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2028 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, VOL. 19, NO.

3, JUNE 2009

A Study on the Operating Characteristics of SMES


for the Dispersed Power Generation System
Hee-Yeol Jung, A-Rong Kim, Jae-Ho Kim, Minwon Park, In-Keun Yu, Seok-Ho Kim, Kideok Sim,
Hae-Jong Kim, Ki-Chul Seong, Tomoki Asao, and Junji Tamura

Abstract—WPGS (Wind Power Generation System) output


fluctuates due to wind speed variations and PV power generation
output is changed by sudden cloudy weather conditions. Hence, if
a large number of wind and PV power generators are connected
to power system, their output can cause a serious influence on the
power system operation, that is, frequency and voltage fluctua-
tions. In order to solve these problems, the control of generator
output fluctuations is very important. With these points as back-
ground, Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) is
probably a key technology to overcome these fluctuations. For
stabilization of power, the SMES is connected to the terminal of
the WPGS. The authors compared the load side frequencies under
the 1 MJ and 2.5 MJ of SMES connection, respectively. From the
simulation results, it can be concluded that the SMES is a very
effective device for stabilization of power system and minimization
of frequency fluctuations.
Index Terms—Dispersed power generation system, frequency
fluctuations, PSCAD/EMTDC, SMES.
Fig. 1. The power network of Ulleung Island considering the connection of
SMES system.
I. INTRODUCTION TABLE I
FACILITY SPECIFICATIONS OF ULLEUNG ISLAND POWER NETWORK
ECENTLY, many countries of all over the world have
R paid a lot of their attention to the development of a renew-
able energy against depletion of fossil fuels in the coming future.
The renewable energy means that the energy density is as high
as fossil fuel or higher than that and the clean energy doesn’t
emit any polluted substances such as nitrogenous compounds,
sulfate compounds and dust. Hence, if a large number of wind
and PV power generators are connected to power system, their
output can cause a serious influence on the power system opera-
tion, that is, frequency and voltage fluctuations. In order to solve
these problems, the control of generator output fluctuations is has some merits superior to other types of storage systems, long
very important. With these points as background, the SMES is service life due to having no mechanical part, high response
probably a key technology to overcome these fluctuations. The speed in input and output of large power, and high storage ef-
SMES can simply store the electric energy as magnetic field en- ficiency, etc. Therefore, the SMES can be much suitable for
ergy in superconducting coil with large DC current. The SMES the smoothing control of output power fluctuations in dispersed
generation system [1]. In 2000, under a knee watching of many
concerned people, the wind power plant in Ulleung Island has
erected, but Korean Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) does
Manuscript received August 26, 2008. First published June 05, 2009; current
version published July 15, 2009. This work was supported by Electric Power In- not place a good qualification-record on it and the grid operation
dustry Technology Evaluation and Planning, and was also financially supported of Ulleung wind power plant is, for that reason, now going in a
by Changwon National University in 2008. very reluctant status [2]. However, it has been observed as a first
H.-Y. Jung, A.-R. Kim, J.-H. Kim, M. Park, and I.-K. Yu are with the De-
partment of Electrical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon case of combining the new large different generating sources,
641-773, Korea (e-mail: jung73011@changwon.ac.kr; paku@changwon.ac.kr). diesel, hydro, wind, and PV power generation system. Fig. 1
S.-H. Kim, K. Sim, H.-J. Kim, and K.-C. Seong are with the Korea shows the power system model in Ulleung Island. It has four
Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon 641-120, Korea (e-mail: kinds of generators such as 2 diesel generators, 2 hydro gener-
kdsim@keri.re.kr).
T. Asao is with the Hokkaido Electric Power Co. Inc, 2, Higashi 1-chome, ators, and one WPGS. Table I shows the facility specifications
Odori, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8677, Japan. of Ulleung Island power network.
J. Tamura is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Kitami Institute This paper deals with the stability enhancement of electric
of Technology 165, Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
power system including WPGS by the SMES unit. Minimiza-
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. tion of frequency fluctuations of WPGS by the SMES is also
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TASC.2009.2018495 discussed.
1051-8223/$25.00 © 2009 IEEE
JUNG et al.: THE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF SMES FOR THE DISPERSED POWER GENERATION SYSTEM 2029

II. DISPERSED POWER GENERATION SYSTEM MODELING


A. Wind Power Generation System
The WPGS schemes based on many criteria such as fixed
speed or variable speed wind turbine, implementation site (on-
shore or offshore), the rate of the power produced (small or Fig. 2. Grid connected PV power generation system.
large wind turbine) and the grid connection (islanded or grid
connected wind turbine). Squirrel cage induction generator ro-
tates at almost constant speed because the variation is very small
due to squirrel cage induction generator’s torque-speed charac-
teristic. Therefore, tip ratio depends on wind velocity and pitch
angle value [3].
In a fixed speed WPGS, the turbine speed is determined by
the grid frequency, the generator pole pairs number, the machine
slip, and the gearbox ratio. The change in wind speed will not
affect the turbine speed to a large extent, but it has effects on
the electromagnetic torque and on the electrical output power.
With a fixed speed WPGS, it may be necessary to use aerody- Fig. 3. Superconducting magnetic energy storage system.
namic control of the blades to optimize the whole system perfor-
mance, thus introducing additional control systems, complexi-
ties, and costs. As for the generating system, nearly all wind tur-
bines installed at present use either one of the following systems:
squirrel cage induction generator, doubly fed (wound rotor) in-
duction generator, direct-drive synchronous generator.
Induction generators will keep an almost fixed speed (vari-
ation of 1–2%). The power is limited aero-dynamically either
by stall or by pitch control. A soft-starter is normally used in
order to reduce the inrush current during start-up. Also, a reac-
tive power compensator is needed to reduce (almost eliminate)
the reactive power demand from the turbine generators [4]. It Fig. 4. Wind velocity and irradiance during day time in Ulleung Island.
is usually done by activating continuously the capacitor banks
following load variation. Those solutions are attractive due to ac power system, and it is used to charge/discharge the coil [8].
low cost and high reliability. So, this paper deals with 600 [kW] The second option uses a voltage source converter (VSC) to in-
squirrel case induction generator. terface to the ac system and a DC-DC chopper to charge/dis-
charge the coil. The VSC and DC-DC chopper share a common
B. PV Power Generation System
dc bus. The components of a SMES system are shown in Fig. 3.
The main method for capturing the sun’s energy is the use
of PV. PV utilizes the sun’s photons or light to create elec- III. MODELING OF THE ULLEUNG ISLAND POWER NETWORK
tricity. Solar cells and modules using this PV effect are ideal
energy generators in that they require no fuel, generate no emis- A. Characteristics of Dispersed Generation During Day Time
sions, have no moving parts, can be made in any size or shape, A sea-breeze (or onshore breeze) is a wind from the sea that
and rely on a virtually limitless energy source, namely the sun. develops over land near coasts. It is formed by increasing tem-
There are various methods of controlling the output power of perature differences between the land and water which create a
PV cell. The conventional power comparison Maximum Power pressure minimum over the land due to its relative warmth and
Point Tracking (MPPT) control method has to feed back both forces higher pressure, cooler air from the sea to move inland.
voltage and current coming out from PV array [5]. MPPT is an Fig. 4 shows the wind velocity and irradiance of Ulleung Is-
electronic system that operates the PV modules in a manner that land during day time. Irradiance extent is between 600
allows the modules to produce all the power they are capable and 720 and wind velocity is between 10.5[m/s] and
of. MPPT is not a mechanical tracking system that “physically 11.5 [m/s].
moves” the modules to make them point of the modules so that Fig. 5 shows the load side frequency in case of 0.6[MW] load
modules are able to deliver maximum available power [6]. Fig. 2 during day time of Ulleung Island. It is maintained within the
shows the 500 [kW] PV power generation system. This system KEPCO frequency regulation of 60 0.4[Hz].
consists of PV-array part, DC-DC converter for MPPT, DC-bus
capacitor, 3-phase inverter bridges and AC filter. B. Characteristics of Dispersed Generation During Night Time
At night, the land cools off quicker than the ocean due to dif-
C. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System ferences in their specific heat values, which forces the dying of
A SMES unit consists of a large superconducting coil at the the daytime sea breeze. If the land cools below that of the ad-
cryogenic temperature is maintained by a cryostat or Dewar that jacent sea surface temperature, the pressure over the water will
contains helium or nitrogen liquid vessels [7]. A power conver- be lower than that of the land, setting up a land breeze as long
sion/conditioning system (PCS) connects the SMES unit to an as the environmental surface wind pattern is not strong enough
2030 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, VOL. 19, NO. 3, JUNE 2009

Fig. 5. Load side frequency in case of 0.6 MW load during day time.

Fig. 8. SMES control block diagram for the frequency regulation.

Fig. 6. Wind velocity during night time in Ulleung Island.

Fig. 9. Comparison of load side frequencies.

Fig. 7. Load side frequency in case of 2 MW load without SMES.

TABLE II Fig. 10. Voltage and current variation of 2.5 MJ SMES during simulation.
SPECIFICATIONS OF SMES SYSTEM

Fig. 7 shows the load side frequency in case of 2[MW]


load without SMES system. As shown in Fig. 7, the load side
frequency violates the KEPCO frequency regulation of 60
0.4[Hz].

IV. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY SMES SYSTEM

A. SMES Connection When Load Condition is 2 MW


to oppose it. If there is sufficient moisture and instability avail- The SMES unit is connected to the terminal of the WPGS in
able, the land breeze can cause showers or even thunderstorms, order to improve the frequency stability. Table II indicates the
over the water. Wind speed pattern and condition used in the specifications of SMES system. The authors select two kinds
simulation are shown in Fig. 6 during night time in Ulleung Is- of SMES systems which are 1[MJ] & 2.5[MJ] SMES system.
land. Wind velocity extent is between 7.1[m/s] and 10.2[m/s]. Rated current is 0.45[kA] and 0.55[kA], respectively.
A single induction generator used as a wind turbine generator is Fig. 8 shows the control block diagram for the frequency reg-
connected to the bus through a transformer and the transmission ulation. It consists of transformer, 6-pulses inverter, DC
line with two circuits. link, two quadrant DC-AC chopper and SMES coil.
JUNG et al.: THE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF SMES FOR THE DISPERSED POWER GENERATION SYSTEM 2031

Fig. 11. PSCAD/EMTDC circuit diagram of Ulleung Island power network including SMES system.

B. Analysis Results of SMES System Applications 1) Frequency fluctuation can occur due to the output power
SMES system is connected to improve the frequency fluctua- fluctuation of WPGS in Ulleung Island power system.
tion caused by the WPGS. Inductances are 8[H] and 15[H], re- 2) Frequency fluctuation poses a serious problem during light
spectively. DC link capacitor value is 10[mF]. Therefore SMES load condition.
energy storages are 1[MJ] and 2.5[MJ]. 3) In order to compensate the frequency fluctuation for the
Fig. 9 shows the comparison results of load side frequencies Ulleung Island power system, at least 2.5[MJ] of SMES is
and Fig. 10 shows the voltage and current variation of 2.5[MJ] required.
SMES during simulation. Frequencies without SMES and with
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