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The Dieng Geothermal Resource, Central Java, Indonesia

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 Geothermal Resources Council Transactions,Vol. 26, September 22-25, 2002

The Dieng Geothermal Resource, Central Java, Indonesia

Erik B. Layman', lrzawadi Agus2and Samsudin Warsa3

'Layman Energy Associates, Inc., 1582 Cordova Drive, San Luis Obispo, CA 93405 USA
email: laymanenergy@charter.net
2PERTAMINAGeothermal Division, Jl.MerdekaTimur 6, Jakarta10110 Indonesia
3PT PLN (PERSERO), JI.Trunojoyo Blok M 1/135, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta 12160 Indonesia

Keywords cludes production and injection wells, gathering system, and a

Dieng, Indonesia, geothermal resource, geochemistry, gas,
60 MWe power plant. The government plans a staged develop-
ment of the resource, leading to an installed capacity of ap-
resistivity
proximately 225 MWe in 2006.

ABSTRACT
The Dieng geothermal resource is contained within a high-
temperature, volcanic-hosted geothermal system in central Java,
Indonesia. The field shows a close relationship with a north-
west-trending structural zone defined by an alignment of late
Quaternary volcanic vents. A magnetotelluric survey has de-
lineated the extent of an electrically conductive zone which
overlies the productive reservoir. The Dieng resource is domi-
nated by a deep, high-temperature, liquid-dominated reservoir
in the Sileri sector, which extends over an area of at least 9.75
square-kilometers. Sileri reservoir fluids are moderate salinity,
neutral pH sodium chloride waters with low gas
Introduction
The Dieng geothermal field is located in central Java, Indo-
nesia (Figure l), about 25 kilometers north of the city of
Wonosobo and 90 kilometersnorthwest of the city of Yogyakarta.
The field is situated within the cool volcanic highlands of the
Dieng Plateau at elevations of over 2000 meters. The plateau is
renowned for its mist-shrouded mountain scenery, thermal fea-
tures and 7th century Hindu temples. Most of the plateau is
intensely cultivated and villages and farms are located in close
proximity to the geothermal facilities.

r
contents. This sector is highly productive, and
over 190 MWe of steam is currently available I\SUMATRA\ IlboE
at the wellhead from 15 wells. At the southeast Java Sea A = Quaternary volcano
end of the field, the less extensive Sikidang pro- Jakarta
ductive sector extends over 1.3 square-kilome- 1 Guntur Semarang
ters. The Sikidang sector hosts a moderate Krakatau
depth, high-enthalpy, gas-rich resource of mod-
erate productivity, with average well outputs
of about 5 MWe. The Sikidang resource is
closely related to a 0.4 square-kilometer area
of low- gas but corrosive, magmatic steam lo-
cated between the Sileri and Sikidang sectors.
Steam flows from the magmatic vapor plume
along a pressure gradient into the Sikidang va-
por-dominated reservoir. Condensation of
steam along the flow path results in very high
gas levels in the Sikidang sector, especially in
the higher-elevation portions of the zone.
The government of Indonesia presently Figure 1. Map of location and regional geologic setting of the
owns the Dieng geothermal project, which in- Dieng geothermal field in central Java, Indonesia.

5 73
Layman, et. a/.
History of Development
Initial geoscientific surveys and shallow drilling were con-
ducted at Dieng in the 1960’s and 1970’s by UNESCO, the U.S.
Geological Survey, and the French agency BEICIP. Between
1977-1994, PERTAMINA, the state-owned firm with responsi-
bility for petroleum and geothermal resources, undertook an
extensive deep drilling program at Dieng. During this period,
PERTAMINA drilled 27 full-sized production test wells, 24 of
which were located in the southeastern sector of the field known
as Sikidang (Figures 2 & 3). Of the 27 wells, 14 were demon-
strated by testing to be productive with a combined power out-
put of approximately 85 MWe. Many of the PERTAMINA wells
have subsequently been plugged for safety reasons or have
blockages in the casing. From 1981 - 1993, PERTAMINA owned
and operated a 2 MWe non-condensing“monoblok”power plant.
The plant was supplied with steam from the DNG-2 well
(Bachrun, et. al, 1993, and operated intermittently but did not
supply power to the Java grid.
In late 1994 Himpurna California Energy Ltd. (HCE), an
affiliate of U.S. firm CalEnergy Co., commenced operations on
the development of the Dieng resource. HCE’s involvement
was based on Joint Operations and Energy Sales Contracts signed
with PERTAMINA and PLN, the state electrical utility, in De-
cember of 1994. Between 1995-1998, HCE completed drilling
and testing of 18 full-sized production test wells at Dieng, 16 of
which are located in the northeast of the field in the sector known
as Sileri. Testing has indicated that 15 of HCE’s wells are pro-
ductive. These HCE wells have a combined power output of
approximately 193 MWe, which is the present figure for well-
head steam availability for the Dieng field.
HCE’s initial plan was to construct a 20 MW facility in the
Sikidang sector, to be supplied with relatively high-gas content
steam from 5 existing PERTAMINA
wells. After further economic analy-
sis this plan was modified to a 60
MWe facility, to be supplied by
steam blended from PERTAMINA
wells in the Sikidang sector and HCE
wells in the Sileri sector. The plan
to utilize PERTAMINA wells was
subsequently abandoned after 4 of
the 5 wells proposed for use devel-
oped mechanical problems and had
to be suspended. HCE completed
construction of the 60 MW Unit 1
plant in the Sikidang sector; a pipe-
line to deliver steam from 7 HCE
production wells in Sileri sector; and
a brine injection pipeline system to
connect to 5 injector wells. Of the 5
injectors, 4 are located i n the
Sikidang sector and two of these are
PERTAMINA we1Is.
The plant was commissioned in
early I998 but never wentinto corn-
Figure 2. Map of geologic and thermal features and well locations, Dieng geothermal field.
mercial operation. This was the re- The location of the 60 MWe Unit 1 power plant is also shown.
sult of a contractual dispute between HCE and the Indonesian
government related to the Asian financial crisis which began in
late 1997.
Current Project Status
Ownership of the Dieng geothermal project was returned to
the government of Indonesia (GOI)in August 2001, as part of
an agreement reached with the U.S.Overseas Private Tnvest-
ment Corporation (OPIC). OPTC had assumed ownership of
the project from HCE in November, 1999 after payment of an
insurance claim to HCE. GO1 intends to develop the Dieng
project as a joint venture (“NEWCO”) between PERTAMINA
and PLN, under amended Joint Operations and Energy Sales
Contracts. PERTAMINA will sell power to PLN at a price to
be determined in the amended contracts. Participating interests
in NEWCO are set at 67% for PERTAMINA and 33% for PLN.
NEWCO shareholders will provide paid-in capital, working
capital and guarantees for debt payment, and will also maintain
individual, as opposed to joint and several, liabilities.
NEWCO is proposing to develop 225 MWe of capacity at
Dieng with a total new investment requirement of US$443 mil-
lion. Re-commissioning of the 60 MWe Dieng Unit l facility is
currently underway and anticipated to be completed by July,
2002. Additional units are planned to come on line in 2005 (55
MWe) and in 2006 (1 10 MWe). NEWCO is encouraging pro-
posals from potential investors in the Dieng project.
Geologic Setting
The Dieng geothermal resource is set within a volcanic
mountain range composed of Quaternary andesitic volcanic
wellhead
bottomof dlredlonalwall
8 hmarola
’I, hotspring
A mountainpeak
-
‘2%. ..- . (meterse.s.1.)
elevationcontour
- - 1 stream drainage
1 rim of early stage caldera
Late Quaternaty volcanic vents:
3*
crater
dome
0 500
-
1OOOmeters
N
t
s 74
 Layman, et. a/.

rocks, which rises to elevations of over 2500 meters (Figure
2). Remnants of an early-stage volcanic center is marked by
the arcuate summit of G. (“Gunung” or Mount) Prau, which
appears to be the northeast rim of a large caldera. A north-
west-trending belt of late Quaternary volcanic vents passes
through the inferred center of the older caldera feature. This
volcanic axis, which includes the craters and domes of G.
Sipandu, G. Pangoman, and G. Pakuwaja, is closely related to
the Dieng geothermal resource. The fumarolic areas
(“kawahs”) of Sileri, Sikidang and Pakuwaja are all located
within this late-stage vent trend, as is the area of the produc-
tive geothermal resource.
A system of northwest-trending fractures is inferred to con-
trol the intrusion of the magmatic heat source at depth, as well
as the volcanic vent trend, the fumarolic discharges, the loca-
tion of the geothermal reservoir. A conjugate system of north-
east-trending fractures may play an important role in truncat-
ing the reservoir in the southeast portion of the field, and in
controlling the northeast extension of the zone of fumarolic
discharge at Kawah Sikidang towards Telaga Warna (“colored
lake”).
Rocks penetrated by the geothermal wells include a se-
quence of interbedded lavas, tuffs and breccias which extend
from the surface to depths of 1500-2500 meters. Below the
volcanic sequence is a fine-
grained, micro-diorite intrusive
(“andesite complex”), which is
generally encountered at eleva-
tions between -300 to +600
meters a.s.1. The intrusive may
represent the upper, solidified
portions of the magmatic heat
source for the Dieng geothermal
system. Productive fracture
zones in the geothermal reser-
voir are encountered in the lower
Resistivity Anomalies and Relation to Resource
Areas of high total conductance (or low resistivity) at Dieng
are associated with clay-rich, electrically conductive hydrother-
mal alteration overlying the productive reservoir. Results of a
126-station magnetotelluric (MT) resistivity survey conducted
in the Dieng region (Geosystem, 1998) are summarized in a
map of total conductance (log of conductance value in mhos)to
1 kilometer depth (Figure 3). An elongate, northwest-trending
area of highly conductive rocks (log total conductance >2.0),
with dimension 3 x 10 kilometers, encloses the three main fu-
marolic areas and the axis of late stage volcanic vents. Within
this broad conductive region, three separate and more intense
anomalies (log total conductance >2.4) are associated with the
fumarolic areas at Kawahs Sileri/Sipandu, Sikidang and
Paku waja.
In general the MT total conductance anomaly shows a good
correlation with the high-temperature reservoir at Dieng. The
sea level isotherm map (Figure 4) shows that the high-tempera-
ture reservoir is elongate in a northwest direction, and extends
for over 6 kilometers from the Kawah Sileri area to the south-
east past Kawah Sikidang.
This high-temperature zone coincides well with the axis of
the total conductance anomaly. However, the separate, more
\ / log of MT total conductance
(in mhos) to 1 km depth,
contour with value
fumarole
hot spring
mountain peak
low conductance
high conductance

portions of the volcanic se-

quence and in the micro-diorite
intrusive.
Dieng wells intersect the
classic zonation of hydrothermal
alteration associated with high-
temperature geothermal sys-
tems. This includes a zone of
argillic, clay-rich alteration in 0 1000 2000
t
N
the upper portions of the system, II 1.6- meters A
associated with conductive geo-
thermal gradients in the low-per- Figure 3. Map of log of magnetotellurictotal conductance in mhos to
meability cap rock above the 1 kilometer depth, Dieng geothermal field.
geothermal reservoir. Clay

5 75
Layman, et. a/.
- -
I,
0 1000 2000m
\ isothermwith temperature at sea level.°C
A mountainpeak t fumarole
\ geothermal well ’b hot spring
Figure 4. Map of isotherms at sea level elevation,
Dieng geothermal field.
eas of higher vertical permeability. Increased vertical perme-
ability allows local “upbowing” of isotherms above the pro-
ductive reservoir, fumarolic discharge of steam to the surface,
and development of thicker, more intense argillic alteration ex-
tending to the surface. This is supported by the deep isotherm
pattern which shows two distinct ther-
mal bulges at Sileri and Sikidang
(Figure 9). NW!
In contrast to the above, drilling has
shown that the area of lower conductiv-
ity between the Sikidang and Pakuwaja
anomalies does indeed reflect a zone of
lower temperatures, which is character-
ized by non-productive wells. Limited
drilling in the area of the Pakuwaja con-
ductivity anomaly indicates that tem-
peratures may be higher there relative
to the cooler zone between the Pakuwaja
and Sikidang anomalies. However,
commercial productivity has not yet
been established by drilling in the
Pakuwaja area and it is not known if a
r. Pulosorl
separate resource area is present.
Production Characteristics
of Field Sectors
Drilling to date at Dieng has defined
a total proven productive area of ap-
proximately 11.5 square kilometers (Figure 5). Additional drill-
ing is likely to expand the productive area to the southwest,
northwest and northeast, because non-productivewells have not
yet been drilled in these areas to define the production limit.
The productive resource at Dieng has been divided into two
main sectors, Sileri and Sikidang, based on geographic location
and common production characteristics. Production character-
istics for representative wells from the Sileri and Sikidang sec-
tors are summarized in Table 1.
Sileri Sector
The Sileri sector resource is characterized by relatively deep,
high-temperature production. Reservoir temperatures range
from 300-335deg C, with first production typically encoun-
tered at or below sea level, at depths between 2000-2300meters.
Reservoir permeability in Sileri is rather high, allowing aver-
age well power outputs of about 13 MWe. Wells produce a
I
moderate enthalpy (500-800BtuAb) two-phase discharge, with
00-
I
G. Pakuwaja steam fractions at the wellhead ranging from 30-50%. Reser-
voir waters are moderate salinity, neutral-pH Na-C1 fluids with
low gas content. Chloridecontent in total well discharges ranges
from 7500-14,000 ppm, while gas contents in produced steam
range from 0.3-2.3weight %.
Downhole surveys indicate Sileri wells when shut-in stand
with a water column across the depth interval of the reservoir
production zones, indicating a liquid-dominated resource. Up-
ward projection of hydrostatic pressure gradients measured in
the reservoir zone indicate the regional deep water table lies at
a depth of approximately 400 meters below the surface in the
Sileri area, or about +1600 meters a.s.1. Reservoir boiling is
indicated in some central Sileri wells at elevations of approxi-
mately 500-1000meters a.s.1. Most shut-in wells develop a gas
G. R a u
A
ZONE OF CORROSIVE
STEAM / FLUID
,’ PRODUCTION
SIKIDANG
t
N
A oaow
A meten
Figure 5. Map of boundary of proven productive area with resource sectors identified,
Dieng geothermal field. Dashed line shows location of section in Figure 8.
576

Table 1. Production characteristics ofrepresentativewells,
Sileri and Sikidang sectors, Dieng geothermal field.
cap, with wellhead pressures between 500-1300 psig. Safety
procedures must be carefully followed during initial well open-
ings, due to high H2S concentrations in this "dead" gas which
accumulates in the shut-in wellbore.
Sikidang Sector
Production from the Sikidang sector is at shallower depth and
at lower temperatures than at Sileri. Reservoir temperatures range
from 240-300 deg C, with first production in most wells encoun-
tered at depths of 1400-1500 meters, or about +500 to +750meters
a.s.1. elevation. Reservoir permeability is low to moderate, re-
sulting in average well outputs of about 5-6 W e . Wells pro-
duce high enthalpy discharges (1000-1200 Btunb) of either dry
steam or steam with a small water fraction of up to 15% at the
wellhead. Accurate chloride measurements in produced liquids
are often difficult to obtain in high enthalpy wells due to evapo-
rative concentration. However, chloride levels in total flow ap-
pear to be in the range of 800-4500 ppm for wells which produce
some liquid and for which good quality data is available. This is
significantly lower than chloride levels in the Sileri sector.
Gas levels in produced steam can be very high in Sikidang
wells, with stabilized values after sustained flow in the range of
4-18 weight %. In the early stages of testing, gas levels of over
30 weight % have been measured in some wells. After long-
term tests and production during the 1980's through 1994, gas
levels generally declined. However, after testing was initiated
on two Sikidang wells after about a 2-year shut-in period, gas
levels had returned to initial high levels. One Sikidang well
(DNG-20) provides an exception, in that the stabilized gas level
in produced steam is 1.6 weight %. This appears to be the re-
sult o€ the 2100 meter depth to fist production for this well,
which is unusually deep for the Sikidang sector.
Downhole surveys indicate several wells in the eastern por-
tion of the Sikidang sector stand when shut-in with a vapor col-
umn across the interval of the reservoir production zones, indi-
cating a vapor-dominated resource. These same wells produce
dry steam discharges. Pressures in the vapor-dominated zone
range from 1000-1800 psig, generally decreasing to the south.
Pressure profiles indicate this vapor zone extends to a depth of
at least 2200 meters, or -200 meters a d . The inferred area of
577
Layman, et. a/.
the vapor-dominated resource is
shown in Figure 5. The westernmost
wells in the Sikidang sector stand
with a water column across the depth
interval of most or all of the produc-
tion zones. This is consistent with
lower production enthalpies from
these wells and a transition to liquid-
dominated conditions.
Corrosive Steam Zone
At least one, and probably two
wells in the transition area between
the Sileri and Sikidang sectors pro-
duce acidic, corrosive steam. During a 21-day test in 1995,
production from DNG-24 was dominated by dry, superheated
steam. Steam condensates collected during superheated steam
production exhibited pH levels under 3.0 with unusually high
chloride levels. Analyses indicated up to 90 ppm gaseous
hydrogen chloride was contained in the superheated steam.
During the last 36 hours of the test, the well began to produce
a small fraction (6-7%) of moderately acidic fluid, with ex-
tremely high chloride levels probably resulting from evapora-
tive concentration. It appears likely that this fluid production
resulted from a shallow casing leak in the well, although a
deep source for the acid fluids has not been ruled out. Pro-
duction test data from the adjacent DNG-23 is incomplete but
is suggestive of superheated, acidic steam production.
Downhole surveys indicate DNG-24 when shut-in stands
with a vapor column across the depth interval of the production
zones in the well, indicating vapor-dominated conditions. Pro-
duction zones occur below 1800 meters depth (below +450
meters a.s.l.)The production zone temperature is 330 deg C,
with steam zone pressures of over 1800 psig.
Variations in Resource Chemistry
Across the Field
Significant variations in brine and gas chemistry are ob-
served across the 6-7 kilometer extent of the Dieng resource.
Chlorides in total well discharge (Figure 6) show a smoothly
varying pattern in the Sileri area, with a central zone of high-
est chloride levels (12,000-14,000 ppm) between G. Sipandu
and G. Pangoman. Chloride levels decrease gradually in all
directions away from the central high chloride zone, which is
elongated in a northwest-southeast direction. In the high-en-
thalpy discharge wells of the Sikidang sector, chloride levels
are quite variable and do not show any consistent pattern. How-
ever, the range of values of 850-4500 ppm is significantly lower
than that observed in the Sileri sector. Wells in the vapor-
dominated sector at Sikidang produce no liquid and chloride
levels are nil, with the exception of the acidic wells described
above.
Total gas levels in produced steam (Figure 7) also show a
smoothly varying pattern in the Sileri sector, with a central
Layman, et. a/.

area of low gas contents (<OS weight %) extending from south I

of G. Sipandu to the north end of the Sikidang sector. The low

gas zone includes the area of acidic steam production. Gas
contents increase gradually in all directions away from this
central low, which is elongate in a northwest-southeast direc-
tion. Gas levels remain relatively low in the eastern portion
of the Sikidang sector (1-2 weight %), but increase markedly
in the western portion to between 5-20 weight %. Gas levels
in one poorly productive well in the Pakuwaja sector was over
25 weight %.
The ratio of H2S to C 0 2 in produced steam (Figure 8)
shows a smoothly varying pattern across the entire field. An
elongated, central high H2S/C02 region (1000 *H2S/C02 >
200) extends from south of G. Sipandu to the north end of the
Sikidang sector. The very highest H2S/C02 region (1000 *H2S/
C02>300) coincides with the zone of acidic steam production.
H2S/C02 ratios decrease smoothly away from the central high
in all directions.
In general there is a close correspondence between the cen-
tral area of lowest gas content in steam and the area of highest
H2S/C02 ratio in steam. The very highest H2S/C02 ratios are
at the southeast end of the low total gas region, in the area of the
A mountain peak iso-chloridecontour (ppm)
acidic steam wells. The area of highest chlorides in the Silieri fumarole
sector is included within the central low gas and high H2S/C02 'b
. hot spring
vapor-dominated zone

regions. \ geothermal well chloride concentration(ppm) for selected well

Conceptual Model Figure 6. Map of chloride levels in total

well discharge, Dieng geothermal field.
Sileri Sector
The Dieng geothermal resource is dominated by a deep, high- 1982). In the central Sileri sector, reservoir boiling at shal-
temperature, liquid-dominated reservoir in the Sileri sector, lower levels may produce exsolution of gas and discharge at
which extends over an area of at least 9.75 square-kilometers fumaroles, resulting in gas depletion in the production zone.
(Figures 5 & 9). Sileri reservoir fluids are moderate salinity, Alternately,low gas levels in the upwelling zone in central Sileri
neutral pH sodium chloride waters with low
gas contents. A central area of thermal up-
welling in this sector is indicated by a re-
gion of higher temperatures (>330 deg C)
and higher chloride levels in total well dis-
charges (12,000-1 5,000 ppm). Reservoir
2000
A approx.we11location
fluids cool and undergo dilution as they flow 9 fumarole
radially away from this central zone of up- 1500
/ approximatetop of
welling. Relatively high H2S/C02 ratios pmdudlve reservoir

in the upwelling zone probably reflect prox- ;i1000 '

oo probable2-phase boiling
0
zone end gas exsolution
0
imity to a sulfur-rich magmatic source. 0

E f l steam flow and conden-

H2S/C02 ratios decrease along the flow
path away from the central zone, due to the -2
500 5 ..:..-.:.:
sation

vapor dominated zone

greater reactivity of H2S with reservoir I /fs
*.

fluid flow
rocks and fluids compared to C02. i S.L.
1 moderate enthalpy.low-gas
The upwelling zone at Sileri is also char- neutralpH fluid with 45,000
acterized by lower total gas contents (<OS -500
PPm CI

weight % in steam) compared to peripheral, 2 high enthalpy,mostly high-gas

O resource; p=1000-1800pslg
somewhat cooler areas of the Sileri reser-
voir. Lower gas levels in the zone of up-
-lo00
0 1000 2WOm
@ HCCbearhg.corrosive
magmaticsteam w/ low
gas content; p+1800psig
welling are somewhat unusual in high-tem- 2 X verlicel exaggeration

perature systems. For example, gas levels

are highest in the upwelling zone at Figure 9. Cross-sectionalmodel of Dieng resource running from northwest to southeast.
Tongonan, Philippines (Lovelock, et. al., Location of section line is shown in Figure 5.

578
 Layman, et. a/.

G. Prau

'
\

--

-
G. Pakuiaja .
0 1000 2000m ~

0 1000 2000m &/: G.Pakuwaja

A mountain peak \ contour of total gas in produced steam (wtX:
8 fumarole contour of weight ratio HZS I COz X 1000 in produced steam
' -
area of high-gas steam, 5 20+ wt% 8
b hot spring . '
_/'
mountain peak fumarole

\ geothermal well geothermal well % hot spring

Figure 7. Map of total gas levels in produced Figure 8. Map of weight ratio of H2S to C02 x 1000 in
steam, Dieng geothermal field. produced steam, Dieng geothermal field.

may be related to the low gas levels in the high-temperature,
acidic steam encountered at the north end of the Sikidang sec-
tor. Both areas have more or less magmatic affinities, as evi-
denced by high temperatures and high H2S/C02 ratios. Fur-
ther analysis is required to investigate this relationship.
Sikidang Sector
The 1.34 square-kilometer, high-enthalpy Sikidang re-
source appears closely related to an adjacent 0.4 square-
kilometer zone of corrosive, magmatic vapor at the north
end of this sector. The magmatic character of the corrosive
steam zone is indicated by the high temperature (>330 deg
C), very high H2S/C02 ratio in the gas (up to 0.4), and
presence of gaseous HCl in the steam. A continuous vapor-
dominated zone extends from the magmatic vapor plume
into the southern Sikidang resource. Pressures in the va-
por-dominated zone decrease along the southeastward flow
path, from over 1800 psig in the magmatic zone to under
1000 psig in southern Sikidang. Gas levels increase mark-
edly along the flow path due to steam condensation and gas
accumulation in the higher elevation portions of the
Sikidang reservoir. Gas levels increase from 0.4 weight %
in the magmatic steam zone to over 7 weight % in the va-
por zone in southern Sikidang. In the western portion of
the Sikidang sector, additional condensation results in wet-
ter wells and very high gas contents, approaching 20 weight
% in steam in some wells.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the management of
PERTAMINA and PT PLN for allowing us to publish this pa-
per. The senior author (Layman) developed many of the ideas
included in this paper while working as an employee of
Himpurna California Energy Ltd., and acknowledges the con-
tributions of Elliot Yearsley, Will Osborn, Batara Simanjuntak
and Kifle Kahsai to this effort. The authors retain sole respon-
sibility for any errors of interpretation. Alison 0.Layman pre-
pared all graphics included in the paper.
References
Bachrun, Z.I., Soeroso, and Suwana, A, 1995, Twelve years of exploita-
tion history of well Dieng-2, Dieng geothermal field, Indonesia: hoc.
World Geoth. Cong., p. 1769-1772.
Geosystem SRL, 1998, Interpretation report of M T soundings in the Dieng
area, central Java, Indonesia: unpublished report submitted to
Himpurna CaliforniaEnergy Ltd.
Lovelock, B.G., Cope, D.M.and Baltasar, A.J., 1982, A hydrogeochemical
model of the Tongonan geothermal field: Roc. 4th New Zeal. Geoth.
Workshop, p. 259-264.

5 79
 LAYMAN ENERGY ASSOCIATES, INC.
SUMATRA 110 E
Java Sea = Quaternary volcano
Jakarta
Guntur Semarang
Dieng
Krakatau

Salak

8 S Papandayan BALI
JAVA
Galunggung Merapi
Yogyakarta Mahameru
Indian Ocean Eurasian Agung
Java Plate
Trenc

JavaQuatVolcsBig 17Jun10
kilometers h
Indo-Australian
0 100 200 300 Plate

Map Showing Location and Regional Geologic Setting

of the Dieng Geothermal Field in Central Java, Indonesia
 LAYMAN ENERGY ASSOCIATES, INC.
wellhead

bottom of directional well

G. Prau
2000
fumarole
Kawah G. Sipandu
9 205 000mN Sileri 00 hotspring
20 25
00
mountain peak
Unit 2 elevation contour
Plant Site 2000 (meters a.s.l.)
stream drainage
20
00
G. Nagasari rim of early stage caldera
G. Pangoman

Late Quaternary volcanic vents:

Telaga Warna
20 crater
00
Kawah
Sikidang dome

Pulosari
Kawah Pakuwaja
Unit 1 N
60 MWe G. Pakuwaja

DiengWellLocs-big 17Jun10
Plant

382 000mE
376 000mE

2000
0 500 1000 meters
9 200 000mN G. Bisma 200
0

Map of Geologic and Thermal Features, Well Locations,

and Location of 60 MW Unit 1 Power Plant
Dieng Geothermal Field
 LAYMAN ENERGY ASSOCIATES, INC.
2.4 log of MT total conductance
(in mhos) to 1 km depth,
SILERI 9 207 000mN
contour with value

384 000mE
ANOMALY
1.6
2.0
fumarole
1.2 G. Prau
1.6 G. Sipandu
hot spring
H
1.6 2.8
mountain peak
1. 2.
8
2.4

2
G. Nagasari L

2.
2.0 low conductance

0
L
2.0
1.6 H high conductance
L
2.0
2.8 H
2.4
0 L
2.
2.0
2.4 1.6 2.
4
1.6
2.0 G. Pakuwaja N
H

0
G. Bisma

2.
SIKIDANG

DiengMT-TotalConductance-big 17Jun10
1.
ANOMALY

6
4
2. 0 1000 2000
2.8
374 000mE

meters
PAKUWAJA
ANOMALY
9 198 000mN

1.6

Map of Log of Magnetotelluric Total Conductance in mhos to 1 Kilometer Depth

Dieng Geothermal Field
 LAYMAN ENERGY ASSOCIATES, INC.
Kawah
Sileri

G. Sipandu
G. Prau

280
300
G. Pango-
man

320
Telaga Warna

Kawah
26

Paku-
waja
0

32

26
0

0
30
0
N 28
0
260
Pulosari Kawah
Sikidang
260
0
24

DiengIsothermsSeaLev-big 17Jun10

0 1000 2000m G. Pakuwaja

isotherm with temperature at sea level, C

mountain peak fumarole
geothermal well hot spring

Map of Isotherms at Sea Level Elevation,

Dieng Geothermal Field
 LAYMAN ENERGY ASSOCIATES, INC.
NW wellhead

bottom of directional well

fumarole
G. Prau
hotspring
G. Sipandu mountain peak
Kawah
9 205 000mN Sileri SILERI
RESOURCE boundary of proven productive area
9.75 km 2
section line

ZONE OF CORROSIVE
STEAM / FLUID SILERI RESOURCE:
moderate enthalpy, low-gas, neutral-pH fluid
G. Nagasari
PRODUCTION w/ <15,000 ppm Cl
0.44 km 2
G. Pangoman
SIKIDANG RESOURCE:
high enthalpy, high-gas resource w/ low-
Telaga Warna salinity fluids
boundary
of proven Kawah
SIKIDANG vapor-dominated zone
Sikidang
productive RESOURCE
area 1.34 km 2

DiengProductiveAreasClass-big 17Jun10
Pulosari Kawah Pakuwaja
G. Pakuwaja
N

382 000mE
376 000mE

9 200 000mN
SE 0 500 1000 meters
G. Bisma

Map of Boundary of Proven Productive Area with Resource Sectors Identified,

Dieng Geothermal Field
 LAYMAN ENERGY ASSOCIATES, INC.
G. Sipandu
G. Prau
Kawah
Sileri

12,
000
8,0
7,0

00
00

G. Pangoman
10,0 00
9,0
00

Telaga Warna

N Kawah
Sikidang
850
Kawah
Pulosari Paku-
waja
1323
DiengChloride-big 17 Jun10
G. Pakuwaja
0 1000 2000m
4500

mountain peak iso-chloride contour (ppm)

fumarole
vapor-dominated zone
hot spring
geothermal well 1323 chloride concentration (ppm) for selected well

Map of Chloride Levels in Total Well Discharge,

Dieng Geothermal Field
PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF REPRESENTATIVE WELLS
SILERI & SIKIDANG SECTORS, DIENG GEOTHERMAL FIELD

Well Name HCE-9B HCE-30 DNG-13 DNG-19

Field Sector Sileri Sileri Sikidang Sikidang

well depth (m) 2366 2591 1853 2176

slotted liner diameter (inches) 7 9 5/8 7 7
depth to first major permeability (m) 2187 2096 1475 1450
elevation of first major permeability (m) +26 +62 +680 +750
maximum temperature (deg C) 325 326 275 285
steam flow rate @ 200 psig WHP (kph) 235 350 84 77
brine flow rate @ 200 psig WHP (kph) 265 860 17 0
discharge enthalpy (BTU/lb) 750 600 1044 1197
power output (MWe) 15 23 5 5
total gas in produced steam (wt. %) 0.7 0.4 15-20 6-8
chloride in total well discharge (ppm) 8500 13,400 4000 dry steam
 LAYMAN ENERGY ASSOCIATES, INC.
G. Sipandu
Kawah G. Prau
Sileri

1.0
G. Pangoman
0.
5
1.0
2.

Telaga Warna
0

Kawah
3.0 Paku-
N waja

Kawah
Pulosari Sikidang

G. Pakuwaja
DiengTotalGas-big 17Jun10
0 1000 2000m

mountain peak contour of total gas in produced steam (wt%)

fumarole
area of high-gas steam, 5 - 20+ wt%
hot spring
geothermal well

Map of Total Gas Levels in Produced Steam

Dieng Geothermal Field
 LAYMAN ENERGY ASSOCIATES, INC.
Kawah
Sileri
25

G. Sipandu G. Prau

100
50

200

50
30
0

Telaga Warna
G. Pangoman
Kawah
N Paku-
50
waja
Kawah
Sikidang
Pulosari
25

DiengWtRatioH2S-CO2-big 17Jun10

0 1000 2000m 10
G. Pakuwaja
mountain peak fumarole
geothermal well hot spring

contour of weight ratio H2S / CO2 X 1000 in produced steam

Map of Weight Ratio of H2S to CO2 X 1000 in Produced Steam

Dieng Geothermal Field
View publication stats

LAYMAN ENERGY ASSOCIATES, INC.

NW G.Sipandu
G.Pangoman bend G.Pakuwaja SE
Kawah
Kawah Sileri Sikidang 5A
30 32 5
10A + 28B 24 17
7A 7B 28A 19
10
2000
approx. well location

fumarole
1500
approximate top of
150 C ? productive reservoir
?
200 C probable 2-phase boiling
ELEVATION, meters a.s.l.

1000
zone and gas exsolution
250 C

SIKIDANG steam flow and conden-

C RESOURCE sation
500 0
30
vapor dominated zone
2 ?
fluid flow
3
C

S.L. 1
0
33

? moderate enthalpy, low-gas

1
SILERI RESOURCE neutral pH fluid with <15,000
ppm Cl
-500 Magmatic

DiengXSecModel-NW-SE 17Jun10
Vapor
2 high enthalpy, mostly high-gas
Plume
resource; p=1000-1800 psig

-1000 3 HCl-bearing, corrosive

0 1000 2000 m
magmatic steam w/ low
2 X vertical exaggeration gas content; p>1800 psig

Cross-Sectional Model of Dieng Resource

Running from Northwest to Southeast