reward. Today, more and more people are expected to
do oral or written translation or language mediation in their workplace or need these skills in their
personal life even though they are not professional translators. Translation skills, similarly to IT skills,
are no longer seen as a highly specialized, but as essential, core skills. However, the views on
translation competence, the level of teaching, and its role in foreign language education are heavily-
debated issues, and the actual practice of teaching translation varies among countries. Professional
translator trainers hold that translation competence is a complex notion, consisting of several sub-
competencies. One component (transfer competence) is particularly important as it is thought to be the
essence of translation, making it different from other language activities. Thus, they argue that
translation competence need to be explicitly trained, but only after the person has acquired a very high
level of language competence, typically at the master’s or the postgraduate level.
However, the growing need for translation skills has motivated some higher education institutions to
integrate vocational translation into undergraduate foreign language programs. Vocational translation
teaching aims to develop students’ translation competence so that they can cope with
translation/mediation tasks in their future career. Therefore, it is different from pedagogical
translation, which uses translation as a tool to develop foreign language competence, usually
disregarding such important aspects as the context or communicative purpose of the text. One key
concept in educational policy today is legitimacy, which means providing meaningful and practical
education so that students can successfully function in their future life and career. When designing
courses aiming to teach vocational translation, particularly when specifying the aims and learning
outcomes, both global and local context and tendencies should be considered.
In this presentation, a Hungarian example will be used to demonstrate how vocational translation can
be incorporated into an English BA program.
108
Vita
Adrienn Károly
University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
adriennkaroly@gmail.com
109
Corpus-Assisted Analysis of Deixis for Literary Translations: with Focus
on the Vocative Form of Old Man in The Old Man and The Sea
This article aims to investigate the manner of deictic expressions, pointing to the protagonist of The
Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway, translated from English to Korean, and provide a
quantitative and qualitative account of five(5) different versions of Korean translations from late
1950’s to 2012. For these purposes, it uses a small-scale comparative parallel corpus composed of the
original text in English and the translated text in Korean. The translation of deixis is inevitably
affected by the linguistic and cultural differences between the source language and the target
language, as witnessed in the translation of ‘old man’. As it turns out, a corpus-assisted approach can
be effective in identifying what the key words are in a literature and how they are translated
differently by translator in due consideration of numerous factors; contextual, linguistic, social,
cultural, stylistic, etc., and thus shedding a new light on the evaluation of literary translation. This
study also tries to approach the target text from the pragmatics point of view, following the principle
of optimal relevance, because it is none other than the pragmatic nature of language which makes it
unfavorable, if not impossible, to translate ‘old man’ as ‘old man’.
Key Words: English into Korean translation, literary translation, deixis, The Old Man and The Sea,
corpus-assisted approach
Vita
이름: 조수연
이메일: sueyeonjo@hufs.ac.kr
110
Comparison between Korean-English Onomatopoeia and Translation of Korean
Onomatopoeia into English
Kim, Do-Hun
(Busan University of Foreign Studies)
As for the first question, this paper illustrates how onomatopoeia takes on the functional role as a
unique linguistic entity. Following the analysis, this research contrasts the unique characteristics of
Korean and English onomatopoeia, so as to find implications for translation. As for the second
question, this paper presents three techniques: replacing Korean onomatopoeia with English
onomatopoeia (interjection); replacing Korean onomatopoeia with English onomatopoeia (verb); and
explaining (inserting additional information or employing adjective, adverb, etc.). Following the
classification, this research discusses how such strategies can be deployed and what attentions should
be paid.
It is of notable interest that onomatopoeia often invites “headaches” in Korean-English translation and
that the issue has been neglected in the academic discipline of translation studies, which calls for the
need to address the above research questions.
The author hopes the contrastive analysis and translation techniques herein will contribute to
characterizing the issues and problems during the course of translation and to offering guidelines for
those in the translation profession.
▸Key Words: Mimeticity, phonological form, primary onomatopoeia, secondary onomatopoeia, translation technique
111
Korean/Japanese/French subtitling: issues of the relay Translation via
English
With most languages with small markets as Korean, Japanese or French, subtitling in a language other
than English needs commonly a ‘relay translation’ (Dollerup, 2000) via English subtitles and the
intermediary English product is also attended to consumption. For instance in Korea, foreign
languages (other than English) films occupy only 3% of the market. The English translation is usually
– except for French films translated into English – done by a non English native speaker translating
into B (a foreign language). Only the second translation is done by native speakers translating from
English into A (their mother tongue), but working blindly (no access to the original), like
funambulists without a safety net. Therefore “if some translation errors are made when translating into
English, these tend to be perpetuated when using the English text for the translation into other
languages” (Díaz Cintas 2003). For instance Korean or Japanese puns are also lost in French when
lost in the English translation. But most of deviations and errors can be attributed to the use of relay in
translation (mis-transmission of the baton). This relay translation is shown, in particular, by the fact
that, because of the lack of differentiation between ‘vous’ and ‘tu’ in English, an extreme honorific
form in Korean/Japanese can become a ‘tutoiement’ in French and vice versa. Consequently
hierarchic and psychological relations between different protagonists often suffer, due to linguistic
and also to socio-cultural difficulties. Often the text does not correspond to the image on screen due to
the fact that English, and, to an even greater extent, Korean and Japanese, uses larger semantic
extension terms, or even hyperonyms (ex. 모자 帽子: headgear, cap, hat). For polysemous English
words lexical choice is too often not appropriate to the context. Relay translation via English is a
necessary stopgap. This type of collaboration shows limits that can be avoid or palliated by watching
the film (not only the script) and by considering the context (phase of simulation), particularly for
polysemous terms and for the « vouvoiement » form.
Vita
Guillaume Jeanmaire
Korea university, Department of French language and literature, professor.
010-4445-2109
gjeanmaire@gmail.com
Goo-Woong JUNG
Korea university, Department of French language and literature, PhD student.
010-8863-0911
legina98@hanmail.com
112
Translation of Grammar: the Case of La Porte étroite by André Gide.
The aim of this study is to develop a new Translation Quality Assessment matrix and to make a
comprehensive evaluation on La Porte étroite by André Gide, one of the most-read and most-
translated French novels in Korea.
In order to achieve this aim, I subdivided my assessment process into three stages.
First, I implemented a preliminary task which consists of an analysis of the text and research on the
bibliography of previous translations for the work. This helped me to select nine out of 219
translations by 109 different translators.
Secondly, I analyzed the nine translations by applying assessment criteria established by the
research team for the "Evaluation of Korean Translations of French Great Novels." For this, I
employed 'the evaluation at the fundamental level' technique to verify and analyze obvious errors,
that is, non acceptable disaccord between the source material and the target texts.
Finally, I implemented this assessment work at a deeper level to grasp the distinct features of the
translations and the strategies of the translators.
As a result, I could assure that the quality for the translations of La Porte étroite, when considered
as a whole, is at a high level. Certainly, this result came from the successful translation of Yi
Young-dong (Cheongsusa, 1957), which brought about the two other great translations by Lee
Seong-bok (Keimyung Univ. Press, 2000) and Yi Hye-won (Penguin Classic Korea, 2008).
113
우선적으로 제외한 후, 작품의 수용사적 중요성, 그리고 번역사적 중요성이
입증된다고 판단되는 번역들을 분석의 대상으로 삼을 것이다.
이력
김준한(KIM Junhan)
114
현재: 고려대학교 번역과 레토릭연구소 연구교수
송희영(SONG Heeyoung)
115
Equivalence or Family Resemblance:
Why the Traditional Theorists Got It All Wrong?
In this paper we argue that translation from the perspective of the so-called
equivalence is theoretically and empirically mistaken, as there cannot be such but rather family
resemblance between the source system (the language, culture, context and text itself) and that of the
target. All debates and discussions in history on the issue of equivalence, though well-intended, have
been, unfortunately, a mistake and at a miss.
From the philosophical point of view, as we know, the notion of equivalence has
its philosophical roots deep in the Aristotelian tradition. Aristotle (384-322 BC), the ancient Greek
quite a bit before Cicero and Horace, captured a profound way of how the mankind perceives the
world, i.e., people think in categories. The Aristotelian category (also known as the classical category)
is to equate concepts to concepts, objects to objects, and processes to processes, such as we have seen
in science and engineering. Social sciences, arts and humanities have struggled hard over millennia
with how relevant concepts, artifacts and processes may fit into the classical category. And that
includes translation studies. The call for connecting the world beyond the exacting Aristotelian way
came only in 1748 when the British philosopher David Hume (1711-1776) published his book
Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, the first work to mention that resemblance is among
three principles of connecting concepts and objects. But not until 1953 when the major work of the
Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1989-1951), Philosophical Investigations, was
posthumously published did we have the name of a fuzzy category for things that have been in the
people’s observations all along: the family resemblance category, which does not equate A to B but
116
rather captures the prototypical links between them.
The notion of family resemblance has a solid basis on how the world interacts with human cognition,
hence taking a direct bearing on translation . its process, product and function. In our view, it presents
itself a compelling case at the time as we are trying to widen our horizons and seek new perspectives
and paradigms for future translation studies in Asia, and its impact is so profound that it will be felt in
many generations to come.
117
The Influence of Commissioner’s Role in the Translation
Norhazlina Husin
(Universiti Sains Malaysia)
Translation is an activity that has undergone a phenomenal growth in today’s globalized world. The
study of translation has also developed enormously (Hatim & Munday, 2004: xvii). It has moved to a
broader sense in studying many aspects related to translation. Nevertheless, for the past few years,
many researchers in Malaysia tend to study and analyse translation as a product. Besides identifying
and analysing the translation strategies, methods and procedures in translating a text, research
objectives and purposes are normally focusing on text analysis in order to study linguistics aspects
such as the differences in sentence structure and vocabulary usage between source language and target
language. Other aspects seem to be insufficiently studied despite their importance in translation
studies. It is undeniable that there are researches studying other aspects than text but the number is
still small. It is now time for researchers to rethink about the perspectives and necessity of researching
other aspects in producing translation text. This would provide the catalyst to create a new dimension
in translation studies in Malaysia. In today’s globalized world, translation is normally carried out as a
task and involves many parties including the commissioner. It is undeniable that the role of translator
is crucial but the commissioner may influence the production of a target text. Based on a research
done, it is found that, the commissioner has its very own influence and power in shaping a target text.
The commissioner makes it compulsory for the translator to retain the originality of the source text
and at the same time try to inculcate Malay language characteristics into the source text in compliance
with the culture of target readers. With that being put into consideration, this paper will discuss the
influence of a commissioner before and after the translating process of English nonfictional text, The
World is Flat, into Malay.
Vita
Norhazlina Husin received her B.A (Hons) in Translation and Interpretation and M.A. (Translation)
from Universiti Sains Malaysia. Her research interests are translation and Malay Language for foreign
students. She has presented papers on both areas at international conferences. She is currently
pursuing her Ph.D at Universiti Sains Malaysia and her main research is translation strategies in
translating nonfictional text.
118
Creativity and Untranslatability: Translator as a Re/writer
Gi Taek Ryoo
(Chungbuk National University)
Octavio Paz argues that poetic translation is a procedure analogous to poetic creation. He says, "the
process of translation is an inverted parallel of poetic creation." This paper examines the creative
process of poetic translation, attempting to re/define the translator as a re/writer not that he is simply
reproducing the original in TL or making it conform, in Lafevere's term, to dominant poetics in TC,
but that he assumes the very roles of the reader and the writer as he is involved in the artistic
communication of reading and writing at the same time. The act of translation, equivalent to that of
reading and writing, is never to be done without the translator's creative imagination to work out the
portion of indeterminacy or untranslatability constantly discovered and reconfigured as he interacts
with the original. The translator's creativity comes into being not to reproduce the original but to
revise and complete it.
119
Arabic Proverbs in Fiction Translation: Riyadh Girls as an Example
Abstract
Mohammed Farghal
(Kuwait University)
Proverbs are considered the mirror through which different cultures can be viewed and judged; they
represent the cumulative wisdom of a nation (Simpson 1982; Norrick 1985; Meider 1995; Honeck
1997; Mollanazr 2001). Proverbs have both a literary value that contributes to the aesthetics of
discourse as well as a practical value which touches directly on people's day-to-day undertakings and
which helps them conduct their affairs more smoothly and effectively (Honeck 1997; Moosavi 2000;
Meider 2004). The topic of proverbs in translation has been mainly approached from an out-of-
context perspective by discussing and listing proverbs and their equivalents in different pairs of
languages without considering their actual occurrences in discourse (Newmark 1988; Baker 1992;
Farghal 1995; Gorjian and Molonia 1999; Mollanazar 2001). This paper aims to examine the
pragmatic and semiotic value of employing proverbs in Arabic fiction and the way translators deal
with such proverbs when encountering them in discourse. In particular, the study will present a
typology of the translation strategies employed by the translators, e.g. formal equivalence, functional
equivalence, ideational equivalence, omission, addition, etc. and examine how appropriate/effective
these strategies are in capturing the pragmatic and semiotic value of the proverb in question. The
corpus will consist of all the proverbs extracted from an Arabic novel and its English translated
version. The data will be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively with an eye to critically
evaluating the strategies adopted by the two translators. On the one hand, the quantitative analysis will
indicate the frequency of employing the different translation strategies in the rendering of proverbs.
On the other hand, the qualitative analysis will furnish a critical discussion on the rendering of sample
proverbs from each translation strategy and assess the translators' awareness and treatment of such
proverbs.
120
Shifts in Japanese-English translations of speech drafts: A case study of
two speeches given by Empress Michiko at the 1998 and 2002 Congresses of
the International Board on Books for Young People
Saeka TOSHIOKA
(Osaka University)
Textual features of a translation (TT) often show shifts from the original (ST) such as additions,
omissions, and alterations. These have been analyzed as translational stylistics (Malmkjær, 2004).
Such shifts are caused by different reasons including the translators’ intentional manipulations to
make TT fit personal or public ideological frameworks (Baker, 2006), the translators’ idiolects or
preferred translation strategies (Munday, 2009), the translators’ “attitudes” toward the ST (Hermans,
2007), and their “evaluation” of the ST (Munday, 2010). Shifts may occur in the “critical points,”
where the ST requires a high degree of interpretation from the translator for reasons such as “invoked
rather than inscribed attitude,” fuzziness of the ST, lack of target language (TL) equivalent for a
certain source language (SL) expression, and inadequacy of literal translation (ibid.). In addition,
shifts can be caused by the “dynamic use of language” in the ST (Hatim and Mason, 1997).
This study analyzes typical shifts that occur in the process of translating a Japanese draft of a speech
into English as well as what causes these shifts. Japanese–English translations of speech drafts are
often required when a Japanese speaker gives speeches in English. This paper particularly focuses on
two English speeches given by Empress Michiko at two congresses of the International Board on
Books for Young People held in 1998 and 2002. The drafts of these speeches were written in Japanese
and then translated into English for reading in public.
The research shows that the shifts include 1) rendition of an SL word into two TL words, which
creates some hendiadyses in TT, and 2) emphasis of positive connotations in TT. Although the TT
generally indicates a high degree of intervention from the translator, some parts of the ST seem to be
kept literal for the purpose of preserving the coherence of the TT, particularly where the ST employs
metaphorical expressions that introduce a “conceptual metaphor” (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980).
The research also suggests that the translators’ priority should be to achieve effective communication
between the speaker and the audience. In this sense, the translators’ positions seem to be similar to
that of an interpreter described in Riccardi (2002). In addition, some shifts correspond to those
analyzed in Toshioka (2012), in which another case study on translation of Japanese speech drafts into
English was conducted. This suggests that these shifts may be typical to Japanese–English translations
of speech drafts.
References.
Baker, M. (2006). Translation and conflict. London: Routledge.
Hatim, B., & Mason, I. (1997). The translator as communicator. London: Routledge.
Hermans, T. (2007). The conference of the tongues. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
121
Malmkjær, K. (2004). Translational stylistics: Dulcken’s translations of Hans Christian Andersen.
Language and Literature, 13(1), 13–24.
Munday, J. (2009). Style and ideology in translation: Latin American writing in English.
Oxson: Routledge.
Munday, J. (2010). Evaluation and intervention in translation. In M. Baker, M. Olohan, & M. Calzada
(Eds.), Text and Context: Essays on Translation and Interpreting in Honour of Ian Mason (pp. 77–94).
Manchester: St. Jerome.
Riccardi, A. (2002). Translation and interpretation. In A. Riccardi (Ed.), Translation
studies: Perspective on an emerging discipline (pp. 75–91). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Toshioka, S. (2012) A Cognitive Approach to Metaphor Translation: A Study on the
Translations of Haruki Murakami’s Jerusalem Prize Acceptance Speech. Interpreting and Translation
Studies, 12. 229–247.
Mini-biography .
Saeka TOSHIOKA was born in Japan. She received a B.A. (Comparative Literature) from Osaka
University, an M.A. in Language and Culture from Osaka University, and an M.A. in Translation
Theory and Practice from University College London. She submitted her Ph.D dissertation to the
Graduate School of Language and Culture at Osaka University in March 2013 and will be receiving a
Ph.D in Language and Culture from Osaka University in September 2013. Currently, she is a
Specially Appointed Assistant Professor at the Center for International Education and Exchange at
Osaka University in Japan. Her research interests focus on cognitive linguistics and translation studies.
122
Study on application of deverbalization in undergraduate interpreting
classes
Kang, Sujung
(Sookmyung Women’s University)
This study proposes an educational model on undergraduate Chinese interpreting class based on the
interpretative theory-based approach. In specialized graduate schools, students with a fairly high level
of language skills learn interpreting-related concepts and repeat interpreting training. For specialized
graduate school students, foreign languages are something to be trained in, not something to learn,
and the focus of training in specialized graduate school is on “reexpression” based on the
interpretative theory-based approach. The goal of undergraduate interpreting class, however, lies in
both “improvement of foreign language skills” and “basic understanding of interpreting” as
undergraduate students have problems with listening and understanding foreign languages. It is
important, in particular, to establish the concept of “equivalence” as undergraduate students are
accustomed to a type of correspondence-centric training based on symbol switching of languages or
characters. Furthermore, “deverbalization” training is required in interpreting classes.
“Deverbalization” is a process that a student cannot develop simply through theory-based learning or
speaking exercises. Instead, it requires systematic training. Through this article, the author argues that
at undergraduate levels, where clear direction of interpreting classes is yet to be established, the focus
should be on “deverbalization training” and that the rationale of undergraduate interpreting classes
could be found only when this process is based on integrated approach under which training in
undergraduate and graduate programs are linked.
123
Translator's subject knowledge:
proposal for the ontology of theological terms on historical figures
Hyo-Eun Choi
(GSTI, Ewha Womans University)
The traditional main vehicle of translation through history was scholars in each field, but the large
portion of today's translation has been conducted by professional translators who are not first
acknowledged as a scholarly expert. This new trend in translation practice, in turn, has caused a new
issue in translation training, which is empowering translators or translation trainees with subject
knowledge. Scholars who do translate books on their own fields can enjoy the benefit of their
specialty in the subject area, in the efforts of understanding the source text and producing an
appropriate target text. It is as if they are a native speaker who has no difficulties in comprehending
and verbalizing his or her mother tongue. However this fortune is not the case of professional
translators. They are somewhat like foreign language learners in regard of subject knowledge, which
means it takes conscious efforts to acquire the sufficient command of the intended competence, in this
case, subject knowledge. Thus this research aims to present one possible clue to deal with this issue of
developing translator's subject knowledge competence. In order to produce a plausible outcome, the
research narrows down its scope to the trainees for Christian literature translation. This research scope
makes its concerned subject area theology. And the research sees the potential in applying ontology to
enable the translation trainees with the targeted subject knowledge. In order to analyze the needs of
the concerned translators, the research conducts survey, asking what specific area of theological
knowledge can be best to start with to form tangible and "approximate" (not perfect but good enough)
knowledge in the area. The result of the survey was the knowledge on historical Christian figures.
Thus the research proposes the ontology of theological terms on historical figures.
124
Trends in Research on Translation Studies in Korea
23
Cited from Ji Won Kim(2000) <Development of TS Research and its Current Trends>, Journal of
Translation Studies
24
Cited from Myeong Woo Ryu(2000) <Development of TS Research and its Current Trends>,
Journal of Translation Studies
25
Cited from Myeong Woo Ryu(2000) <Development of TS Research and its Current Trends>,
Journal of Translation Studies
125
explore the horizon of Korea’s TS research that has been rapidly expanding backed by
interdisciplinary methodologies. The current study is also expected to help set new directions for
further growth of TS research in Korea going forward.
O. Kostikova
(Moscow State University)
In the last decade, the evaluation of translation has become one of the most popular questions
among professional translators and translation teachers. It can be attributed, on the one hand, to the
fact that high-level specialists capable of providing cross-language communication in international
organisations and large companies, etc. are becoming indispensable and, on the other hand, to
intensive translation training. Modern translation didactics sets new tasks of elaborating a system
of professional competence evaluation that combines principles of pedagogy and professional
community demands. It can be achieved by joining efforts of educational and professional structures.
Vita
126
Relevance Theory 시각으로 살펴 본 통역품질평가
-한중 순차통역을 중심으로-
김진아
(한국외국어대학교 통번역대학원)
127
할 수 있다.
관한 고찰
함수진
(한국외국어대학교)
의 일부로 보았으며 번역을 단순한 언어적 치환이 아니라 문화간 전이로 보았다. 여기에
128
유형’, ‘언어능력(직관)에 의해 인정되는 것’ 등으로 정리된다 27 . 이러한 장르 관습은 문화
27 Cherubim & Henne 1973; Sowinski, 1973; Lux, 1981: 273; Reiss & Vermeer, 1991/2010에서 재인용
129
해주어야 할 것이며, 단순히 직관에 의존한 피드백이 아닌 다면적 가이드라인을 제공할
필요가 있을 것이다.
수 있다.
하는 데 있다.
제번역의 학습자 번역물이며 장르는 기사문, 보고서, 매뉴얼이다. Reiss & Vermeer(1991/2010)에 따르면 텍
틀은 어역(어휘, 연어관계, 전형적 언어패턴), 텍스트 구조(장 형식 등), 장르적 특성을 나타내는 문체 및
문말 표현, 양태, 구두법 등 다양한 층위에서 살펴볼 것이다. 다만 각각의 장르마다 관습의 특성이 다르기
130
1 칸만평 번역에 대한 번역자 개입과 신문사의 이데올로기 분석
박미정
(한국외국어대학교)
131
있다 29 . 본고의 연구 목적은 이러한 번역자의 개입이 보수성향 신문사인 ‘중앙일보’
1 칸만평과 진보성향 신문사인 ‘한겨레신문’ 1 칸만평 ‘한-영번역’ 30
에서 어떻게
드러나는지를 살펴보고, 이를 기호학적인 관점과 저널리즘의 ‘프레임’ 이론을 통해서
정성적으로 분석・기술하는 데 있다.
Vita
Park-mijung completed graduation in 2003 from Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. He received
doctoral degree in Interpretation and Translation studies from GSIT, Hankuk University of Foreign
GSIT, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. In addition, he works as an interpreter for Korean-
He has membership of The Canadian Association for Japanese Language Education (CAJLE) , The
Japanese Studies Association of Australia(JSAA), and The Japan Association for Interpreting and
Translation Studies(JAITS).
He is interested in the semiotic research and the journalism theory in connection with translation
studies.
132
133
시청자자막 번역에서 표현되는 문화소 번역전략에 관한 연구
이승재
(경희대학교)
제안한 문화간의 거리를 측정하는 네가지 척도, 즉 권력관계, 개별성, 남성성, 확실성을
134
대규모 번역 프로젝트의 제반 문제, 이상과 현실
(한국외국어대학교 통번역대학원)
대규모 번역은 한 명이나 소수의 인원이 수행하는 소규모 번역과 본질적으로는 다르지
이러한 문제들은 체계적인 관리가 필요하다. 더욱이 번역할 텍스트가 전문적인 내용이고,
135
앞으로 사회가 요구하는 번역 수요에 효과적으로 대처하고, 번역사의 사회적 지위
접근해보고자 한다.
- 사전 단계 (준비, 입찰 등)
- 번역사 관리
- 용어 관리
- 품질 및 감수 관리
- 참가 인원
136
시진핑의 국가레토릭과 한국언론에서의 번역
황지연
(한국외국어대학교 통번역대학원)
1. 들어가는 말
137
어나 표현방법의 선별과 발표시기의 선택을 고려해야 한다. 언론은 제시된 국가레토릭
인정을 받는다. 국가레토릭은 엄밀한 논리, 풍부한 내용으로 이념을 표현하고, 국가발전
2. 중국의 국가레토릭
138
보를 거치면서 이념의 연속성과 점진성을 드러냈다. 새로운 이론을 만들기 보다는 현실
의 변화를 반영하는 이론적인 토론의 공간을 확보해주고 여기에서 여과된 이론을 수용하
세우기도 하였다.
년 16차 당대회에서 결정된 국가발전 전략이 2012년 18차 당대회까지 변동없이 지속된
139
높다.
3. 중국 국가레토릭에 대한 한국 언론의 번역
3.1 小
康社會
완성한다는 목표다.
18차 당대회는 16차 당대회의 전면적 소강사회 ‘건설’ 방침을 계승하여 전면적
칭모델을 옹호하는 좌파에 대한 비판이다. 후자는 현재의 공산당 노선과 방침을 포기하
140
전면적 小康社會의 완성목표는 다양한 영역을 포괄한다. 이는 경제성장 지상주의
예문1) 18차 당 대회에서 “샤오캉 사회를 건설하기 위한 결정적 시기가 2020년까지”라고 언급했다. 샤오캉
31 胡
錦濤(2012), 《第
18大
黨代表
大會政
治報》16-17쪽. 구체적으로 지속적이고 건강한 발전을 이룩하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 이를 위해 경
告
제발전 방식을 전환하고 국내총생산(GDP)과 주민수입을 2020년에 2010년의 2배로 증가시킬 것이다. 정치적으로 민주의 확대를 추구
한다. 이를 위해 민주제도의 개선, 법에 의한 국가통치, 법치정부의 완성, 사법 공신력의 제고, 인권 존중과 보장을 실현하고자 한다.
문화적으로 문화 소프트파워의 증가를 도모한다. 이를 위해 문화산업을 중심 산업으로 육성, 문화강국의 기초를 강화한다. 사회적으
배격차 축소, 국민 사회보장 실시 등을 추진한다. 환경보호 면에서 자원절약형 및 환경친화형 사회를 건설한다.
141
예문2) 샤오캉 사회는 모든 국민이 편안하고 풍족한 생활을 누리는 사회를 뜻한다.(연합뉴스 2012년 4월 23
일자)
예문4) 21세기의 첫 20년이 도래할 때까지 '샤오캉(小康)사회'를 전면 실현하겠다는 구체적 목표도 설정됐다.
예문5) 당시 후 주석이 "지난 20년간 중국은 샤오캉(小康) 사회(의식주를 걱정하지 않는 풍요로운 중산층이
예문6) 이에 따라 시진핑(習近平)을 정점으로 한 ‘5세대 지도부’는 1인당 GDP 1만 달러의 샤오캉 사회(의식
주 걱정이 없는 비교적 여유로운 사회) 건설을 첫째 시정 목표로 삼을 것으로 보인다.(국민일보 11월 8일자)
142
정하지 않는 풍요로운 중산층이 중심이 된 사회, 의식주 걱정이 없는 비교적 여유로운
예문7) 오는 2020년 중국 경제가 지난 2010년 GDP의 2배로 증가해 국민 모두가 의식주를 걱정하지 않고
데이 2013년 7월 23일자)
는 번역 방식을 택하였다.
3. 2 中
國夢
자 하는 의지를 엿볼 수 있는 대목이다.
143
시진핑 시대의 서막을 알리는 2013년 3월 양회(兩會) 폐막식에서 中國夢이라는
평하게 주어져 있으니 개인이 노력하면 국가는 정책적 조건을 제공한다는 의미를 담고
예문9) 중국 최고지도자 시진핑의 캐치프레이즈는 '차이나 드림'이다. 국가부강 민족부흥 인민 행복이 키워드
예문10) 시진핑 주석은 차이나 드림을 “중국의 위대한 부흥”으로규정한다. (한겨레 2013년 6월 25일자)
144
예문12) 시주석이 강조한 “중궈멍”은 위대한 중화민족의 부흥과 함께 앞으로 시주석 집권 10년의 중국이 어
예문14) 새로 선출된 시진핑 국가주석은 중화민족의 위대한 부흥이라는 '중국의 꿈(中國夢)'을 실현하자고 역
예문15) 시진핑 중국 국가 주석은 “전면적 소강사회 건설과 부강한 민주문명이 조화된 사회주의 현대화 국
145
간이 ‘샤오캉 사회’과 비교해 짧기 때문이 아닐까 생각된다. 대신 한국 언론은 中國夢이
4. 나가는 글
참고문헌
趙
培星(1998), 《社
會主義
論》,(北
京:北
京人民
出版)
社
于
光遠(1983), <發
展作為
社會主
義建設
的科學
的馬克
思主>,《人
義 民日》3월26일
報
胡
繩(1983), <馬
克思主
義和中
國國>,《紅
情 旗》제6기
馬
克思(1971), <高
達綱領
批判馬克
思恩格
斯選>, 《人
集 民出版
社》제3권
146
胡
錦濤(2012), 《第
18大
黨代表
大會政
治報》
告
毛
澤東外
文選(1994), <毛
澤東“吸
取歷史
教訓,反
對大國
沙文主
義"> (北
京:中
央文獻
出版)
社
胡
鞍鋼(2003), 《中
國大戰
略》,(杭
州:浙
江人民
出版)
社
葉
自成(2002), <“關
於韜光
養晦和
有所作
為:再
談中國
的大國
外交心
態“>,《太
平洋學
報》 제1기
鄧
小平(1993), <鄧
小平文
選“關
於利用
時機解
決發展
問題“>, (北
京:北
京人民
出版) 제3권
社
시진핑의 중국몽(中
國夢), 중앙일보, 2013년 3월 20일
147
통역 교육을 위한 원천텍스트 난이도 평가
최문선
(이화여대)
본 발표는 저자의 박사학위 논문인 ‘영한 순차통역 교육을 위한 원천텍스트 난이도 연구:
텍스트적 요인을 중심으로’의 주요 내용을 소개하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 체계적이고
효과적인 통역 교육을 위해서는 수업이나 시험의 대상과 목적에 부합하는 원천텍스트를
선정해야 하며, 그 과정에서 중요하게 고려되어야 할 요소 중 하나가 원천텍스트의
난이도이다. 통역 교육에 사용되는 원천텍스트의 난이도는 통상적으로 통역 교수자의
개인적인 판단에 의하여 평가되어 왔다. 통역 교수자가 통역의 실무 및 교육과 관련한
전문가적 통찰력을 지녔다는 점에서 통역 교육에 사용되는 원천텍스트의 난이도를
평가하는 데에는 통역 교수자의 관점이 반드시 반영되어야 한다. 그러나 통역 교수자에
의한 원천텍스트 난이도 평가는 평가자의 주관이 크게 작용하여 평가자 간 신뢰도가
낮게 나타나는 문제가 있다. 이에 통역 교수자의 전문성을 바탕으로 하되 통역
교수자들의 통역 원천텍스트 난이도 판단과 관련성을 지니는 텍스트적 속성을 함께
고려함으로써 원천텍스트 난이도 평가 결과를 신뢰도를 향상시키고자 하는 원천텍스트
난이도 평가 모형을 개발하였다. 이를 위하여 한영 통역 교수자 15 인이 실제 영한
순차통역 교육 과정에 사용되었던 텍스트 5 개를 검토하고 난이도를 평가하는 통역
교수자 대상의 조사를 실시하였다. 조사 결과를 바탕으로 통역 교수자들의 원천텍스트
148
난이도 판단 기준을 주제, 어휘, 문장, 논리, 정보 밀도, 도착어 표현의 6 대 주요 난이도
요인으로 압축하였다. 이에 더하여 정량적 측정이 가능한 텍스트의 속성을 기준으로
검토 대상 원천텍스트의 난이도를 평가한 후, 이를 통역 교수자들의 난이도 판단 결과와
비교하였으며, 그 결과 텍스트의 평균 T-unit 길이, 플레시 이독성 점수, 타입 대 토큰
비율이 통역 교수자들의 원천텍스트 난이도 평가와 유의미한 상관관계를 나타내었다.
이러한 통역 교수자 조사의 결과를 바탕으로 ‘주관적 난이도 평가’와 ‘객관적 난이도
평가’로 구성된 원천텍스트 난이도 평가 모형을 설계하고, 이를 통역 교수자 10 인을
대상으로 시험 적용하여 모형의 타당성을 검증하였다.
약력
- 이화여자대학교 통역번역대학원 강사
- 통번역학 박사 (이화여자대학교 통역번역대학원)
- 국제회의 통역사 (한-영)
149
조선후기 통번역사들의 활약상
유정화
(한국외국어대학교)
150
또한 군수물자를 무역하고 군사정보를 수집하는 역할도 수행하였다. 오경석의 경우
프랑스 함대의 조선침공 정보와 함께 프랑스 함대의 계획을 알아내 본국에 즉시 알려
대책을 수립할 수 있도록 하였고 김경수는 1879 녀 공보초략을 내어 총, 수뢰, 화포 등
신식무기의 성능을 설명과 함께 서양의 우수한 과학기술을 소개하였다.
조선후기 역관은 이처럼 외교적, 국방 측면에서 상당히 중요한 역할을 했지만 이들이
수행했던 문화적 역할 또한 간과할 수 없다. 그들이 담당한 문화적 역할은 외국의 것을
우리에게 전달해준 것과 우리의 것을 외국에 전달하는 것의 양 방면에서 고려될 수 있다.
보다 구체적으로는 인물, 서적, 그림, 외국 정보, 지식을 들여오고, 조선의 역사, 언어,
문화에 관한 정보나 지식을 전달 하였다. 이외에도 직접적인 외국 학자들과 직접
교류관계를 맺기도 하고 자신이 직접 문학의 창작 활동을 하거나 기행록, 혹은 외국어에
대한 지식을 정리하였다. 이 같은 현상은 특히 일본 사행역관들에게 나타나는데
대표적으로는 김지남, 홍세태, 이언진 등을 꼽을 수 있다.
151
동성애와 번역
박소영
(한국외국어대학교 통번역대학원)
152
희곡)과 대중매체(연극, 영화)가 한국 문화로 수용되는 과정에서 등장인물의 동성애
camp 가 어떻게 번역되어 등장인물의 동성애 캐릭터 구축하는데 기여하는지를
분석하도록 한다. 즉 번역을 통해서 한국 사회에서 동성애를 어떻게 수용하는지를
기술한다. 이차적으로는 동일한 작품일지라도 사회적 인식 변화를 거치면서 재번역
과정을 통해 동일한 camp 가 달리 사용되는지를 분석한다. 즉 사회적 인식 전환이
번역에 어떻게 반영되는지를 기술한다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 동성애에 대한 번역과
사회의 상호작용을 고찰하도록 한다.
약력
1. 성명: 박소영
2. 소속: 한국외국어대학교 통번역대학원 한서과
3. 학위: 동대학원 통번역학 박사 “서한 희곡 번역의 직시 변이 연구” (2011)
4. 연구실적:
153
정보처리 이론에 의거한 동시통역 학생의 형성 평가
원종화
154
감안하여 본 연구에서는 실제 통번역대학원에서 마지막 학기 동시통역 수업을 수강하는
학생들을 대상으로, 학기 초와 학기 중의 통역 내용을 제반 언어정보처리 이론에
의거하여 평가 분석함으로서, 특히 정보 처리 측면에서의 특성과 문제점들을 파악하여,
이를 향후 수업 내용이나 훈련에 적용하고자 한다. 그리고 학기 말에 유사한 평가를
실시하여 정보처리 이론에 의거한 과정지향적 평가의 교육 효과를 분석하고, 그 결과를
향후 교육 과정에 반영될 수 있도록 하는 것이 본 실행 연구(action research)의 목적이다.
serenajhw@gmail.com
중심으로
한국어교육과)
통역된 문장의 난이도를 측정할 것이다. 본 연구에서 살펴볼 내용은 다음과 같다.
는가?
155
양성의 양상 간에는 상관관계가 존재하는가?
학부 차원에서의 전문 번역 교육 가능성
김대영
(고려대학교)
156
외부언어적 지식과 원텍스트 이해능력을 강화하기 위한 연구 방법론 수업 개설을
조심스럽게 추천하고자 하는 바이다.
김희진
(서울대 스페인어과)
157
보다 종합적인 관점에서 살펴보고자 한다. 과거 국내 번역문학계가 제 3 세계 문학, 특히
158
한국 문학의 러시아어 번역에서 나타나는 번역사의 개입 양상 고찰
서유경
(한국외국어대학교)
159
번역사의 개입을 중심으로 한국인 번역사와 외국인 번역사 그룹간 원천 텍스트에
충실하고자 하는 경향과 목표(TT) 문화권의 규범에 충실하고자 하는 경향성을 보이는지
밝히고자 한다.
약력
160